The document provides background information on E.M. Forster's novel A Passage to India. It discusses the colonial occupation of India by the British, the rise of Indian nationalism in response, and key events and attitudes during the time period when Forster wrote the novel in the 1920s. It also summarizes some of the main plot points and characters in A Passage to India, including Dr. Aziz, Mrs. Moore, Adela Quested, and their interactions in British-controlled India.
The full name of James Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) is James Augustine Aloysius Joyce.
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Joyce is one of the pioneers of ‘stream of consciousness’ technique in novel and a new type of poetry called ‘Prose Poem’.
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This document provides a summary of the novel "A Passage to India" by E.M. Forster. It discusses the main themes of the novel, including colonialism, friendship, race, culture, and the backdrop of British rule in India in the 1920s. The story revolves around the relationships between British and Indian characters and how their potential for friendship is hindered by the social and political tensions between their cultures under the colonial system. Forster is critical of British colonialism and its negative impacts on both Indian and British people. While emphasizing the importance of friendship and humanism, the novel ultimately suggests that true friendship between Indians and British is nearly impossible given the divides reinforced by colonial rule.
The document discusses the role and importance of the reader in Henry Fielding's novels Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones. It explains that Fielding viewed the reader as an active participant in constructing the meaning of the novel, rather than a passive receiver. He used techniques like contrast, ambiguity, and direct addresses to the reader to encourage participation and independent thinking. The document also analyzes how Fielding provided guidance to readers through author-reader dialogue, while still allowing complexity and open-ended interpretations.
The document summarizes Alexander Pope's poem "The Rape of the Lock" in 3 sentences:
The poem satirizes a real incident where a Lord cuts a lock of hair from a woman named Belinda's head without her permission. It is written as a mock epic in five cantos using rhymed iambic pentameter and deals with the vanities of humankind in a trivial situation. The summary outlines the plot, which involves Belinda getting ready for a card game, a fight over the stolen lock breaking out, and the lock ultimately becoming a star or constellation.
T.S. Eliot was an American-British poet, playwright, and literary critic born in 1888 in Missouri. Some of his most influential works include The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land, and Four Quartets. Eliot's poetry was characterized by disjointed images and allusions to express the disillusionment of the post-WWI period. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948 for works that helped shape modern literature.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the characters in Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles. It describes Tess as the central character, an intelligent and attractive young woman living in a late 19th century English village. It introduces the main male characters she interacts with - Alec d'Urbervilles, a wealthy man who takes advantage of her; Angel Clare, a farmer with whom she falls in love; and her father, John Durbeyfield. The document gives brief descriptions of each character and their roles in the plot of the novel.
Dramas staged between 1660 and 1700 are called ‘Restoration Dramas’. The dramatic literature of the period was dominated by comedies called ‘Comedy of manners’. Actually ‘Restoration Comedy’ is used as a synonym for “Comedy of Manners”. The plot of the comedy, often concerned with scandal, was traditionally less important than its witty dialogues.
The comedy of manners was first developed in the new comedy of the Ancient Greek Playwright Menander. His style, elaborate plots, and stock characters were imitated by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence, whose comedies were widely known and copied during the Renaissance. The best-known comedies of manners, however, may well be those of the French playwright Moliere.
Oscar Wilde and William Congreve are the most celebrated authors of ‘Comedy of Manners’.
The document provides a plot summary of the novel A Passage to India by E.M. Forster. It describes the arrival of two British women, Adela and Mrs. Moore, in India. They meet an Indian doctor, Dr. Aziz, who agrees to take them to see the Marabar Caves. During the trip, Adela accuses Aziz of assaulting her in one of the caves. Aziz is arrested and put on trial, which strains relations between Indians and British. At the trial, Adela admits her accusation was mistaken due to being disturbed by an echo in the cave. The trial ends with Aziz being released but tensions between him and the British character Fielding remaining.
D. H. Lawrence has displayed a bold originality of his genius and his consummate artistic finesse in Sons and Lovers. With his pioneering artistry, he deviated from the traditional patter of fiction and tried to break fresh grounds.
Literary Criticism - Essay on Dramatic PoesyRohitVyas25
John Dryden has given good criticism for dramatic poesy. Here in this presentation, I've put introduction of the original essay and Dryden's definition of play.
Ahmad Ali's novel "Twilight in Delhi" depicts the fall of the Muslim empire in India and the associated decline of its cultural heritage between 1857-1919. The title "Twilight in Delhi" refers to the dying culture and civilization of Muslim India in the early 20th century, as the city of Delhi went through many changes during British colonial rule that threatened its traditional culture and social order. The novel uses symbolic elements to represent the desperation of the old generation and stagnation of Muslims amid the distortion of their future hopes and way of life.
Thomas Hardy was a famous Victorian author born in 1840 in England. Some of his most notable works include Far From the Madding Crowd, The Return of the Native, and Tess of the D'Urbevilles. Tess of the D'Urbevilles tells the story of Tess Durbeyfield, who is seduced as a young girl by the wealthy Alec D'Urberville. She later falls in love with Angel Clare, but her past impacts their relationship. The novel depicts the hardships of the agricultural lifestyle and the strict morality of the Victorian era. It uses deterministic themes and realistic descriptions to tell a tragic story of a woman oppressed by her circumstances and society.
Themes of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManFatima Gul
The document discusses several major themes in James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. These include Stephen's rejection of authority and struggle for independence, his development as an artist, his pride and egotism, sin as a liberating force, life as a maze of confusion, his search for identity, dissatisfaction with his surroundings, the role of language and communication, criticism of religion and spirituality, the instability of home, and the centrality of literature and writing to Stephen's life and journey.
Charles Dickens was an English writer born in 1812 who is considered one of the most famous authors of the Victorian era. Some of his most successful works include Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, and Hard Times. Hard Times critiques the negative effects of industrialization, portraying the dangers of prioritizing facts over imagination. It follows characters like educators Thomas Gradgrind and his children, as well as workers Stephen Blackpool and Sissy Jupe, and demonstrates themes of the conflict between fancy and facts. Through the use of literary devices like repetition, exaggeration, and irony, Dickens creates a denunciation of the inhumane conditions faced by the working class during the Industrial Revolution.
Robert Browning was an English poet who lived during the Victorian era. He was educated at home by his father's large library and was fluent in multiple languages by age 14. Browning never had a formal career and was financially dependent on his family until age 34 when he married Elizabeth Barrett. Their marriage faced disapproval from her father. Browning published his first work anonymously in 1833 and gained recognition in the 1850s after his wife encouraged him to publish collections of his works. He had a significant influence on styles of poetry, particularly dramatic monologues, and was one of the most important Victorian poets.
The document summarizes key events and characters in E.M. Forster's novel A Passage to India. It describes Dr. Aziz, an Indian doctor who is falsely accused of assault by Englishwoman Adela Quested in the Marabar Caves. It then discusses Adela and the trial, where under questioning she withdraws her accusation against Aziz, realizing her mistake. However, the damage to Aziz's reputation is already done, and though freed, his friendship with Fielding is ruptured by the events.
Presentation on Novel - A Passage to India. AleeenaFarooq
A Passage to India: What exactly happens in the Marabar caves? Indicate the consequences of the visit. What are the effects of the visit upon Mrs. Moore and Ms. Adela?
Fielding invites Aziz and the ladies to his home for tea. Aziz panics about the condition of his own home when he accepts their invitation. At lunch, Professor Godbole remains almost completely silent. Ronny interrupts abruptly and ushers Adela and his mother away, upset they were alone with Aziz and Godbole. Aziz offers to take the women on a tour of the Marabar Caves.
This document provides character summaries for the novel A Passage to India by E.M. Forster. It summarizes 15 characters including: Dr. Aziz, the protagonist who is accused of assaulting a British woman; Cyril Fielding, the principal who befriends Dr. Aziz; Adela Quested, the young British woman who accuses Dr. Aziz; and Ronny Heaslop, the self-righteous British magistrate who is condescending towards Indians. It also briefly describes characters like Mrs. Moore, Professor Godbole, and others involved in the central plot of the novel.
The document provides a detailed summary of E.M. Forster's novel "A Passage to India" in 3 paragraphs. It discusses the significance of the title, noting its reference to a Walt Whitman poem about globalization. It describes the three levels of meaning explored in the novel through the political, symbolic landscape, and religious levels of the story. Finally, it provides a lengthy list of the major characters in the novel and brief descriptions of their roles. The summary effectively captures the key information and themes discussed in the original document in under 3 sentences.
The document discusses the symbols of the Marabar caves, green bird, and wasp in E.M. Forster's novel "A Passage to India". The Marabar caves represent the alien and mysterious aspects of nature, and cause characters to confront parts of themselves. The green bird symbolizes the unidentifiable and shifting nature of India. The wasp represents ideas of unity and the limits of such concepts from both Christian and Hindu perspectives. These symbols are used to illustrate themes of cultural misunderstanding and the difficulty of understanding between the British and Indians.
Edward Morgan Forster was an English novelist and essayist known for his novels examining class difference in early 20th century British society. Some of his most famous works include A Room with a View, Howards End, and A Passage to India. As a closeted homosexual, Forster also wrote Maurice, though it was only published after his death. He lived most of his life in London and Cambridge and was a member of the Apostles discussion society at King's College.
The document discusses several key themes and symbols in E.M. Forster's novel A Passage to India. It describes how the echo in the Marabar Caves unnerves Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested by reducing all sounds and meanings to the same monotonous tone of "boum." This echo highlights the cultural clash between Western and Hindu beliefs. It also discusses the religious rivalry between Muslims and Hindus in the novel and how characters like Dr. Aziz and Dr. Panna Lal demonstrate this tension. Finally, it provides context on symbols like the Green Bird and motifs like Eastern and Western architecture in the novel.
This document analyzes various symbols in E.M. Forster's novel "A Passage to India". It discusses how characters, locations, and numbers represent broader ideas.
The characters symbolize different communities in India under British rule. Locations like the mosque represent friendship between Indians and British, while the Marabar Caves symbolize misunderstanding. The number 3 implicitly represents the interaction of Europeans, Asians, and Eurasians. Overall, the document examines how Forster uses symbolism to represent relationships between groups and convey themes about colonial India.
Edward Morgan Forster was an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist born in 1879. He is best known for his novels that examined class differences and hypocrisy in early 20th century British society through well-plotted stories. Some of his most notable works include Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View, Howards End, and A Passage to India. Forster spent time in Egypt during World War I as a conscientious objector and drew on his experiences there. Though he published his last novel in 1924, he continued writing short stories and essays until his death in 1970.
The document summarizes three important symbols in E.M. Forster's novel "A Passage to India":
1) The Marabar Caves, based on real caves in India, represent the alien and empty nature and defy understanding. They unsettle visitors by making them confront parts of themselves.
2) The green bird observed by characters symbolizes India as elusive and undefinable, baffling those who seek Western rational understanding of it.
3) The wasp represents the Hindu idea of the oneness of all living things, even the lowest creature. Mrs. Moore feels affection for the wasp, showing her openness to Hindu mysticism, though it also shows the limits
E.M. Forster was an English novelist, essayist, and librettist. He was known for his novels that examined class differences and hypocrisy in early 20th century British society. Some of his most famous works include A Room with a View, Howards End, and A Passage to India. Forster was also homosexual and developed a long-term relationship with a married policeman. He struggled with his sexuality but later wrote explicitly homosexual works that were published after his death.
A Passage to India: What exactly happens in the Marabar caves? Indicate the c...AleeenaFarooq
A passage to India. What exactly happens in the Marabar caves? Indicate the consequences of the visit.
What are the effects of the visit upon Mrs. Moore and Ms. Adela?
E.M. Forster was a British novelist born in 1879. He was influenced by members of the Bloomsbury Group and shed his Christian faith. Forster traveled extensively and had homosexual relationships. Though he stopped writing novels after age 45, he had a successful career as a BBC broadcaster. Forster is known for novels like A Room with a View and Maurice that explored themes of personal connection, class differences, and sexuality. He died in 1970 at the age of 91.
Is the novel 'A Passage to India' a satire on anglo-indian life?Ummara Zulfiqar
A Passage to India by E.M. Forster satirizes Anglo-Indian life and the relationship between the British colonizers and Indian people. Forster uses biting satire to portray the English colonials as unfeeling, proud, and viewing Indians as inferior. The novel shows the wide gulf between rulers and ruled created by British imperialism. Forster also satirizes typical attitudes of Englishmen and women as overwhelmingly racist and condescending toward Indians. While sympathetic to Indians, Forster does not spare them from satire, portraying them as unreliable, suspicious, and childish due to their humiliating treatment under British rule.
Modernism is a comprehensive movement which began in the closing years of the 19th century and has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.
Edward Morgan Forster (1879-1970) foi um escritor humanista liberal inglês que valorizava a tolerância e compreensão entre pessoas diferentes. Sua obra mais famosa, A Passagem para a Índia, retrata vividamente as culturas muçulmana, hindu e cristã na Índia e os abismos entre elas. Seu romance Um Quarto com Vista contrasta as convenções sociais inglesas com a verdade interior das pessoas e mostra como a Itália permite que arte e vida convivam naturalmente, libertando os ingleses de suas sombras.
Passage to India: 7 insights into India's changing consumer marketBrand Genetics
A series of macro insights into India's consumer market.
Given recent elections, there is optimism that a more business friendly government can help the country fulfil its economic potential. As new opportunities start to open up, this document outlines opportunities and challenges for brands.
'Passage to India' completes our series on the BRICs: documents are also available on Brazil, Russia and China
The document provides a summary of E.M. Forster's novel "A Passage to India". It describes the main characters including Adela Quested and Dr. Aziz who become friends but Aziz is later arrested for assaulting Adela in the Marabar Caves, though she later declares he is innocent. It also gives background on Forster and analyzes Adela's character development throughout the novel.
The document provides a summary of E.M. Forster's novel "A Passage to India". It describes the main characters including Adela Quested and Dr. Aziz who become friends but Aziz is later arrested for assaulting Adela in the Marabar Caves, though she later declares he is innocent. It also gives background on Forster and analyzes Adela's character development throughout the novel.
The document provides a plot summary of the novel A Passage to India by E.M. Forster. It describes the major events and characters, including Dr. Aziz meeting Mrs. Moore at a mosque, a tea party hosted by Cyril Fielding where Aziz and Adela become acquainted, an outing to the Marabar Caves where Adela accuses Aziz of assault, Aziz's arrest and trial, Adela realizing her accusation was mistaken due to the caves' disturbing echoes, and the aftermath where Aziz and Fielding's friendship is strained though later reconciled.
1) The story follows two Englishwomen, Adela and Mrs. Moore, who travel to India where Adela plans to marry Ronny, a British magistrate. They hope to see the real India rather than the British version.
2) Aziz, an Indian doctor, is frustrated by poor treatment from the British. He and some friends discuss whether an Indian can be friends with an Englishman. Aziz and Mrs. Moore bond over exploring a mosque.
3) A party is held where Adela and Mrs. Moore meet Indians like Aziz and Fielding, the principal of a college. Aziz organizes an outing to the Marabar Caves but there is an incident where Adela accuses
The document provides a summary of the plot of E.M. Forster's novel A Passage to India. It describes how two Englishwomen, Adela and Mrs. Moore, travel to India where Adela plans to become engaged to Ronny. They hope to see the real India rather than the British-influenced version. Meanwhile, Aziz, an Indian doctor, is frustrated by poor treatment from the British. He and Mrs. Moore become friendly after meeting in a mosque. Later, at a party and tea organized by Fielding, Aziz and Adela get to know each other, but Ronny interrupts. A trip to the Marabar Caves organized by Aziz ends badly when Adela accuses him
The document provides a summary of the plot of E.M. Forster's novel A Passage to India. It describes how two Englishwomen, Adela and Mrs. Moore, travel to India where Adela plans to become engaged to Ronny. They hope to see the real India rather than the British-influenced version. Meanwhile, Aziz, an Indian doctor, is frustrated by poor treatment from the British. He and Mrs. Moore become friendly after meeting in a mosque. Later, at a party and tea organized by Fielding, Aziz and Adela get to know each other, but Ronny interrupts. A trip to the Marabar Caves organized by Aziz ends badly when Adela accuses him
The document provides character descriptions for some of the main characters in E.M. Forster's novel A Passage to India. It introduces Adela Quested, a young English woman who travels to India to potentially become engaged to Ronny Heaslop. It also describes Mrs. Moore, Adela's chaperone, Dr. Aziz, a Muslim doctor, Professor Godbole, a Hindu colleague, and Cyril Fielding, the English principal of the government college.
Edward Morgan Forster was a British novelist born in 1879 who wrote several important works including "A Passage to India". The novel examines the conflict between British colonial rulers and Indian culture in the early 1900s. It follows the interactions between several main characters - Dr. Aziz, a young Indian doctor, Miss Quested, a British schoolteacher, and Mr. Fielding, the headmaster of a small Indian college. The plot focuses on a trip to the Marabar Caves that goes awry, leading to Dr. Aziz being wrongly arrested on suspicion of assaulting Miss Quested.
- A Passage to India is a novel by E.M. Forster published in 1924 that examines interactions between Indians and British colonists in India in the early 20th century.
- The major conflict arises when Adela Quested accuses Dr. Aziz, an Indian physician, of attempting to sexually assault her in one of the Marabar Caves, inflaming racial tensions.
- At Aziz's trial, Adela admits she was mistaken in her accusations and that Aziz is innocent, leading to his release but causing the English community to reject Adela.
The document summarizes major characters and symbols in the novel Passage to India. It describes 10 characters including Dr. Aziz, Mrs. Moore, Adela Quested, and Ronny Heaslop. It also analyzes 3 symbols: the Marabar Caves, which represent emptiness and alienation; the unidentifiable green bird, which symbolizes the muddle and shifting nature of India; and the wasp, which represents the limits of the Hindu vision of oneness.
The novel A Passage to India by E.M. Forster depicts tensions between British colonists and Indians in the British-occupied city of Chandrapore, India in the 1920s. Dr. Aziz, an Indian physician, is accused of molesting a British woman, Adela, in the Marabar Caves, exacerbating racial tensions. At Aziz's trial, Adela withdraws her charge, causing chaos. Though Aziz is released, tensions remain between him and the British, as well as within British society, as shown by the evolving relationship between Aziz and Fielding, a sympathetic British man.
Essay on A Passage to India
A Passage To India Essay
Theme Of Passage To India
A Passage To India Essays
A passage to india Essay
A Passage To India Summary
Essay on A Passage to India
A Passage To India Essay
Theme Of Passage To India
A Passage To India Essays
A passage to india Essay
A Passage To India Summary
Fielding represents Forester's thoughts and characterrana albalawi
The document discusses E.M. Forster's novel A Passage to India. It focuses on the character Cyril Fielding, who is portrayed as a principled intellectual in British India who believes all people are equal regardless of race. He has Indian friends and defends an Indian man, Dr. Aziz, against accusations by British people. Fielding represents Forster's own viewpoint of advocating for tolerance and understanding between people of different cultures.
Adela Quested is a young British schoolmistress visiting India to consider marrying Ronny Heaslop. She is described as intelligent but slightly prudish. She wishes to see the real India. Adela is portrayed as plain but with qualities of honesty and courageous decency. However, her thinking is completely intellectual rather than emotional. This difference causes issues in how she understands others like Mrs. Moore. Adela's passionless nature makes her unfit for marriage, but her frank objectivity wins some admiration. However, her lack of sensitivity is noticeable, such as needing to be told to apologize to Dr. Aziz.
A passage to india presents the british india conflict...Sam Alenezi
The document summarizes E.M. Foster's novel A Passage to India. It discusses the complex relationships between British colonizers and Indian colonized explored in the novel. Key points include the racial disparity and prejudice faced by Indians, the role of the Marabar Caves in unfolding tensions, and Dr. Aziz's arrest heightening division between the two groups. In the end, the novel suggests true friendship cannot exist while colonial rule continues in India.
E.M. Forster's 1924 novel A Passage to India explores cultural and religious tensions in British-controlled India through the story of Dr. Aziz, a young Indian physician. The novel examines Dr. Aziz's attempts to establish friendships with British characters and the disastrous consequences that result, including false accusations that Dr. Aziz attempted to rape a young Englishwoman named Adela Quested. Through complex symbols and characters, the novel addresses questions of faith, friendship across cultural divides, and colonial relations between the British rulers and Indian people in India.
The document summarizes the key conflicts presented in E.M. Forster's novel A Passage to India. There were cultural conflicts between the British colonizers and Indian natives as they had very different ways of life, customs, and values. Religious differences also divided the groups and caused misunderstandings. A central question of the novel was whether true friendship could exist between the two cultures amidst this environment of colonial rule and prejudice.
pride and prejudice is a feminist novel of its time. The author has limited range of writing. The novel shines with the wit of the author. The protagonists of the novel highlights the character of Jane Austen
The document summarizes the main characters from E.M. Forster's novel "A Passage to India". It describes Dr. Aziz as a Muslim doctor who befriends Mrs. Moore but later becomes bitterly anti-British after being falsely accused of assault. It describes Cyril Fielding as the lone British official who treats Indians with respect. It describes Adela Quested as the woman who accuses Dr. Aziz but later realizes her mistake. It describes Mrs. Moore as a kind Christian woman whose faith is shaken by her experiences in the caves. It describes Ronny Heaslop as a bureaucrat who wants to rule over Indians and manipulates his mother.
The document summarizes the main characters from E.M. Forster's novel "A Passage to India". It describes Dr. Aziz as a Muslim doctor who befriends Mrs. Moore but later becomes bitterly anti-British after being falsely accused of assault. It describes Cyril Fielding as the lone British official who treats Indians with respect. It describes Adela Quested as the woman who accuses Dr. Aziz but later realizes her mistake. It describes Mrs. Moore as a kind Christian woman whose faith is shaken by her experiences in the caves. It describes Ronny Heaslop as a bureaucrat who wants to rule over Indians and pushes his mother to leave India when he fears she may help Dr.
stackconf 2024 | Using European Open Source to build a Sovereign Multi-Cloud ...NETWAYS
The European Commission has clearly identified open source as a strategic tool for bringing some balance to an EU cloud market currently dominated by a handful of non-EU hyperscalers. Part of that commitment comes through a series of ambitious, multi-million EU projects like the SIMPL platform for Data Spaces and the multi-country “Important Project of Common European Interest on Next Generation Cloud Infrastructure and Services” (IPCEI-CIS). For the first time in the history of the European Union, it is the EU industry who will be leading large-scale open source projects aimed at building European strategic technologies. In this talk we will explain in detail how specific European open source technologies are being brought together as part of some of those projects to start building Sovereign Multi-Cloud solutions that ensure interoperability and digital sovereignty for European users while preventing vendor lock-in in the cloud market, opening up competition in the emerging 5G/edge.
Call India AmanTel allows you to call from any country in the world including India to the USA and Canada at the cheapest rate Limited offers new users some free minutes.
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Risks & Business Risks Reduce - investment.pdfHome
In this presentation, I have shown major risks that are to face in a business investment. Also I have shown their classification and sources.
This information have taken from my text book -" Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management ~chapter 2 Investment~ " For complete this Presentation I used Figma and Canva.
My Role:
a. Student Final year - Accounting
b. Presentation Designer
A study on drug utilization evaluation of bronchodilators using DDD methodDr. Afreen Nasir
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Nasir A. A study on drug utilization evaluation of bronchodilators using the DDD method. RIPER - PDIC Bulletin ISPOR India Andhra Pradesh Regional Chapter Newsletter [Internet]. 2023 Sep;11(51):14. Available from: www.riper.ac.in
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Destyney Duhon personal brand explorationminxxmaree
Destyney Duhon embodies a singular blend of creativity, resilience, and purpose that defines modern entrepreneurial spirit. As a visionary at the intersection of artistry and innovation, Destyney fearlessly navigates uncharted waters, sculpting her journey with a profound commitment to authenticity and impact.This Brand exploration power point is a great example of her dedication to her craft.
2. The Author
E.M. Forster wrote A Passage to India in 1924, the
last completed novel that he published during his
lifetime.
The novel differs from Forster's other major works in
its overt political content, as opposed to the lighter
tone and more subdued political subtext contained in
works such as Howards End and A Room With A View.
The novel deals with the political occupation of India
by the British, a colonial domination that ended after
the publication of Forster's text and still during his
lifetime.
3. Background of the Novel
The colonial occupation of India is significant in terms of
the background of the novel. Britain occupied an
important place in political affairs in India since 1760, but
did not secure control over India for nearly a century. In
August of 1858, during a period of violent revolt against
Britain by the Indians, the British Parliament passed the
Government of India Act, transferring political power
from the East India Company to the crown.
4. This established the bureaucratic colonial system in India
headed by a Council of India consisting initially of fifteen
Britons. Although Parliament and Queen Victoria
maintained support for local princes, Victoria added the
title Empress of India to her regality. The typical attitude of
Britons in India was that they were undertaking the "white
man's burden," as put by Rudyard Kipling. This was a
system of aloof, condescending sovereignty in which the
English bureaucracy did not associate with the persons
they ruled, and finds its expression in characters such as
Ronny Heaslop and Mr. McBryde in A Passage to India.
5. Indian nationalism began to foment around 1885 with the
first meeting of the Indian National Congress, and
nationalism found expression in the Muslim community as
well around the beginning of the twentieth century.
Reforms in India's political system occurred with the
victory of the Liberal Party in 1906, culminating in the
Indian Councils Act of 1909, but nationalism continued to
rise.
India took part in the first world war, assisting the British
with the assumption that this help would lead to political
concessions, but even with the promise after the war that
Indians would play an increased role in their own
government, relations between the English and Indians did
not improve.
6. It is around this time that Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
became a preeminent force in Indian politics, and it is also
around this time that Forster would wrote
A Passage to India.
More than twenty years later, after a long struggle,
Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act in 1947,
ordering the separation of India and Pakistan and granting
both nations their sovereignty.
8. Aziz is a poor doctor who has lived dutifully under
British command, but has grown more frustrated with
their treatment of him and his fellow Indians. He and his
friends discuss the English and complain that they have
changed in attitude over the years and have become
more intolerant and cold. The British officials at the
civil station in Chandrapore run a club that forbids
Indians from attending and try to avoid any intimate
friendships or relations with the natives. Mrs. Moore
and Adela Quested come over from England to visit
Ronny Heaslop, Mrs. Moore's son and Adela's betrothed.
9. One night, Mrs. Moore encounters Dr. Aziz in a Mosque
in the moonlight. They are at first startled by each other,
but instantly become friends. Mrs. Moore and Adela are
more liberal than Ronny and wish to see the "real India"
and befriend Indians. Mr. Fielding, the Principal of the
Government College, invites Adela and Mrs. Moore to his
home for tea. He also invites Dr. Aziz, who he recently
met and liked instantly, and his mystical Hindu colleague
Professor Godbole. Fielding's tea party is very friendly
and comfortable. Aziz feels so at ease, that he invites the
women on an excursion to the caves at Marabar.
10. Aziz gets to the train station especially early so nothing will
go wrong with the excursion. Mrs. Moore and Adela arrive
on time, but Fielding and Godbole have not yet arrived.
Aziz is nervous because he does not want to be left alone
with the women, anticipating that trouble will arise. Ronny
sends over a servant to follow the women to make sure they
are not left alone with Dr. Aziz. Fielding and Godbole
arrive too late. They miss the train and Aziz is left to travel
alone with Mrs. Moore and Adela. They put him at ease
and assure him they are in good hands.
At the caves, the weather is hot. The three go in and out of
the caves, which all look similar. Within the caves is the
haunting sound of an echo. While Mrs. Moore is in the
cave, which is completely dark, she feels something touch
her. But she is haunted by the sound of the echo, which
takes over her thoughts. She decides to rest after her
experience and let Adela and Aziz continue to explore other
caves.
11. Adela becomes preoccupied with her engagement to
Ronny and realizes she does not love him. Before she
enters the cave, she asks Aziz about his wife and love.
Adela and Aziz become separated eventually and Aziz
can not find Adela. Aziz hears a car and later assumes
that Miss Derek, Adela's friend, picked up Adela.
Fielding joins Aziz and Mrs. Moore and they board the
train back to Chandrapore. When the train pulls into the
station, Aziz is arrested for charges that are unknown to
him. Fielding publicly vows to defend Aziz and alienates
himself from his countrymen. Aziz is charged with
making improper advances to Adela in the caves.
Fielding believes that Adela was hallucinating.
12. As the trial approaches, Mrs. Moore becomes more aloof.
Adela seeks her support, but Mrs. Moore wants nothing to do
with her or anyone else. Adela is haunted with the echoes from
the caves, and when she realizes Aziz's innocence, the echoes
go away. She tells Ronny about her doubts of Aziz's guilt and
Mrs. Moore backs them up, but Ronny encourages her to go on
with the trial and continue to press charges. Mrs. Moore, with
the support and encouragement of her son, leaves for Britain
before the trial. She dies en route, unable to endure the heat and
travel conditions. At the trial, Adela continues to hear echoes.
The courtroom becomes charged with emotion. Indians in the
courthouse begin to call for Mrs. Moore to clear the name of
Aziz. When Adela is called to the witness box, Mr. McBryde
presses her until finally she admits that she is not sure if Aziz is
really guilty. The judge drops the charges and all of the Indians
in Chandrapore celebrate Aziz's victory. Adela walks the streets
in a daze and is intercepted by Fielding. He invites her to his
office for her safety.
13. Aziz becomes jealous while Adela and Fielding spend time
together. Fielding pities her since her engagement has been
broken and since she put her life on the line to tell the truth.
He asks Aziz not to collect money from Adela for damages.
Rumors begin to spread that he and Adela are having an
affair. Fielding denies the rumor, but in the back of his
mind, Aziz believes the rumor to be true and thinks
Fielding will marry Adela for her money. After the trial,
Aziz wants nothing to do with the British and begins to
write poetry about the motherland and the nation. He
decides to move out of the Raj to a free Indian state.
Fielding and Adela return to England.
14. Two years have passed and Aziz and Godbole now live in
Mau, an independent Hindu state. Godbole is the Minister of
Education and Aziz has a clinic in town. The town is
celebrating the arrival of a new God and is filled with
singing and dancing in the streets. Godbole receives a note
that Fielding and his new wife will be paying a visit. He tells
Aziz who refuses to see them. Aziz has ignored all of
Fielding's letters and postcards over the years and assumed
that he has married Adela in London. Aziz runs into Fielding
and his new brother-in-law (Ralph) by accident, when he
goes out to attend to Ralph's bee sting.
15. Aziz treats Fielding coldly. Fielding asks why Aziz never
returned his letters. Finally, Aziz realizes that Fielding did not
marry Adela, but Mrs. Moore's daughter, Stella. Adela
introduced them in London. Aziz continues to behave coldly
and says he wants nothing to do with the British. Later on,
Aziz checks up on Ralph's bee sting and continues to be cold,
but is finally overcome by a spiritual epiphany brought on by
the celebrations in town. He asks Ralph if he knows when a
stranger becomes a friend and he answers yes. This was what
his mother said to Aziz in the Mosque when they met. Finally,
Aziz and Fielding become friends again. Aziz gives Fielding
a letter to deliver to Adela forgiving her for her charges
against him. He has left the past behind him. As Fielding and
Aziz say their final good-byes, their horses pull them away
from each other and they know they will never see each other
again.
17. Doctor Aziz:
A Muslim doctor in Chandrapore.
Intelligent, outgoing and sensitive, but also
suspicious and irrational at times.
Hospitality and kindness to Adela and Mrs Moore.
Shares a friendship with Fielding till the end of the
trial.
Becomes more uptight with people after the trial;
ceases to bend down to the whims of the whites.
Reflects the fears and disillusionment of educated Indians
under the British Raj.
18. Mrs Moore:
Reflective, sympathetic, sensitive and pious.
Likes Dr Aziz; doesn't agree with Anglo-Indian
treatment of Indians.
After the incident in Marabar, starts seeing everything
negatively; escapes from Aziz’s trial though she knew
she could’ve proved his innocence.
Dies on her voyage back to England.
The other face of the colonizer. Doesn’t like the idea of
colonialism, and is kind to all people regardless of race or
religion.
19. Adela Quested:
Serious, curious and ambiguous.
Wishes more interaction with Indians, though her fiancée
disproves of it.
Confused by the setting of the caves, falsely accuses
Aziz of assaulting her.
Admitting the mistake in court leads to her being
abandoned by the Anglo-Indian community.
Though respectful to Indians, she can’t have a good
relationship with them. The Marabar incident seemingly
changes her rational mind forever.
20. Cyril Fielding:
Headmaster at the local college and friend of Aziz
Pleasant in character and revolutionary in thought
Free from prejudice and generalisation towards Indians
Maintains a healthy relation with all Indians around him
Marries Stella, Mrs Moore’s daughter, in the end.
Fielding prefers individual and personal relationships to institutional
ones that are patronising. Containing both positive and negative
characters, Fielding represents the stance of Forster in the context of
the novel.
21. Professor Godbole
He is a Hindu philosopher.
He is most charming and mysterious character of the novel.
Godbole is deeply thoughtful and wise ; he is aware of the universal mystery.
He believes in love amongst and in respect for nature and life as well.
22. Ronny Heaslop:
Mrs Moore’s first son; district magistrate; engaged to Adela.
Typical British colonizer: racist, prejudiced and unmindful
of Indians.
Regards all religions to be vain and silly, except Christianity,
which justifies the English monarchy.
Considers his institutional duty to be above respecting
Indians.
Breaks off with Adela after she doubts her love for him after
the trial.
The typical white colonizer with the “white burden”. Has a
deep sense of civilisation, but is insensitive to the local people.
24. The Marabar Hills are described as the fists and fingers of
the south. Despite their human characteristics, the hills are
imposing. Earth here is more impressive than any of the
people in Chandrapore.
The women are fascinated by the moonlight, which has a
mystical quality to it. However, a British stranger reminds
them that in British India, though they might be halfway
around the world from home, they stick to the same moon.
Therefore, there is little spirit or imagination in the India of
the English. Mrs. Moore and Adela hope for something
more.
25. Looking into the sky, Mrs. Moore sees a moon that is very
different from the moon in England. This moonlight filled
her with a sense of unity with nature and the heavens the
way it never had at home.
The heat of April, an aspect of the earth in India, makes
things quite unbearable and influences the behavior of
those who live there.
McBryde tries to argue that the hot climate and geographic
conditions of India drive the Indians to behave the way
they do. He contends that nature has control over man in
India and if the British were to endure this climate, they
would behave the same way.
26. When Mrs. Moore first came to India, the mystical forces
of the earth overtook her. However, after the engagement of
Ronny and Adela, she becomes burdened with the duties of
reality and this disrupts her union with spirit and earth.
The echoes of the cave haunt Adela and make her question
her charges against Aziz. The sound of the caves haunts her
until she reveals the truth about Aziz and clears her
conscience.
The earth prevents Aziz and Fielding from riding back to
each other. It prevents the continuation of their friendship,
at least until the British leave India.
28. Though they have broken off the engagement, the
bumpy ride in Nawab Bahadur's car awakens Adela and
Ronny's feelings of love, or at least lust.
Aziz and Fielding discuss marriage. Aziz admits that he
fell in love with his wife after they were married.
Sharing the photo of his wife with him is an act of
brotherly love. Fielding also admits that he has never
married or never plans to. He says he is too old to fall in
love.
Adela begins to doubt her love for Ronny. She realizes
she is not in love with him and questions if she is
capable of loving another. She thinks she is too
intellectual to be in love.
29. Fielding can not understand why Aziz loved Mrs. Moore
so much, since she had not been there for Aziz,
especially after the cave incident. He tells Fielding that
Mrs. Moore was oriental in her emotions--she never
measured love. Fielding is very western and Aziz feels
he measures his emotions too much.
Ronny terminates the engagement with Adela. The two
had never been in love and were probably incapable of
loving each other.
Both Adela and Fielding have given up on love and
think they will never love anyone.
30. Ralph tells Aziz that his mother loved him very much.
Though Aziz is very short with Ralph, Ralph overlooks
the behavior and assures him that he is a friend, though
he is a stranger. This oriental attitude is like his mother's.
Ralph proves he is capable of loving on instinct the way
his mother had.
32. The British National Anthem inspires feelings of power
rather than patriotism. England's role in India is one of
power and control.
While discussing Akbar, a figure who had a unifying force,
Aziz tells Mrs. Moore and Adela that India cannot be
united. As a Muslim, he feels divided from the other half
of India.
33. Adela begins to feel guilty about the notion of the British
as a civilizing force. She contemplates who gave them the
right to control a country. At the same time, McBryde uses
a "scientific" approach to prove the racial and national
superiority of the British over the Indians.
Mahmoud Ali becomes vocal about the unfair role of the
British in India. He stands up for Indian nationalism and
storms out of the court.
34. The otherwise pro-British Nawab Bahadur, the most
diplomatic and respected of Indians, becomes so inspired
by the cruel treatment of his son and the treatment of Aziz
by the British, that he renounces his name and title for his
Islamic name.
The trial awoke the nationalist spirit in Aziz. He now
began to think of the motherland in his poetry.
Aziz expresses his wish not to associate with any British
people. He even pushes away the friendship of Fielding.
Aziz and Fielding part ways, knowing they can never be
friends as long as the British continue to control India.
36. English people are civil, or even friendly, towards
natives when they first arrive in India. However, the
longer they stay in India, the greater the gulf grows
between them and the Indians. Though the English and
Indians are both physically in the East, there is a clear
separation between Eastern and Western culture in
colonized India.
Adela confronts Ronny about his treatment of Indians.
Still fresh in India, she feels the bridge between East
and West can be crossed with pleasant and equal
behavior. Ronny advises her that her naïve perspective
will change the longer she stays in the country.
37. Many Indians are skeptical about the sincerity of
Turton's invitation to his Bridge Party. Nawab
Bahadur, a person who is respected by British and
Indians, convinces his countrymen to attend the party.
Adela and Mrs. Moore are sad that there is no
interaction between the British hosts and the Indian
guests. The Bridge Party does not create a bridge
between the people.
38. Fielding and Aziz forge an instant friendship despite
their racial differences.
Aziz tells Nawab Bahadur's grandson that believing in
superstition and evil spirits is a defect of the East. The
West has advanced, he believes, because they believe
in reason and logic.
Fielding tries to tell Aziz that he should not think
about the picnic in terms of East and West, but simply
in terms of friendship.
39. Turton, who believes his years of experience in India
have made him wise and knowledgeable, says that
Indians and English are incapable of interacting on an
intimate basis. That is why he feels there should exist
a great distance between them.
Aziz tries to explain to Fielding that Mrs. Moore,
though an old British woman, was an Oriental at heart.
She had an Eastern way of relating to people. Aziz
considers measuring emotion, as Fielding does, to be
a Western trait.
Aziz and Fielding part ways, knowing they will never
see each other again. The notion that Indians and
British can never be intimate friends while the British
control India seems to hold true.
41. At the Mosque, Aziz feels renewed. He feels most at home
there. His body and spirit are unified by his religion in the
Mosque. He is more loyal to Islam than to his country.
Two missionaries discuss God and how he does not exclude
any creature from his house. This conversation is ironic
against the backdrop of the colonized India.
Mrs. Moore is a religious woman. She talks to Ronny about
the bad and unchristian treatment of the British towards the
Indians. She says that God loves everyone and since India is
part of the earth, God loves the Indians.
42. Religious thought is divided in India. Aziz blames an
Indian couple's bad manners on the fact that they are
Hindu.
To put Aziz at ease when Fielding and Godbole do not
arrive, she tells him that they will all be Muslims together-
-signifying their equality.
Aziz tells Mrs. Moore and Adela that he can not accept the
Hindu notion of universality. He believes it is best if every
one adheres to his own religion.
43. In the caves, the 'boom' sound erases all religious thoughts
from Mrs. Moore's mind. The echo becomes more powerful
than her religion.
In the aftermath of the incident at the caves, Mrs. Moore
loses her interest in religion and all other aspects of life.
44. In her despair, Adela strays from her usually intellectual
ways and begins praying again.
In her absence, the Indians at the trial begin to chant Mrs.
Moore's name. By mispronouncing her name as Esmiss
Esmoor, they have called her the name of a Hindu goddess.
Mrs. Moore appears in Godbole's head during a spiritual
fervor. The visit by Mrs. Moore completes him and brings
him closer to God. God is love.
46. Mrs. Moore impresses Aziz by removing her shoes before
she enters the Mosque. This is a sign of respect that he
does not expect from British women in his country.
Fielding contends that English women can never be
friends with Indian men. Disaster happens whenever the
two meet.
Aziz shows Fielding a picture of his wife: an act that is
forbidden unless it is between brothers due to the tradition
of purdah, the separation and veiling of women. Fielding
asks if people in the world were to treat each other as
equally as brothers, if there would be no more need for
purdah.
47. Aziz's friends now warn him that it is not advisable for
him to mix with British women. They predict something
bad will happen due to his interaction with these ladies.
At the club, the men talk of protecting the women and
children. This incites in them a blinding national pride.
Aziz begins to write poetry about Oriental womanhood.
He calls for the end of purdah, which he believes is an
essential step to forming Indian statehood.