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    Earthquake Slides: by Dr. S. A. Isiorho

    Uploaded by

    Ezzadin Baban
    Earthquakethe vibration of the ground due to the sudden release of energy accumulated in a deformed rock Epicenterthe point on the land surface directly above the focus Aftershocktremors that occur as rocks adjust to their new position. Earthquake's energy is transmitted through the earth as seismic waves Two types of seismic waves radiate from the focus Body wavestransmit energy through earth's interior Seismometerinstruments that detect seismic waves Seismographdevice that measures the magnitude of earthquake.

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    Earthquake Slides: by Dr. S. A. Isiorho

    Uploaded by

    Ezzadin Baban
    62 views9 pages
    Earthquakethe vibration of the ground due to the sudden release of energy accumulated in a deformed rock Epicenterthe point on the land surface directly above the focus Aftershocktremors that occur as rocks adjust to their new position. Earthquake's energy is transmitted through the earth as seismic waves Two types of seismic waves radiate from the focus Body wavestransmit energy through earth's interior Seismometerinstruments that detect seismic waves Seismographdevice that measures the magnitude of earthquake.

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    Earthquake

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    Earthquakethe vibration of the ground due to the sudden release of energy accumulated in a deformed rock Epicenterthe point on the land surface directly above the focus Aftershocktremors that occur as rocks adjust to their new position. Earthquake's energy is transmitted through the earth as seismic waves Two types of seismic waves radiate from the focus Body wavestransmit energy through earth's interior Seismometerinstruments that detect seismic waves Seismographdevice that measures the magnitude of earthquake.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    62 views9 pages

    Earthquake Slides: by Dr. S. A. Isiorho

    Uploaded by

    Ezzadin Baban
    Earthquakethe vibration of the ground due to the sudden release of energy accumulated in a deformed rock Epicenterthe point on the land surface directly above the focus Aftershocktremors that occur as rocks adjust to their new position. Earthquake's energy is transmitted through the earth as seismic waves Two types of seismic waves radiate from the focus Body wavestransmit energy through earth's interior Seismometerinstruments that detect seismic waves Seismographdevice that measures the magnitude of earthquake.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Earthquake Slides

    By Dr. S. A. Isiorho

    Copyright by Isiorho

    Earthquakes
    Definitions Earthquake- the vibration of the ground due to the sudden release of energy accumulated in a deformed rock Focus (Hypocenter)- spot underground where the rock begins to break- point at which slip initiates Epicenter- the point on the land surface directly above the focus Aftershock- tremors that occur as rocks adjust to their new position Seismology- the study of earthquake
    Copyright by Isiorho 2

    Seismic Waves
    Earthquakes energy is transmitted through the earth as seismic waves

    Two types of seismic waves radiate from the focus Body waves- transmit energy through earths interior

    Primary (P) wave- rocks vibrate parallel to direction of wave (v=47km/sec) Compression and expansion (slinky example) Secondary (S) wave- rocks move perpendicular to wave direction (v=2-5 km/sec) Rock shearing (rope-like or wave in a stadium) S-wave cannot travel through liquid Love (L) wave- Rock moves from side to side like snake Raleigh wave- Rolling pattern like ocean wave
    Copyright by Isiorho 3

    Surface waves- transmit energy along earths surface


    Locating & Measuring Earthquake

    Seismometer- instruments that detect seismic waves Seismograph- device that measures the magnitude of earthquake seismogram is visual record of arrival time and magnitude of shaking associated with seismic wave

    Mercalli Intensity scale

    Measured by the amount of damage caused in human terms- I (low) to XII (high) Magnitude- based on amplitude of the waves Earthquake total energy- uses moment magnitude scale
    Copyright by Isiorho 4

    Richter Scale- (logarithmic scale)


    Locating Epicenter & Focus Depth (EQ classification)

    Use Arrival time at a recording station (time lag between P & S waves) to locate the epicenter of an earth quake

    Need three stations to determine the epicenter

    Maximum Depth of Focus


    Shallow focus EQ < 70 km (45 mi) most earthquakes Intermediate focus EQ- 70-300 km (45- 180 mi) Deep focus EQ- > 300 km (> 180 mi)

    Copyright by Isiorho

    Richter Scale

    Richter scale is based on a log scale, meaning that each subsequent number is ten times more in amplitude of vibration- this translates to about 30 times more energy than the previous number. Example: an EQ of 5.0 is 10 times greater than an EQ of 4.0 on the Richter scale and is 30 times more in energy. An EQ of 5.0 is 100 times greater in amplitude than an EQ with 3.0 reading on the Richter scale
    Copyright by Isiorho 6

    Earthquake Locations
    Most Most

    EQs occur in the circum pacific region


    of shallow focus EQ; 100% of deep focus EQ

    80%

    EQs occur along plate boundaries

    Oceanic

    trenches, Benioff zones, MediterraneanHimalayan

    Most

    EQs in US occur near the west coast


    Fault
    Copyright by Isiorho 7

    San-Andreas

    Effects of Earthquakes

    Ground Displacement

    Lateral and vertical

    Landslides Liquefaction

    Conversion of formally stable fine grain materials to a fluid mass


    The back & forth movement of water in a semi-closed/closed body of watercould cause flooding

    Seiches

    Tsunamis more from submarine landslide

    Fire

    Copyright by Isiorho

    Coping with Earthquake


    Earthquake

    zone Plate boundaries Assessing local seismic history and future risks Land use planning Quake reinforcement of building/structures Short term and Long term forecast Contingency plan
    Copyright by Isiorho 9

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