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This proposal discusses a heat recovery system for Coronet Foods to reduce natural gas consumption. Coronet Foods uses natural gas for baking ovens whose exhaust reaches 200-250°C. Currently, this waste heat is released into the environment. The proposed system would recover up to 70% of this heat to heat water for use in production processes. This could save over 20% of Coronet's gas usage and lower costs significantly. Technical details are provided on gas composition, heat losses, heat recovery potential, and expected savings from utilizing currently wasted heat to heat water. The objectives are to analyze exhaust gases, maximize heat recovery, and implement a system to heat water for Coronet's operations.
Improvement in the efficiency of thermal power plantAnshu Agrawal
Thermal power plants currently have low efficiencies around 33% due to heat losses during combustion and condensation. The document proposes using thermoelectric generators to convert some of the wasted heat from condensers into electricity, improving the overall efficiency. Nanowire bismuth telluride modules placed between the hot and cold sides of a condenser could generate 201.505 MW of additional power from wasted heat. This would increase the plant's efficiency from 33% to 36.33%, demonstrating thermoelectrics as an effective way to recover lost energy in thermal power generation.
This document provides an overview of air to water heat pump technology. It discusses how air to water heat pumps work by capturing heat from the outside air and transferring it inside to heat or cool a building. The document also covers the benefits of air to water heat pumps such as using renewable energy, providing heating, cooling and hot water from one system, and significant savings in energy costs compared to gas or oil systems. It provides details on the components of air to water heat pump systems including inverters, compressors, and controls.
Building Energy 2014: PV and Heat Pumps by Fortunat Muellerfortunatmueller
Presentation on the possibilities for Net Zero building using a combination of Grid Tied PV and Ductless Mini Split heat pumps. from Building Energy 2014 Tuesday seminar
The document discusses heat pumps and the UK's Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI). It provides information on how heat pumps work by extracting low-grade heat from various sources and concentrating it. It compares the efficiencies and costs of different heat pump and heating systems. It also outlines the RHI scheme which provides long-term financial incentives for renewable heat technologies like heat pumps and solar thermal to encourage switching from fossil fuels.
Cogeneration systems produce both electricity and useful thermal energy in a single integrated system to improve efficiency. This document discusses cogeneration systems that use steam turbines, gas turbines, or reciprocating engines as the prime mover. Steam turbine cogeneration systems can be backpressure or extraction condensing configurations. Gas turbine cogeneration systems operate on the Brayton cycle of compressing, heating, and expanding air. Cogeneration provides benefits like increased efficiency, lower emissions, and cost savings compared to separate thermal and electrical systems.
An exhaust heat recovery system turns waste heat energy in exhaust gases into electric energy for batteries or mechanical energy put on the crankshaft.
The technology is of increasing interest as car and heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers continue to increase efficiency, saving fuel and reducing emissions.
While technological improvements have greatly reduced the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines, the peak thermal efficiency of a 4-stroke Otto cycle engine is around 35%, which means that 65% of the energy released from the fuel is lost as heat.
Performance Analysis of Single Pass Earth Tube Heat Exchanger for Cooling in ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a single-pass earth tube heat exchanger (ETHE) for cooling applications in the summer season. The ETHE consists of a 30-meter long pipe buried 3 meters underground. When ambient air is pumped through the pipe, it exits at a temperature up to 15 degrees Celsius cooler. The maximum coefficient of performance measured was 2.5. Testing was conducted over one month to evaluate the ETHE's ability to reduce air temperature through utilizing the stable underground temperature.
Three solar air heater having different absorber areas by er. vikas manushendraVikas Manushendra
In earlier years, the entire world has become completely dependent on relic energies such as natural gas, lubricant and coal. This type of resources are existing in limited amount. These resources has been created by natural processes across millions of years. The whole world is completely dependent upon energy. Energy is the basic part of our daily life. The utilization of energy in different purpose such as heating and cooling homes, schools and businesses. Energy is also used for lighting and appliances. In machinery purpose, energy perform different function such as running our vehicle, flying plane, boat sail and running machine. Energy is the player of new generation wealth and also it is significant component of economic development. In future consideration renewable energy is the main source of energy. The complete world is developing day by day and it requires more and more fuel so all the developing countries are focusing on shortage of fuels and necessity for other energy sources. Solar energy is the best alternative source of energy and also it is pollution free and unlimited energy. Nowadays world, the development of country is calculated by the energy utilization of country, the energy of utilization is completely connected with GDP of Country.
The document discusses heat pump systems and compares their costs to traditional heating methods. It provides cost comparisons for heating domestic hot water and swimming pools using electric heaters, gas boilers, solar heaters, and air-to-water heat pump systems. The heat pump systems can cut heating and cooling costs by up to 70% and pay for themselves within 3 years through energy savings. They also provide free cooling and heating of domestic water in addition to primary heating/cooling functions. Installation examples of heat pump systems are shown for various projects in Dubai, the UK, and Spain.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
The document provides information about thermodynamics and various types of power plants. It discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, laws of thermodynamics, and heat engines. It also describes different power plant technologies like thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, solar, and wind power plants. Their basic working principles and components are explained along with the advantages and disadvantages of each type of power plant.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
Effect of Combustion Air Pre-Heating In Carbon Monoxide Emission in Diesel Fi...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the effect of combustion air pre- heating in Diesel fired heat Treatment Furnace. The main
heat treatment processes are Normalizing, Tempering, Hardening, Annealing, Solution Annealing and Stress
Relieving. The emission of carbon monoxide is measured with combustion air pre-heating and without preheating.
The results are then compared and it is found that the emission of CO is reduced by 29.12%. With the
Combustion air pre-heating a considerable reduction in Specific Furnace Fuel Consumption (SFFC) is obtained.
The test was caaried out at Peekay Steels Casting (P) ltd, Nallalam, Calicut.
General Terms: Heat Treatment Furnace
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on recovering waste heat from an air conditioning system. It discusses:
1) The design of a heat recovery system to extract waste heat from an air conditioner's condenser and use it to heat water. Calculations are shown to determine the available heat of 13% that can be recovered.
2) The methodology involves measuring heat extracted during cooling, designing a heat exchanger, and calculating the air conditioner's COP with and without heat recovery to compare efficiency improvements.
3) Technical specifications of the air conditioner used in the study are provided, and the design process is outlined. This includes calculating the refrigeration effect, available desuperheating heat, and mass flow
This document discusses biomass power generation and the use of steam reheat technology to improve plant efficiency. It provides context on regulations driving biomass investment and describes Siemens' dual-casing reheat concept. The reheat concept increases efficiency by reheating steam before the low-pressure turbine, enabling efficiencies over 35%. Example projects using Siemens' reheat solutions include 20MW biomass plants in Germany and a 23MW plant in Vienna, demonstrating the technology's increasing role in biomass power.
This document analyzes the performance enhancement of a 33.5 MW gas turbine power plant in Nigeria by modeling it with an evaporative cooler. Operating data from the plant over 5 years is collected and analyzed. A thermodynamic model of the simple gas turbine cycle and the cycle integrated with an evaporative cooler is developed. Key findings from the modeling show that inlet air cooling with an evaporative cooler can increase the plant's net power output by around 5-10% and thermal efficiency by 2-5%. Retrofitting the existing plant with an evaporative cooler is proposed as an attractive investment opportunity that could help address power shortages in Nigeria.
Recent advances in semiconductor technology show the improvement of fabrication on
electronics appliances in terms of performance, power density and even the size. This great achievement
however led to some major problems on thermal and heat distribution of the electronic devices. This
thermal problem could reduce the efficiency and reliability of the electronic devices. In order to minimize
this thermal problem, an optimal cooling techniques need to be applied during the operation. There are
various cooling techniques have been used and one of them is passive pin fin heat sink approach. This
paper focuses on inline pin fin heat sink, which use copper material with different shapes of pin fin and a
constant 5.5W heat sources. The simulation model has been formulated using COMSOL Multiphysics
software to stimulate the pin fin design, study the thermal distribution and the maximum heat profile.
OPTIMIZATION OF AN OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT USING EXERGOECONOMICSijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the performance of an open cycle gas turbine power plant using
the concepts of exergoeconomics. Exergoeconomic technique involves the use of Second law of
thermodynamics and assigns monetary values to the thermodynamic quantity known as exergy. Analyses
based on exergoeconomic criteria are done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant turbine. The
methodology is illustrated using the example of a 25 MW open cycle gas turbine power plant. Optimization
has been done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant as tradeoffs between the unit product cost of the
compressor and combustion chamber as functions of compressor pressure ratio and unit product costs of
combustion chamber and gas turbine as functions of turbine inlet temperature.
Efficiency Analysis For an Experimentally Set-up Double-Pass V-Corrugated Sol...Aakanksha Dubey
This paper presents the efficiency analysis of an experimental set-up double-pass V-corrugated solar air heater. All
the experimental results were obtained with the developed solar air heater kept at an inclination angle of 23.5
degrees (Latitude Angle of Bhopal, India), facing due south, and using DC fans (for forced convection) with
different air flow rates. The efficiency results, gathered on two consecutive typical Indian peak summer days, are
presented taking into consideration the intermittent availability of sunlight at different times on these days. All the
relevant design aspects of the developed double-pass V-corrugated solar air heater such as the material used for
insulation, construction of the outer enclosure, and the solar air heater assembly, are discussed.
Fill rate is a measure of shipping performance calculated as a percentage of the total order. It compares the amount shipped on the initial shipment versus the total amount ordered. There are different types of fill rates such as line count, SKU, case, and value fill rates, which calculate this using order lines, SKUs, cases, or value, respectively. Factors like expedited items should be excluded from the calculation to avoid underestimating the true fill rate.
Improving Operations Efficiency- Issue 1James Thomas
This document summarizes initiatives to improve operations efficiency by preventing duplicate orders and shipping wrong items. Over the past year, there have been 16 duplicate orders and 238 wrong items shipped. The root causes were identified as issues with order entry, order changing, order picking, and pack confirmation processes. Ten areas for improvement were identified, including verifying customer information during order entry, flagging duplicate PO numbers, training on order changes, utilizing scanning technology, and enforcing quality checks during order picking and packing. The overall solution is to fully implement a warehouse management system to help automate processes and reduce human errors.
Manuel Vázquez Gimón, fundador de conesa, premio empresario de badajoz 2016Manuel Vázquez Gimón
Manuel Vázquez Gimón, fundador de Conservas Vegetales de Extremadura (Conesa), fue nombrado ganador del Premio Empresario de Badajoz de 2016. Conesa procesa 340.000 toneladas de tomate por campaña y es líder en transformados de tomate en España. También fueron galardonados Javier Gaspar en la categoría de PYME, Juan José Jiménez Merino en la de Autónomo, y Fátima Sancha Píriz y Mariano Rojas en otras categorías. El jurado reconoció la importante labor de todos ellos en crear un fuer
This document discusses Prolog programming. It covers data structures in Prolog like lists and terms, programming techniques like guess-and-verify queries and open lists, and control in Prolog through goal ordering and rule selection. Lists can represent data structures and terms through partial specification with variables. Programming with open lists and difference lists allows modification of data.
1. The synthesis of the C3-C14 subunit of laulimalide is described in 7 steps with an overall yield of 29%.
2. Key steps include an asymmetric aldol reaction using a chromium salen catalyst, Stille coupling, and addition of trimethylsilylmethylmagnesium chloride.
3. Total synthesis of (-)-laulimalide was completed in 25 linear steps and 36 total steps with an overall yield of 2.6%.
The document discusses the different types of lists that can be used in web pages, including unordered, ordered, and nested lists. Unordered lists use bullet points, while ordered lists number each item. The <UL>, <OL>, and <LI> tags are used to define these lists. Nested lists allow sub-lists to be indented within the main list to show hierarchical relationships between the items.
El documento habla sobre SlideShare y su propósito y uso. Explica que SlideShare sirve para publicar, compartir e intercambiar presentaciones de manera pública o privada, y que se puede utilizar de forma interna o externa compartiendo contenido de manera pública o privada.
Pipeline 1 (Lecture in KMD 2015 Fall: Internet Technology Slot)Kazunori Uhyo Sugiura
Pipeline Course Slide Material.
for basic lesson on Computer technology and an Operating System. Studet will be installing Debian distribution Linux
using VirtualBox to study basic elements in Internet Technology using Linux.
Austin Stoll discusses moving into his new home at the University of Northern Iowa and the challenges of meeting new people and getting involved on campus. He was nervous about leaving his friends and family in his small hometown but found that meeting his roommate helped him realize he had skills for making new friends. While getting involved is a work in progress, attending interesting events has been easier than expected. Stoll compares his transition to a memoir where the author also felt fear when watching loved ones drive away after her move to prison.
Creating a flexiable and fast acting OperationJames Thomas
This document outlines key performance indicators and monthly requirements to achieve an annual sales goal of $1.5 billion. It reports on quarterly and monthly sales, costs, inventory, production, and shipments compared to forecasts and budgets. Achieving the goal will require selling 2.5 million units per month and digesting 3.125 million boxes of finished goods. However, current intake and movement capacities may limit achieving the required levels. The document is intended to monitor performance and diagnose any issues in operations to allow executives to quickly adjust operations as needed to meet their decisions and goals.
The narrator was a camp counselor at Camp Okoboji last summer. On the first day, all the kids arrived quickly and chaotically. One boy in particular seemed like he would be trouble based on his behavior. The narrator discovered the boy was a Boy Scout, so he talked to him about scouting and said he would hold the boy to the Scout Law standards. This caused the boy's attitude to change positively. Throughout the week, when the boy misbehaved, the narrator would ask which Scout Law point he was violating. This repetition corrected the boy's behavior by mid-week. The second half of the week went better for both the narrator and the boy, and the narrator
Reactive Programming in .Net - actorbased computing with Akka.NetSören Stelzer
Im Entwickler-Alltag finden wir uns oft in Situationen wieder in denen wir mit parallelen, nebenläufigen Systemen kämpfen. Hier kann Actorbased Programming helfen dieser Herr zu werden. Akka.Net, welches sich selbst als „toolkit and runtime for building highly concurrent, distributed, and fault tolerant event-driven applications“ bezeichnet erlaubt es Entwicklern dieses Paradigma für sich zu nutzen.Akka.Net ist eine Portierung des von Typesafe entwickelten Actor-Framework.In der Java/Scala Welt hat es bereits einen durchschlagenden Erfolg. Akka.Net bietet nun diese Möglichkeiten für .Net-Entwickler.Im Wesentlichen soll der Vortrag auf die Basics des Actorbased Computings eingehen, sowie Parallelen zu verwandten Thematiken wie Agentbased Computing und verwandten Design-Patterns herstellen.An kleinen abstrakten Szenarien wird das Framework und eine minimale Anwendung eines Actor-Systems vorgestellt. Zum Abschluss ist geplant nochmals auf die essentielle Kommunikationspattern eingegangen.
This document discusses thermoelectric generators (TEGs) and their ability to directly convert thermal energy into electric power through the Seebeck effect. It describes how TEGs work using three key elements: a heat exchanger to absorb heat, thermoelectric modules to generate electricity from a temperature difference, and a heat sink to dissipate additional heat. The document also examines common TEG materials like bismuth telluride and challenges like low thermal efficiency around 4%, as well as applications in recovering waste heat from power plants, automobiles, and other systems.
The document discusses a waste heat recovery system for sinter coolers in steel plants. Sinter coolers produce large amounts of exhaust heat during the steel production process. The proposed system recovers sensible heat from the exhaust gases of sinter machines and coolers through heat recovery hoods. The captured heat is used to generate steam in a heat recovery boiler, which then generates electricity through a turbine and generator. Recovering waste heat in this way improves energy efficiency, reduces carbon emissions, and can help meet increasing global energy demands.
Study & Review of Heat Recovery Systems for SO2 Gas Generation Process in Sug...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on heat recovery systems for the SO2 gas generation process in the sugar industry. It begins with an introduction to waste heat recovery and its importance. It then reviews various methods for recovering waste heat. The document discusses factors that affect waste heat recovery systems like heat quantity and quality. It reviews several past studies on waste heat recovery in different industries. It proposes studying heat recovery from the SO2 gas generation process in sugar production to make the process more efficient. The conclusion emphasizes the need for waste heat recovery techniques in industries to conserve energy.
Design &Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery System for Domestic RefrigeratorIJMER
Heat is energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters from view point of fuel consumption
and for the protection of global environment. So it is necessary that a significant and concrete effort should
be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. The main objective of this paper is to study
“Waste Heat recovery system for domestic refrigerator”. An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat
from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for number of domestic and industrial purposes. In
minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is much useful for domestic purpose. It
is valuable alternative approach to improve overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has
shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable.
Classification, Advantages and applications, Commercially viable
waste heat recovery devices, Saving potential.
Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical
reaction, and then “dumped” into the environment even though it could still be reused for some
useful and economic purpose. The essential quality of heat is not the amount but rather its
“value”. The strategy of how to recover this heat depends in part on the temperature of the waste
heat gases and the economics involved.
Flue gas low temperature heat recovery system for air conditioningeSAT Journals
This document describes a proposed system to recover low-temperature waste heat from flue gas in a 350 MW thermal power plant. The system utilizes a gas-to-liquid heat exchanger placed between the boiler and chimney to heat water, which is then used to power a 70-ton vapor absorption air conditioning system. The heat exchanger design was optimized through CFD analysis to determine the number of pipes (12) and outlet water temperature (101.1°C). Recovering this low-grade waste heat provides a renewable energy source for air conditioning and reduces flue gas emissions.
In the current work, a thermoelectric power generation system was designed for an assessment of opportunities in terms of electricity production through the utilization of waste heat from sugarcane industries. In this study, the thermoelectric cooling of TEC1-12708T200 was appropriate for use in electric power generation from low-grade heat sources. The experiments used ten thermoelectric modules and an aluminum water block installed on the exterior surface area of a sugar boiler to achieve the same water flow as a traditional system. The results revealed that the power generation system could generate about 30 W (25.7 V, 1.17 A) at a matched load of approximately 36.8 Ω. The thermoelectric power generation system could convert 12.5% of heat energy into electrical energy. Therefore, the thermoelectric power generation system designed in this study could be an effective alternative for waste heat recovery in sugarcane industries.
Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier Thermo...ijtsrd
In recent past days, big deal of the automobile industry's RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT Practicing on improving overall efficiency of vehicle. It has brought a major interest in the field of making internal combustion engines highly efficient 1 . In past days, only 25 30 energy is used in the vehicle and rest is exposed to surroundings. The useful energy is used to run the engine as well as generator. So the efficiency of those engine were very less. But the efficiency can be improved by utilizing waste heat that is exhaust of vehicle. One of the best technology that was found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generator. In this, we study and investigated the use of thermoelectric generator for power production 2 . Thermoelectric generator works by imparting exhaust's gas stream on its surface and small D.C. electric current developed due to difference in temperature across heat exchanger that is put in the pathway of exhaust gas i.e. working on seebeck effect principle. An output Voltage of 200mV was generated using a single Bi2Te3 thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of about 40o C which can be used in charging battery, headlight, G.P.S. systems, etc. Such that it can reduce the level of alternator's frictional power that is used to save fuel and also in automotive industry to increase the efficiency of engine 1 . Naveen Kumar | Vaibhav Setia | Sunil Kumar Patel | Satyam Upadhyay, | Saurabh Chauhan, | Prakhar Bajpai ""Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier (Thermoelectric Generator)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/22986/analysis-of-energy-generation-from-exhaust-of-automobile-using-peltier-thermoelectric-generator/naveen-kumar
This document proposes three options for a waste heat recovery system and heat pump to reduce fuel consumption and improve energy efficiency at a process plant. Option 1 involves using recovered heat from oven exhausts and a compressor to heat pretreatment bath tanks. Option 2 uses recovered heat to pre-heat oven intake air and heat one pretreatment tank. Option 3 combines options 1 and 2 with a heat pump to heat additional pretreatment tanks. Calculations estimate potential heat sources, energy and cost savings for each option. Diagrams illustrate the proposed air to water and air to air heat recovery approaches.
IRJET- Performance Improvement of PCM Assisted Heat PipeIRJET Journal
1) The document describes an experiment to improve the performance of a heat pipe assisted by phase change material (PCM) by introducing metal rings into the PCM.
2) PCM provides additional heat absorption and storage compared to a normal heat pipe, but has low thermal conductivity, limiting heat transfer.
3) The researchers introduced metal rings with higher thermal conductivity than the PCM material to increase the surface area in contact with the PCM and thereby increase the heat transfer rate from the heat pipe into the PCM.
4) Testing showed that the modified heat pipe with metal rings improved performance by 9.38% compared to the heat pipe without metal rings.
Use of exhaust heat energy of two wheelers to generate power by seebeck effectIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using thermoelectric generators to convert waste heat from vehicle exhaust into electricity. It discusses how the Seebeck effect allows direct conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage. Studies have placed thermoelectric modules in contact with exhaust systems to generate power from the temperature difference between hot exhaust gases and coolant. The document reviews several past studies on thermoelectric generator design, materials, and power generation performance in vehicle exhaust systems. It finds that while thermoelectric generators can recover some wasted heat, the potential power is usually just enough to power vehicle accessories rather than significantly improving fuel efficiency. Proper system design is needed to maximize energy recovery from exhaust, cooling, and lubrication waste heat streams.
This document summarizes the development of a small 50W class Stirling engine. Key points include:
- A gamma type Stirling engine was designed with a simple moving-tube heat exchanger and Rhombic mechanism. The target was 50W output at 4000rpm.
- Performance tests without load used air and showed the engine could run. Higher heat exchanger performance and lower mechanical losses are needed to reach targets.
- Mechanical loss measurements under pressure found friction torque increased linearly with speed. The viscosity coefficient was determined to be 2.03×10-4 (Nms).
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY TO INCREASE BOILER EFFICIENCY USING BAGASSE AS FUEL IAEME Publication
Many industrial heating processes generate waste energy in textile industry; especially exhaust gas from the boiler at the same time reducing global warming. Waste heat found in the
exhaust gas can be used to preheat the incoming gas. This is one of the basic methods for recovery of waste heat. Therefore, this article will present a study the way to recovery heat waste from boiler exhaust gas by mean of shell and tube heat exchanger.
This document summarizes methods for recovering waste heat from boiler exhaust gases to increase boiler efficiency when using bagasse as fuel. It discusses using a shell and tube heat exchanger to preheat water or air coming into the boiler using heat from the exhaust gases. Recovering this waste heat can increase boiler efficiency from 53.31% to over 79% in a sugar mill by preheating the combustion air or boiler feed water to reduce the amount of primary fuel needed. The document evaluates different heat recovery methods and their potential to improve boiler efficiency.
Experimental investigation of waste heat recovery system for domestic refrige...IAEME Publication
This document describes an experimental investigation of a waste heat recovery system for a domestic refrigerator. The system utilizes the waste heat from the refrigerator's condenser, which is typically around 32-43°C, by installing a water tank to recover heat from the compressed refrigerant gas before it enters the condenser via a process called desuperheating. Tests were conducted with the refrigerator operating normally and operating as a refrigerator-water heater. Results found that waste heat recovery from domestic refrigerators is technically feasible and can economically preheat water. The document provides details on the experimental setup, which includes modifications made to a domestic refrigerator to integrate a water tank for desuperheating, and instrumentation used to collect temperature and energy consumption data.
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Fuel Stationsresearchinventy
Current research takes in to account of calorific value of various fuel (Diesel) available in the state of Telangana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for diesel and to learn basic bomb procedures. This experiment will be accomplished by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The fuel sold by different company show different calorific value; by finding out the change in the calorific we can find out the high quality fuel available in the market. This research had covered the importance of calorific value of different fuel (diesel) with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
case study on dance food processing industry(process integration)Vikram Kataria
this presentation includes case study on dance food processing industry and the best process integration techniques that they used to solve problems in their industry.
Performance Improvement Of Self-Aspirating Porous Radiant Burner By Controlli...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This document summarizes an experimental study on improving the performance of a self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) by controlling process parameters such as gas velocity. The study used an experimental setup including a two-layer SAPRB, thermocouples, an IR camera, and data acquisition systems to measure temperature profiles at different flame zones. Results showed that the maximum temperature and heat transfer rate increased with higher gas velocity due to combined convective and radiative heat transfer. The maximum thermal efficiency achieved was 64% which agrees with previous literature. Process parameters like gas velocity can be controlled to improve SAPRB performance.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD) (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
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Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
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distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
The Power of Digital Marketing in the Modern Age.pdfDavid Thomson
Digital marketing involves promoting products or services through digital channels such as search engines, social media, email, and websites. It leverages data analytics to target specific audiences and measure the effectiveness of campaigns. Techniques include SEO, content marketing, PPC advertising, and influencer partnerships.
You Get Me! Leveraging Communication Styles in Virtual TrainingpptxCynthia Clay
This 30-minute NetSpeed Nuggets session explored two dimensions of style (Practical vs. Creative and Logical vs. Personal) as well as four communication styles (Achiever, Anchor, Adventurer, and Analyzer), and what each communication style prefers in a virtual training session. By adapting to all four communication styles, the virtual facilitator can deliver the most effective virtual training session.
TEST BANK For Auditing & Assurance Services A Systematic Approach, 12th Editi...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK For Auditing & Assurance Services A Systematic Approach, 12th Edition By William Messier Jr, Steven Glover, Verified
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Qatar Airways Kuwait Office serves as a crucial hub for travelers in Kuwait seeking premium air travel services. Located conveniently in the heart of Kuwait City, the office offers a range of services including flight bookings, ticketing, and assistance with itinerary planning. Dedicated staff are available to provide personalized support, ensuring a seamless travel experience. The office also offers information on Qatar Airways' extensive network, luxury amenities, and special offers. Known for its exceptional customer service, the Qatar Airways Kuwait Office is committed to delivering a high standard of service and addressing any travel-related inquiries promptly. For business and leisure travelers alike, it’s the gateway to exploring global destinations with ease.
United Kingdom's Real Estate Mogul: Newman George Leech's Impact on the Swiss...Newman George Leech
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A Complete Guide of Dubai Freelance Visa and Permit in 2024Dubiz
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A complete step-by-step guide on how to start,scale and monetize YouTube channels to start earning decent money online. This guide gives brief information on everything you need to know to get started with YouTube automation and scale it up as soon as possible.
Apparel Resources is back with a bang with the fourth edition of its flagship Annual International Show 'Apparel Sourcing Week 2024' to be held on 28th-29th August 2024 at Sheraton Grand, Whitefield, Bengaluru.
Apparel Sourcing Week is a Premium Sourcing Expo and Conference comprising 200+ exhibitors from around the globe showcasing their latest developments to the 10K visiting designers, retailers and manufacturers of the world and 25+ Conference Sessions on retail, manufacturing, tech, sustainability and sourcing with the event's major focus being on Sourcing, Knowledge, Inspiration and Networking.
1. **Team Strength**:
- Seasoned discoverers with mineral finds of >$1Bn (silver), >42Mozs (gold), >12Blbs (copper)
- $8.75M recently raised for aggressive exploration
- 30% management ownership aligns interests
2. **High-Grade Discovery**:
- 2021 re-discovery: 75Moz at 980g/t AgEq (silver-zinc-lead)
- Objective: Prove continuity between high-grade discovery and existing gold-silver mine
- Potential for a gigantic, continuous deposit
3. **Proven Production Area**:
- Site of one of Alaska's first open-pit gold mines
- Existing 43-101 resource: ~500,000 oz AuEq, mostly indicated
4. **Carbonate Replacement Deposit (CRD) Advantages**:
- High grades, low mining costs
- Metallurgically simple, minimal environmental impact
- Strategic metals (Zn, Ga) could expedite permitting
5. **Massive Potential**:
- Two polymetallic deposits potentially linked
- Extensive mineralization corridor to be confirmed by drilling
Key Takeaway: High-grade discovery with potential for a giant, continuous CRD deposit, backed by a proven team and existing resources in a mining-friendly jurisdiction.
The Matatag Curriculum of the Philippines for the School Year 2024-2025
The Matatag Curriculum is designed to strengthen and enhance the educational system in the Philippines, aiming to address existing challenges and better prepare students for the future. "Matatag" means "strong" or "resilient" in Filipino, reflecting the curriculum's focus on building a solid and adaptable foundation for students.
The curriculum is structured for elementary (Grades 1-6), junior high (Grades 7-10), and senior high school (Grades 11-12) levels, with a focus on foundational skills, specialized tracks, and real-world learning experiences. Overseen by the Department of Education (DepEd), the Matatag Curriculum aims to improve academic performance, equip students with 21st-century skills, and foster responsible citizenship.
The Matatag Curriculum of the Philippines for the School Year 2024-2025 focuses on strengthening and enhancing the educational system with the following key features:
Holistic Development: Addresses intellectual, emotional, social, and physical growth.
Learner-Centered Approach: Promotes active learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.
Revised Content and Competencies: Updates subject matter to align with global standards.
Technology Integration: Incorporates digital literacy and technology in education.
Sustainability and Global Citizenship: Introduces environmental sustainability and responsible citizenship concepts.
Indigenous Knowledge and Culture: Integrates and respects indigenous practices.
Teacher Training and Development: Provides continuous professional development for educators.
Assessment and Evaluation: Utilizes various assessment methods to measure student progress.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 6 (September 2013), PP.29-34
www.ijerd.com 29 | Page
Home Made Electricity from Gas Stove
AP Rammohan1
, Manjunath Swamy HM2
1,2
Galaxy Machinery Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
Abstract:- Flame of the gas stove is the source of heat where only the upper surface of flame in contact with
the vessel is utilized in conducting heat and the remaining part of the flame other than the upper region,
surrounding the burner cannot be utilized for cooking. This heat is utilized in conversion of heat energy into
electrical energy by “power cook from gas stove” product, Design and development of a “power cook from gas
stove” product, based on seebeck effect principle, waste heat region of gas stove was done and experiment was
carried out. Through the experiment, it was concluded that waste heat can be utilized by placing the product
closer to the gas flame for better output, also we concluded that by increasing the temperature of heat absorber
and decreasing the temperature of heat sink output voltage can be maximized. Hence the output is directly
proportional to the heat absorber temperature and inversely proportional to the heat sink temperature together.
Keywords:- Electricity, Gas Stove, Seebeck Effect Principle, Thermoelectric Module, Waste Heat
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, energy costs have increased exponentially, due to more demand, though we have
developed most advanced things with available energy sources, we have failed to notice that some forms of
energy are wasted without utilization. The captured and reused waste heat energy is an emission free substitute
for costly purchased fuels, gases or electricity.
Everyday heat is going wasted produced from sources include hot combustion gases, heated products in
industrial processes, heat transfer from hot equipment surfaces, it also include all manner of human activities,
natural systems and all organisms. Such heat instead of being “wasted” by release into the ambient environment
can be utilized or reused without disturbing the ongoing process by adopting our “Innovative Project”. In our
project work we are introducing one such wonderful design of utilizing and converting waste heat into a
productive end use.
As the electrical efficiency of thermal power plants, defined as the ratio between input and the output
energy is typically around 30-45%. Such power stations or places where a large number of heat pumps are at
work, where a significant amount of waste heat can be produced, may be looked upon as potential sources of
heat, for devices which are capable of converting this heat energy into useful forms example electrical energy
[1]. A different and possible way of reutilization of the wasted heat energy has been thought in our “Innovative
Project”. The adaptive technique of our design which when connected to the heat source, utilizes the waste heat
for generation of electricity. We thought of adopting our design for gas stove waste heat in this project.
Thermoelectric module has emerged as a promising alternative green technology due to their distinct advantages.
The aim is to utilize waste heat from a flame of gas stove and convert it into electricity using “Seebeck Effect
Principle”. Using this principle of Seebeck effect, working of Thermoelectric Module (TEM) and waste heat
region of gas stove a product was designed called “Power Cook from Gas Stove” (PCGS). The PCGS unit was
developed and experimented successfully. The produced electricity is in the form of voltage; this voltage has
been stored in battery which later can be used in running power devices of home appliances like Tube light,
Exhaust fan, Computer, Mobile, UPS etc.
In this waste heat powered thermoelectric technology, it is unnecessary to consider the cost of the
thermal energy input because the energy input cost is cheap or free [2, 3]. In fact, more recently, they can be
used in many cases, such as those used in cogeneration systems [4], to improve overall efficiencies of energy
conversion systems by converting waste-heat energy into electrical power [5]. In addition, in designing high
performance thermoelectric power generators, the improvement of thermoelectric properties of materials and
system optimization have attracted the attention of many research activities [6]. Moreover, cost-per-watt can be
reduced by optimizing the device geometry, improving the manufacture quality, development of more advanced
thermoelectric materials and its effective heating and cooling of heat absorber and heat sink respectively.
As the implementation of Seebeck effect principle is for gas stove which is a new source for waste heat
utilization, the review of available literature information reveals that application of electricity generation from
thermoelectric module was adopted for sources like automobile parts, IC engine, exhaust gas pipe and to obtain
the output like its efficiency, amount of energy recovered, merits of thermoelectric power generation etc, which
2. Home Made Electricity from Gas Stove
www.ijerd.com 30 | Page
shows less innovation and research involved in it, rather than finding out what makes the system to yield more
output like heat exchangers individual temperature change affect.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Designing of PCGS
The Seebeck effect principle, working of thermoelectric module and waste heat region of gas flame are
the main design considerations taken into account to decide the physical model of PCGS unit. Table I shows the
specifications of elements of PCGS unit. The PCGS unit was designed and developed with essential elements
like Heat absorber, Heat Sink and Thermoelectric Module and is fitted to domestic gas stove. The waste heat
available from gas stove heat source, arrangement of 3 PCGS units and battery for electricity storage are shown
in figure 1. Experiment was conducted for two gas regulations to analyse and improve performance.
Fig.1 Arrangement of PCGS
Table I: Specifications of Elements of PCGS Unit
Elements
Millimeter (mm)
Material
Length Thickness Breadth
Heat Absorber 80mm 7mm 75mm Aluminium
Heat Sink 80mm 35mm 75mm Aluminium
Heat Sink Fins 80mm 2mm 35mm
Aluminium alloys 6061 and
6063 are commonly used
Thermoelectric
Module 45mm
2mm 45mm
Ceramic plates as outer walls are
of alumina and semiconductor
elements are of silicon-
germanium, lead telluride based
alloys.
B. Working Process of PCGS
The working principle & arrangement of PCGS is schematically represented in the figure 2. When Gas
stove is turned on the heat energy from flame of the gas stove is dissipated to the surrounding this heat get
absorbed by the aluminum plate (heat absorbing part ) which is placed closer to the burner. The absorbed heat is
conducted from aluminium plate to one side of TEM; the other side of TEM is coupled with heat sink integrated
with fins. The TEM is kept in between the heat absorber and heat sink, so that it should get heated on one side
and cooled on other side to achieve Seebeck effect principle and in mean while the voltage. Table II shows
summary of the parameters and dimensions of PCGS unit.
3. Home Made Electricity from Gas Stove
www.ijerd.com 31 | Page
Fig. 2 Arrangement of PCGS Unit
Table II: Summary of the parameters and dimensions of PCGS unit
Parameter Dimension / Type /
Value
PCGS adopted 55mm Orthogonal /
Perpendicular from the
circumference of burner
Type of Heat
Absorber
Flat Faced
Type of Heat Sink Cube Shaped with fins
Type of Fins Integer type straight fins
III. EXPERIMENT OF PCGS
After the completion of assembly of PCGS product onto the gas stove, experiment was conducted for
two different gas regulations, one is for medium and the other at high gas regulation, during high gas regulation
the gas stove knob is rotated full to allow maximum possible amount of gas to the burner. The output voltage
obtained from all 3 units for medium and high gas regulations with respect to gas flame temperature, heat
absorber temperature and heat sink temperature of thermoelectric module is explained as below. For the
measurement of temperature, thermometer and for voltage and current multimeter was used.
A. Medium Gas Regulation
In both 1st and 2nd iteration the 3 PCGS products were located at 55mm from the gas stove burner at 3
sides as shown in the figure 3. The 1st iteration was carried out for medium gas regulation; here the gas knob
was turned at certain point indication for medium, to allow medium amount of gas regulation from the cylinder
to the burner. For the experiment purpose a vessel containing water was placed over the gas stove and gas flame
temperature was measured after ignition with the help of thermometer, for every five minutes the heat absorber
and sink temperature was measured accordingly the output voltage and current was measured using multimeter.
It was observed that the gas flame temperature was increasing for every five minutes, after several times the
temperature remained constant, and it was 130°C of gas flame temperature. The readings obtained for the 1st
iteration are shown in table III.
4. Home Made Electricity from Gas Stove
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Fig. 3 Adoption of PCGS product on gas stove
Table III. Readings of 1st
iteration
Gas Flame
Temperature
Heat
Absorber
Temperatur
e
Heat Sink
Temperature
Output
Voltage
(Volts)
Output
Current
(Ampere)
130°C 101°C 72°C 6.5 V DC 6
It was observed that from heat source, the heat absorber absorbed 101°C and in heat sink due to fins air
cooling action it absorbed 72°C and the output obtained was 6.5 volts DC and 6 amps. By observing the 1st
iteration readings we repeated the experiment for high gas regulation to achieve maximum output.
B. High Gas Regulation
From the results of 1st iteration we decided to go for high gas regulation to increase the heat input in
turn to achieve maximum output. In the 2nd iteration the PCGS unit was located at same distance from the
burner at 3 sides. Here the gas knob was turned at the point indicating high to allow high gas regulation. During
this iteration the same vessel with fresh water was placed, when the gas was turned ON it took 25 minutes to
reach 160°C of constant gas flame temperature. The readings obtained for the 2nd iteration are shown in Table
IV. Table V shows overall input and output readings.
Table IV. Readings of 2nd
iteration
Gas Flame
Temperatu
re
Heat Absorber
Temperature
Heat Sink
Temperatu
re
Output
Voltage
Output
Ampere
160°C 132°C 112°C 8.6V DC 7
It was observed that from heat source, the heat absorber absorbed 132°C and in heat sink due to fins air
cooling action it absorbed 112°C and the output obtained was 8.6 volts DC and 7 amps. The output voltage and
output current obtained with respect to heat absorber and heat sink temperature is represented by graph 1 and
graph 2 respectively.
5. Home Made Electricity from Gas Stove
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Table V: Input and Output Readings.
Temperature Output
Heat Absorber Heat Sink
Current(amper
e)
Voltage (DC)
81°C 32°C - 4.7
89°C 67°C
- 5.12
101°C 72°C 6 6.5
119°C 91°C 7 7.1
132°C 112°C 7 8.6
Graph1
Graph2
As per the observation of output voltage and current, the power calculation is done for high gas
regulation as below:
6. Home Made Electricity from Gas Stove
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Power = voltage x current
= 8.6 x 7
= 60.2 watts
From the experiment iterations, change in gas flame temperature from 130°C to 160°C, increase in heat
absorber temperature from 101°C to 132°C, gradual increase in temperature of heat sink from 72°C to 112°C,
placement of PCGS unit closer to the burner helped in arriving a maximum current of 7 amps and voltage of 8.6
volts DC. Thus the waste heat of 82.5% of gas flame temperature was utilized. Hence the innovative project of
PCGS Product was worked out to obtain best possible results.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this project work the innovative product was designed, developed and assembled to carry out the
experiment to analyze amount of utilization of waste heat and electricity generated by this design.
The following conclusions are drawn based on the experiment results of our project:
By placing PCGS unit at 55mm from the gas stove burner, Output of 6.5 volts DC and 6 ampere can be
obtained for medium gas regulation, and for high gas regulation 8.6 Volts DC and 7 ampere can be
obtained from 3 units of PCGS with each 136 thermocouples.
By increasing the heat absorber temperature of 23.5% and decreasing the heat sink temperature of
35.8% led to increase in output voltage by 21%.
By increasing the heat absorber temperature and by decreasing heat sink temperature maximum output
voltage can be obtained.
Waste heat can be utilized by placing the product closer to the gas flame
For medium and high gas regulation 77.7 % and 82.5 % of gas flame temperature was respectively
utilized.
Hence the output voltage of PCGS unit is directly proportional to the heat absorber temperature and
inversely proportional to the heat sink or heat rejector temperature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are grateful to our Indian Gas Corporation & Electricity Board for increasing its price, which has
initiated us in valuable discussion to come up with this innovative project to produce own electricity and to
reduce the gas consumption.
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