This document provides an overview of astrophysics concepts including:
1. The structure and components of the solar system including planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and moons.
2. Stellar evolution processes from birth as a nebula to red giant and supernova.
3. Evidence for the Big Bang theory including red shift of galaxies and cosmic microwave background radiation.
The document provides an overview of the components of the solar system, including the sun, eight planets, asteroids, comets, and satellites. It discusses the key features of terrestrial and Jovian planets, and provides brief introductions to each of the planets as well as other celestial bodies like asteroids, meteors, comets, and satellites. The document aims to teach students about the structure and composition of objects in the solar system.
The document provides details about the composition and formation of the solar system. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of part of a large cloud of gas and dust known as the solar nebula. This led to the formation of the Sun and a protoplanetary disk surrounding it.
2) As the Sun formed and began generating heat, the protoplanetary disk flattened into a plane and began to condense, resulting in the formation of the planets, asteroids, comets and other bodies that make up the solar system.
3) Over time, scientific understanding of solar system formation has progressed from early hypotheses to the current nebular model, which views
1) The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 9 planets.
2) The planets follow elliptical orbits around the Sun due to the balance between gravitational pull and inertia.
3) There are several theories for how the Solar System formed, with the most widely accepted being the Nebular Hypothesis where a large cloud collapsed and spun to form a disk that condensed into planets.
The document summarizes key aspects of how scientists believe the universe began and evolved based on two major theories - the Big Bang theory and the Solar Nebula theory. It provides details on each theory, including that the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.75 billion years ago and resulted in the rapid expansion and cooling of an extremely hot and dense early universe. The Solar Nebula theory proposes that our solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust that gave rise to the sun and orbiting bodies.
The document provides an overview of the universe and the solar system. It defines the universe as the space and time containing all matter and energy, governed by physical laws. The universe originated from the Big Bang around 13.7 billion years ago. It then describes the possible endings for the universe as the Big Crunch, Big Rip, Big Bounce, or Big Freeze. The rest of the document details the components that make up the solar system, including the planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and other celestial bodies.
The document provides information about the solar system, including:
- The solar nebula hypothesis which explains how the sun and planets formed from a cloud of gas and dust.
- Distances in space are measured in light years or astronomical units.
- The eight major planets consist of four inner terrestrial planets and four outer gas giants, along with the dwarf planet Pluto.
- Key facts are provided about each of the planets, such as their composition, moons, temperatures, densities and more.
The document discusses asteroids, comets, and Pluto. It explains that asteroids formed from leftover material from planet formation and are found mainly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter due to Jupiter's gravitational influence. Comets formed beyond the frost line and have icy compositions; their tails form when they near the Sun and ice sublimates. Most comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. Pluto has properties matching Kuiper Belt objects. An impact likely caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. While impacts pose a real threat, the likelihood of a major impact within our lifetimes is low. Other planets can affect Earth's impact rates through their gravitational influence on small solar system bodies.
What is Solar system? FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM. SOLAR SYSTEM: StructureUday Kumar Shil
The document summarizes the structure and components of the solar system. It describes:
1. The solar system formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula approximately 4.6 billion years ago. As it contracted, the nebula flattened into a disk and kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form.
2. The solar system consists of the Sun and celestial objects bound to it by gravity, including eight planets composed of rock/metal or gas/hydrogen that orbit in nearly circular paths within the ecliptic plane.
3. Most planets have their own moons, and the gas giants have rings composed of tiny particles orbiting them. The solar system can be divided into
The document discusses the formation of the solar system and planetary systems. It explains that the solar system formed from a collapsing gas cloud about 4.6 billion years ago. As the cloud collapsed, a protostar and protoplanetary disk formed at the center. Over time, planets formed from accretion of matter in the disk. The document also discusses the properties of planets in our solar system as well as evidence that other stars have planets orbiting them.
The document discusses the formation of the solar system and planetary systems. It explains that the solar system formed from a collapsing gas cloud about 4.6 billion years ago. As the cloud collapsed, a protostar and protoplanetary disk formed at the center. Over time, planets formed from accretion of matter in the disk. The document also discusses the properties of planets in our solar system as well as evidence that other stars have planets orbiting them.
Our solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy, which contains thousands of other galaxies. It contains the sun and eight planets that orbit the sun, including Earth. The four inner planets closest to the sun are terrestrial, while the four outer planets are gas giants. Other objects in our solar system include comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and dwarf planets. Gravity and inertia work together to keep planets and other objects in stable orbits around the sun and other celestial bodies.
Here are the key differences between asteroids, comets, and meteoroids:
- Asteroids: Asteroids orbit the Sun and are made of rock and metals. They are usually found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
- Comets: Comets are small icy bodies that orbit the Sun and have long tails made of dust and gas that form when they are heated by the Sun as they orbit. They come from farther out in the Solar System.
- Meteoroids: Meteoroids are much smaller than asteroids and comets, ranging from small grains to large boulders. They orbit the Sun like asteroids. When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere, they glow from friction and are called
The document provides information on various celestial bodies in our solar system including the Sun, planets Mercury through Neptune, our Moon, eclipses, gravitational forces, what happened to Pluto, tools used to study space, different space objects, and some fun facts. It describes key details about each topic such as the Sun being made of hydrogen and helium, Mercury being the closest planet to the Sun, and eclipses only occurring when the Sun and Moon are aligned.
This document summarizes information about the solar system and beyond. It discusses the reclassification of Pluto as a dwarf planet in 2006 based on its size and inability to clear its orbital neighborhood. It also describes the discovery of new moons around Pluto in 2005 and 2006. The document discusses other large trans-Neptunian objects like Eris, Sedna, and Quaoar. It provides information on comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and meteorites. It discusses theories on the origin of comets from the Oort cloud and Kuiper belt and describes comet tails and nucleus. The document summarizes crater formation from meteorite impacts and mass extinction events. It also discusses finding exoplanets using the radial velocity
Planets & other objects in solar systemRileyAntler
1) The protoplanet hypothesis explains the formation of solar systems with three steps - a cloud of dust and gas begins swirling, most material accumulates to form the sun, and remaining material forms smaller clumps that become planets.
2) The sun is over 100 times wider than Earth, could fit 1 million Earths inside if hollow, has a surface of 5500°C and a core of over 15 million °C. It gives off charged particles called solar wind that flows at around 400 km/s, protecting Earth with its magnetic field.
3) The planets are divided into inner, terrestrial planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars that are smaller, rockier and closer to the sun,
1) The universe is made up of hundreds of billions of galaxies separated by enormous distances. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, belongs to a local group of about 30 galaxies including our nearest neighbor Andromeda.
2) Galaxies contain between 100,000 and 500 million stars. They are made up of gas and dust and can contain open star clusters and nebulae. Many stars have planetary systems like our solar system, with planets that orbit stars and may have moons.
3) The solar system formed 4.5 billion years ago from a nebula containing gas and dust. It is centered around the sun and contains 8 planets divided into inner terrestrial planets like Earth and outer gas giants like Jupiter, as well as
The term "evolution" usually refers to the biological evolution of living things. But the processes by which planets, stars, galaxies, and the universe form and change over time are also types of "evolution." In all of these cases there is change over time, although the processes involved are quite different.
- An asteroid impact likely caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Evidence for this comes from a thin global layer containing the rare element iridium found above the last dinosaur fossils.
- In 1994, comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke apart and collided with Jupiter, providing a dramatic example of a major impact event. Several black scars were left on Jupiter's atmosphere.
- While impacts from asteroids and comets are rare, the threat is real as shown by impacts to Jupiter. Near-Earth objects occasionally collide with Earth with potentially catastrophic effects.
The document provides information about astronomy topics including:
1. The Sun and its layers, effects on Earth like warming the planet and controlling weather patterns.
2. Details about planets like Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and their atmospheres, temperatures, and other characteristics.
3. The Moon's formation, phases, impact on tides, and eclipses involving the Moon and Sun.
The document provides an overview of the formation and components of our solar system. It describes how the solar system formed from a large cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula. It then discusses each planet individually, including their physical characteristics such as size, composition, and orbital properties. It also briefly touches on other objects in our solar system such as comets, asteroids, and dwarf planets like Pluto.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
Delegation Inheritance in Odoo 17 and Its Use CasesCeline George
There are 3 types of inheritance in odoo Classical, Extension, and Delegation. Delegation inheritance is used to sink other models to our custom model. And there is no change in the views. This slide will discuss delegation inheritance and its use cases in odoo 17.
Ardra Nakshatra (आर्द्रा): Understanding its Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
Ardra Nakshatra, the sixth Nakshatra in Vedic astrology, spans from 6°40' to 20° in the Gemini zodiac sign. Governed by Rahu, the north lunar node, Ardra translates to "the moist one" or "the star of sorrow." Symbolized by a teardrop, it represents the transformational power of storms, bringing both destruction and renewal.
About Astro Pathshala
Astro Pathshala is a renowned astrology institute offering comprehensive astrology courses and personalized astrological consultations for over 20 years. Founded by Gurudev Sunil Vashist ji, Astro Pathshala has been a beacon of knowledge and guidance in the field of Vedic astrology. With a team of experienced astrologers, the institute provides in-depth courses that cover various aspects of astrology, including Nakshatras, planetary influences, and remedies. Whether you are a beginner seeking to learn astrology or someone looking for expert astrological advice, Astro Pathshala is dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges and unlock your full potential through the ancient wisdom of Vedic astrology.
For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
How to Add Colour Kanban Records in Odoo 17 NotebookCeline George
In Odoo 17, you can enhance the visual appearance of your Kanban view by adding color-coded records using the Notebook feature. This allows you to categorize and distinguish between different types of records based on specific criteria. By adding colors, you can quickly identify and prioritize tasks or items, improving organization and efficiency within your workflow.
4. The Milky Way 银河系
The Milky Way is the name of
our galaxy
5. Galaxies 星系
Galaxies consist of billions of
stars bound together by the
force of gravity.
There are at least 200 billion
galaxies in our universe and
each containing on average 2
billion stars.
is the nearest
sprial galaxy to
the Milky Way
9. The solar system
The solar system consists of the sun orbited by eight planets and their
moons, some dwarf planets along with many asteriods and comets.
10. The solar System
• Mercury 水星
• Venus金星
• Earth地球
• Mars火星
• Jupiter木星
• Saturn土星
• Uranus天王星
• Neptune海王星
11. Planet
A planet is a body that orbits the
sun, is massive enough for its own
gravity to make it round.
And has cleared its neighbourhood
of smaller objects around its orbit
12. Dwarf Planet 矮行星
A dwarf planet is a celestial body
orbiting the sun that is massive
enough to be spherical as a result
of its own gravity.
But has not cleared its
neighbouring region of other
similar bodies.
13. Planets vs. Dwarf Planets
Difference:
The only difference between a planet and a dwarf planet is the
area surrounding each celestial body.
A dwarf planet has not cleared the area around its orbit, while a
planet has.
14. Asteriods小行星
An asteriod is a celestial body
orbiting the sun that is not massive
enough to be spherical as a result
of its own gravity.
An asteriod is made of metals and
rocky materials.
Most asteriods are found between
the orbits of mars and jupiter-a
region called 'the Asteriods Belt'.
15. Dwarf Planet vs. Asteriods
The difference between dwarf planets
and asteroids is the relationship between
large and small, spherical or not.
Dwarf planets are definitely bigger than
asteroids, mostly by mass.
For dwarf planets to be spherical or
roughly spherical, asteroids are messy.
16. Moons卫星
A moon orbits a planet
Note: A number of dwarf planets and asteriods also have moons, for example
Pluto has theree moons
17. Comets 彗星
A comet is a body made of dust,
ice and rocky materials that
occupies a highly elongated orbit.
When the comet passes close to
the sun. some of the comet's frozen
gases evaporate. These form a long
tail that shines in the sunlight
18. Asteriods vs. Comets
The asteriods are made up of metals and rocky materials,
while the comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky
materials.
19. Meteor 流星 vs. Meteorites 陨石
Earth often encounters small alien object. These
small objects would collide violently with the
Earth's atmosphere and burn up. This is a
meteor.
Most meteors originate from small amounts of
material left behind in the wake of comets.
If a meteor falls to the ground before it burns up,
it's a meteorite.
20. Period T 周期
This is the time taken for a
planet to complete one orbit
around the sun
It increases with a planets
distance from the sun
21. Planetary orbits 行星轨道
The orbits of the planets are
slightly squashed circuler (ellipses
椭圆形) with the sun quite close
to the center
35. Question 1
Calculate the orbital speed of the Earth around the Sun.
(Earth orbital radius = 150 million km)
36. Question 2
Calculate the orbital speed of the Moon around the Earth.
(Moon orbital radius = 380,000 km; orbit time = 27.3 days)
37. Question 3
Calculate the orbital speed of the ISS(International space station) around the
Earth.
(ISS orbital height = 355km; orbit time = 91 minutes; Earth radius = 6378 km)
38. Question 4
Calculate the orbital time of the a satellite that has a speed of 3075km/s
and height above the earth of 35906km.
(Moon orbital radius = 380,000 km; orbit time = 27.3 days)
54. More and more particle collide and join the protostar
---->get bigger
---->attract more dust and gas
Gravity also squeezes the protostar
---->more dense
---->particles collide more often
66. Red Super Giant 红超巨星
Once the fusion reactions inside the
red supergiant finally finish, the core of
the star will collapse suddenly causing
a gigantic explosion
69. Classification of Star
Stars come in a wide range of sizes
and colours, from yellow stars to
red dwarfs, from blue giants to red
supergiants
These can be
classified according to
their colour
71. Absolute Magnitude
Astronomers measure the
brightness of stars at a
standard distance using the
absolute magnitude scale
The brighter the star, the smaller the magnitude
The dimmer the star, the larger the magnitude
The absolute magnitude of stars is a measure of how bright they would be
if they were all the same distance away from Earth
72. Absolute Magnitude
A girl sees two stars in space and A
appears brighter than B because A is
closer.
However, B is actually brighter. So the
absolute magnitude system is based on
bringing both stars to the same
distance (10 parsecs) away and
comparing. In which case now B is
actually brighter.
73. Apparent Magnitude
Apparent magnitude is is the
brightness measured by an
observer from the object.
The smaller the distance
between the observer and
object, the greater the
apparent brightness.
Bright and far away
Dim and close
74. Apparent Magnitude
Two objects that have the same apparent magnitude, as seen from
the Earth, may either be:
• At the same distance from the Earth, with the same luminosity.
• At different distances from the Earth, with different values of
luminosity.
Look the same!
75. Absolute Magnitude vs. Apparent Magnitude
Absolute Magnitude is depends only on the luminosity itself, because
they will be compared in same distance.
Apparent Magnitude is depends on both luminosity and distance.
77. The Big Bang Theory
• Around 14 billion years ago, the
Universe began from a very small
region that was extremely hot and
dense
• Then there was a giant explosion,
which is known as the Big Bang
78. The Big Bang Theory
• This caused the universe to
expand from a single point,
cooling as it does so, to form
the universe today
• Each point expands away
from the others
• This is seen from galaxies
moving away from each other,
and the further away they
are the faster they move
83. Red Shift
1. Spaces and galaxies are moving away from each other
2. The further the distance, the faster the speed.
84. Red Shift
Doppler's effect: The change in distance between the
wave source and observer is causing the red shift. So
the red shift is also explained as doppler's effect