This document summarizes information about the solar system and beyond. It discusses the reclassification of Pluto as a dwarf planet in 2006 based on its size and inability to clear its orbital neighborhood. It also describes the discovery of new moons around Pluto in 2005 and 2006. The document discusses other large trans-Neptunian objects like Eris, Sedna, and Quaoar. It provides information on comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and meteorites. It discusses theories on the origin of comets from the Oort cloud and Kuiper belt and describes comet tails and nucleus. The document summarizes crater formation from meteorite impacts and mass extinction events. It also discusses finding exoplanets using the radial velocity
1. Stellar evolution begins with the fragmentation of massive molecular clouds into smaller masses, each initiating their own star formation process.
2. As clouds collapse under gravity, the gravitational energy is transformed to radiation through molecular hydrogen and dust grains, causing an isothermal collapse. Further collapse becomes adiabatic as stars become opaque.
3. Stars sustain themselves through nuclear fusion, with more massive stars having shorter lifespans than less massive stars due to the greater energy requirements.
4. Stellar remnants include white dwarfs, neutron stars, pulsars, and black holes, depending on the star's original mass.
This document discusses various units used to measure astronomical distances and time. It describes key units like the astronomical unit (distance from Earth to Sun), light year, parsec, and solar mass. Parallax is introduced as a key method to measure distances to stars based on their apparent shift against background objects when observed from opposite sides of Earth's orbit. Standard candles like Cepheid variables are also discussed as important tools for determining extragalactic distances. A variety of timekeeping systems are outlined, including universal time, sidereal time, and their local variations important for astronomical observations and calculations.
The Big Bang model describes the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was only a few millimeters in size and extremely hot and dense. Since then, the universe has been expanding and cooling. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The Doppler effect and redshift help astronomers measure the speeds at which distant galaxies are receding from Earth, leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Dark matter and dark energy are hypothesized to explain discrepancies in measurements of the density and expansion rate of the universe.
The document summarizes the origins and evolution of the universe, galaxy, solar system, and Earth. It begins by explaining how the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.7 billion years ago, marking the expansion of the early universe. It then describes how the universe cooled and formed elemental structures, galaxies, stars, and planets over billions of years. Specific details are provided about the formation of the Milky Way galaxy and solar system, including Earth. The geological history of Earth is outlined, dividing time into eons, eras, periods, and epochs marked by significant evolutionary changes and extinctions.
Science and astronomy club (types of celestrial objects)Antilen Jacob
This document provides an overview of celestial objects and Newtonian mechanics. It begins with definitions and images of different types of galaxies such as spiral, elliptical, lenticular, and irregular galaxies. It then discusses pre-Newtonian theories of planetary motion from Ptolemy to Kepler. Next, it covers Newton's universal law of gravitation and its applications by scientists like Halley, Adams, and Le Verrier for predicting comet orbits and deviations in Uranus' orbit. The document concludes with descriptions of objects in our solar system like planets, dwarf planets, moons, comets, and asteroids, followed by an introduction to exoplanet detection methods like the radial velocity and transit methods.
The document summarizes evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. It describes how the theory was developed based on Einstein's theory of general relativity and observations of galaxy redshifts. Additional evidence included the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation and the abundance of light elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium found throughout the universe, which are explained as forming in the first few minutes after the Big Bang. The document also outlines the timeline of events from the initial extremely hot and dense state to the later formation of atoms and separation of matter.
Galaxies are large groups of stars, dust and gas. Edwin Hubble classified galaxies as spiral or elliptical. Spiral galaxies have a central bulge and spiral arms made of gas, dust and new stars. The universe began in a tremendous explosion 13.7 billion years ago (Big Bang Theory) and has been expanding ever since. As it expands, stars will age and die, leaving the universe cold and dark.
This document discusses stellar evolution and how we observe stars across the universe. It notes that we can view stars forming, burning, and exploding using satellites and telescopes. The document also discusses the speed of light being 300,000 km/s and how we can observe stars millions or billions of light years away, seeing light from stars up to 10-15 billion light years away. Finally, it mentions that the Sun will gradually increase in radius and luminosity for another 5 billion years as hydrogen fusion provides its energy.
A presentation on the first cosmic explosions and how the Universe started to make heavy elements, by Monash University's Professor Alexander Heger from the Faculty of Science, School of Mathematical Science.
This document summarizes key aspects of stars and their life cycles. It begins by describing the interior structure of stars like our Sun, which are modeled as having a dense core, a radiation zone, and an outer convection zone. It then discusses how stars are born from nebulae and evolve over millions of years as the interior heats up, allowing nuclear fusion to begin. Stars exist on the main sequence until they exhaust their hydrogen fuel, then evolve into red giants or white dwarfs depending on their mass. Variable stars like Cepheids also change in brightness over time. The document uses diagrams and examples to illustrate star properties like temperature, luminosity, color, lifetime, and evolution.
Space weather refers to changes in the space environment near Earth that are driven by solar activity like solar flares and coronal mass ejections. There are three main types of space weather storms: radio blackouts caused by solar flares that arrive in 8 minutes, radiation storms from energetic particles that arrive within 15 minutes to 24 hours, and geomagnetic storms from coronal mass ejections that arrive within 1 to 4 days. Each type of storm has different effects, affecting systems like radio communications, satellites, power grids, and navigation.
IB Astrophysics - intro to the universe - Flippingphysics by nothingnerdyNothingnerdy
This document provides an introduction to the universe through 3 sentences: It begins with an overview of the contents of the universe from asteroids and comets to galaxies and galaxy clusters. Next, it describes our solar system and includes data on planets, their orbits, and surface temperatures. Finally, it discusses astronomical units of distance such as light years and compares the relative distances of objects in our solar system and galaxies.
The document discusses astronomy and the scientific study of celestial objects. It provides information on stars, galaxies, and the formation and components of the solar system. Specifically, it notes that astronomy is the study of matter in outer space, including the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies. It also summarizes that the universe started as a single point which exploded outward in the big bang and has been expanding ever since. Finally, it outlines the key parts of the solar system, including the sun, planets, asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a large space-based observatory named after astronomer Edwin Hubble that has provided unprecedented views of the universe. Hubble orbits Earth every 96 minutes and has taken many famous images including pillars of creation in the Eagle Nebula and the Crab Nebula. Some of Hubble's images show planetary nebulae, star clusters, galaxies and more distant objects in the universe.
This document discusses several topics in astrophysics including the solar system, meteors and comets, black holes, time travel, and extraterrestrial life. It provides definitions and key facts about these subjects such as meteoroids becoming meteors upon entering Earth's atmosphere, black holes having no surface and stretching objects that fall into them, the possibility of time travel causing paradoxes, and evidence that extraterrestrial life could exist but has not been proven. The document also shares some additional interesting astronomical facts and comparisons.
Stars change over their life cycles depending on their mass. Low-mass stars like our Sun remain on the main sequence for billions of years, slowly fusing hydrogen into helium. Eventually they expand into red giants and later cool into white dwarfs. High-mass stars burn through their fuel quickly and explode as supernovae after millions of years, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes. All stars form from contracting nebulae of gas and dust.
The document provides an overview of the composition and structure of Earth. It discusses how Earth's interior is composed of layers including a crust, mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. Earthquakes generate pressure and shear waves that have helped scientists examine the interior of Earth and reveal features like its liquid core. The mantle convection drives plate tectonics at Earth's surface. Other topics covered include Earth's magnetic field, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and how tidal forces from the Moon shape Earth's oceans and environment.
Jasdeep Singh Anand has over 20 years of experience in finance roles for infrastructure companies, particularly in emerging markets. He spent 15 years with Aggreko Plc, a world leader in temporary power solutions, where he held several senior finance roles in Dubai and Singapore, helping the business grow rapidly. As Finance Director for Asia, he was part of a team that grew revenues from $76M to over $388M in 3 years. He is now looking for a senior finance role based in Singapore, bringing skills in energy/infrastructure, emerging markets, acquisitions, growth strategies, and managing business performance.
This document provides an overview of spectroscopy and how it can be used to determine the composition of astronomical objects. It discusses how light interacts with matter on an atomic level, causing absorption and emission spectra that act as "elemental barcodes." The spectra are caused by electrons transitioning between quantized energy levels in atoms and emitting or absorbing photons of specific wavelengths. Measuring the absorption lines in a star's spectrum allows astronomers to identify the elements present in a star's atmosphere and determine its chemical composition, such as the fact that hydrogen and helium make up over 97% of the Sun's mass.
The document discusses the sense of smell (olfactory) in humans. It explains that smell involves odorant molecules dissolving in mucus in the olfactory epithelium located in the upper part of the nose, activating olfactory receptor neurons. These neurons transmit signals to the olfactory bulb and then parts of the brain involved in emotion and memory. The brain interprets these signals as the perception of specific odors. Richard Axel and Linda Buck discovered that humans have around 1000 olfactory receptor genes and that each receptor neuron expresses only one type.
This document describes Silly Shapes Lollipops, which are lollipops in the shapes of basic geometric figures like circles, triangles, squares, etc. Each lollipop has a silly face drawn on and comes in different colors and flavors. The lollipops are designed to make learning geometry fun while enjoying a treat. Reviews from parents and bloggers say that the lollipops help children learn shapes in an engaging way and that the unique candy concept combines education with something appealing for kids.
This document provides exercises that can be done from the couch using everyday household items. It recommends stretching exercises to start, followed by upper and lower body exercises. Examples of items that can be used as weights include soda bottles, detergent bottles, juice jugs, and even a weighted SpongeBob toy. Filling bottles with sand or water can increase the weight. The goal is to perform routines targeting different muscle groups, such as lat pulls, chest presses, bicep curls, and more, to stay active while watching TV from the couch.
The document provides background information on stars' life cycles and how they are determined by mass. It states that stars with greater mass will have shorter life cycles as they must burn hot and fast to maintain equilibrium, using up fuel quickly and dying young in traumatic explosions. Average stars will live longer, peaceful deaths. It then lists directions for an activity involving classifying stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and answering conclusion questions.
The document discusses near-Earth objects such as asteroids and comets that pose a potential hazard to Earth, noting that over 8,000 near-Earth objects have been discovered so far, including over 1,200 that are considered potentially hazardous asteroids due to their close orbital approaches to Earth. It also provides background on the composition, origins, and properties of asteroids, comets, meteoroids and related small solar system bodies.
This document summarizes key components and concepts about the structure of the solar system:
- The solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and other small bodies. The Sun contains over 99% of the solar system's mass.
- The inner terrestrial planets are rocky, while the outer gas giants are large planets composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. An asteroid belt exists between Mars and Jupiter.
- Factors like a planet's mass, distance from the Sun, composition, and atmospheric properties help determine its environment and surface conditions. Larger planets retain heat and atmospheres better than smaller ones.
- Techniques like radioactive dating indicate the solar system formed
Comets are loose collections of ice, dust, and small particles that orbit the sun in elongated ellipses. As comets approach the sun, their ice sublimates and forms an atmosphere and two tails made of gas and dust that point away from the sun. Most comets originate from the Kuiper Belt or distant Oort Cloud. Famous comets include Halley, Hale-Bopp, and Hyakutake. Asteroids orbit in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and range in size from pebbles to Ceres at 578 miles wide. Some asteroids may have been captured into orbit around Mars as its moons. Meteoroids are small rocks or dust that become meteors as they burn up in
The document discusses asteroids, comets, and Pluto. It explains that asteroids formed from leftover material from planet formation and are found mainly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter due to Jupiter's gravitational influence. Comets formed beyond the frost line and have icy compositions; their tails form when they near the Sun and ice sublimates. Most comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. Pluto has properties matching Kuiper Belt objects. An impact likely caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. While impacts pose a real threat, the likelihood of a major impact within our lifetimes is low. Other planets can affect Earth's impact rates through their gravitational influence on small solar system bodies.
What is Earth and space science about?
Earth and space science (ESS) connects systems
Earth and space science explores the interconnections between the land, ocean, atmosphere, and life of our planet. These include the cycles of water, carbon, rock, and other materials that continuously shape, influence, and sustain Earth and its inhabitants.
ESS also explores the cyclical interactions between the Earth system and the Sun and Moon.
ESS explores how New Zealand has been shaped by its location
New Zealand straddles the boundary between two major tectonic plates. ESS scientists – and students who study ESS – investigate how this precarious location has impacted (and continues to impact) on New Zealand’s geology and landforms, sometimes in dramatic ways.
ESS investigates the major ocean currents that flow past New Zealand and the impact these and other factors have on our weather and climate.
ESS explores the solar system and beyond
Planet Earth is dynamically linked with the solar system and the wider universe. ESS investigates the structure and composition of these systems and develops understanding of the vast distances and times involved.
What is the Nature of Science strand about?
Why study Earth and space science?
Key concepts: Earth and space science
What is biology | physics | chemistry about?
Interpreting the Nature of Science in an ESS context
Understanding about science
Students learn how understanding of the Earth system, the solar system, the universe, and the interactions between them has developed over time. For example, how:
Wegener and other scientists came to understand that the surface of the earth is broken into tectonic plates that move and interact at their boundaries
Pluto was discovered in 1930 because of disturbances in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune and became the ninth planet, only to be declared a dwarf planet in 2006 after the discovery of Kuiper Belt objects of similar sizes
technologies such as space telescopes and probes have facilitated a build-up of knowledge and understanding about planets, moons, and the rest of the universe
attempts by humans to travel in space have been influenced by the politics of the day
satellites that can measure such factors as the temperature of the surface of the ocean make it possible to build computer models that can be used to accurately monitor changes in the Earth system
the cumulative work of many scientific teams has led to such breakthroughs as understanding the mechanisms of climate change and ocean acidification.
Investigating in science
Students investigate aspects of the Earth system, the solar system and the universe. For example:
Investigating the exchange of carbon dioxide between the ocean and atmosphere by undertaking practical investigations and processing and interpreting secondary data.
Investigating the Sun, Moon and Earth cycles by exploring and developing different models.
useful student materials reference for basic education. Asteroids, comets, and meteors are chunks of rock, ice, and metal left over from the formation of our solar system 4.6 billion years ago. They are a lot like a fossil record of our early solar system. There are about 1.3 million known asteroids, and more than 3,800 known comets. If we take a complete inventory of the entire contents of the Solar System, we find that there are many small, rocky bodies ranging in size from similar to grains of sand up to the size of small moons or comets. The smallest rocky objects that are found in space are referred to as meteoroids. There are three different classifications of meteoroids, depending on how they are observed:
Meteoroid: A chunk of rock orbiting the Sun inside the Solar System.
Meteor: When a meteoroid encounters the Earth's atmosphere, it interacts with the gases in the atmosphere and all or most of it gets vaporized. The streak of light that we see as the rock penetrates the atmosphere is called a meteor, which many people refer to as "a shooting star."
Meteorite: If some of the material that makes up a meteoroid survives the trip through the atmosphere and is found on Earth, we refer to the remnant as a meteorite. If you want help identifying candidate meteorites you can see the following page:
University of New Mexico: How to Identify a Meteorite(link is external)
There are many meteorites that have been recovered on Earth. We find that there are several types of meteorites that can be separated based on their composition. Some meteorites are almost entirely made up of iron and nickel. These chunks of metal are very easy to find when they land on the Earth because they are so dense and are essentially chunks of metal. There are also stone and stony-iron mix meteorites that land on the Earth (these are more common), but since they appear to the untrained eye more like the naturally occurring rocks on the Earth, without extensive testing they are more difficult to identify as meteorites. During its mission, the Mars Rover Opportunity discovered an iron meteorite on Mars. It just happened to be lying on the planet's surface right near where the Rover's heat shield landed after the spacecraft jettisoned it. This is an iron meteorite, making it stand out among the other rocks the Rover has studied intensively during its trip around the surface of Mars.
Eclipse and its types with asteroid comets and meteorites and black hole GCUF
This document presents information about eclipses, asteroids, comets, meteorites, and black holes. It discusses the history of eclipses dating back over 4000 years in China. It describes the two types of eclipses - lunar and solar eclipses. Asteroids are described as small planetary bodies that orbit the sun, ranging in size from 933km to only 6m in diameter. Comets contain an icy core with dust and release gas and particles as they orbit the sun. Meteorites are small pieces of debris from asteroids or comets that survive entering Earth's atmosphere. Black holes are regions with extremely strong gravitational fields that can absorb anything, even light.
The Solar System consists of one star (the Sun), 8 planets that orbit it, over 100 moons, and various smaller objects like asteroids and comets. Planet sizes are determined by measuring their angular sizes and using geometry and known distances. Terrestrial planets like Earth are small and rocky, while Jovian planets like Jupiter are large and gaseous. The formation of the Solar System began from a large cloud of gas and dust that collapsed due to gravity and spun to form a disk, within which planets formed from condensation of dust particles and grew through collisions over millions of years.
The document provides information about the sun and solar system. It describes the key layers of the sun's atmosphere, including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. It also classifies and compares the eight planets based on their size, composition, distance from the sun, rotation, and other characteristics. Additionally, it discusses asteroids, comets, and meteors, noting that asteroids reside in the belt between Mars and Jupiter, while comets have elliptical orbits and meteors appear as streaks of light in the night sky.
The document summarizes the key components of the solar system. It describes the terrestrial and Jovian planets, asteroids, meteoroids, and comets. It also outlines theories for how the solar system formed from an initial nebula of dust and gas, including how planets condensed from this nebula via accumulation of dust particles and subsequent collisions of planetesimals over hundreds of millions of years.
The Sun is a middle-aged, average sized yellow star that is made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. It is about 4.6 billion years old and located 93 million miles from Earth. The Sun generates heat and light through nuclear fusion reactions in its core that convert hydrogen into helium. It is the center of our Solar System and contains over 99% of the mass in the entire system. The Solar System also includes eight official planets that orbit the Sun, along with dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and other small bodies.
Comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and meteorites are different types of small solar system bodies. Comets are icy bodies that develop tails as they heat up when passing near the sun. Asteroids orbit the sun and most reside in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroids are smaller objects that enter the earth's atmosphere and are called meteors when burning up in the sky. Those that survive entry and hit the ground are meteorites.
- An asteroid impact likely caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Evidence for this comes from a thin global layer containing the rare element iridium found above the last dinosaur fossils.
- In 1994, comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke apart and collided with Jupiter, providing a dramatic example of a major impact event. Several black scars were left on Jupiter's atmosphere.
- While impacts from asteroids and comets are rare, the threat is real as shown by impacts to Jupiter. Near-Earth objects occasionally collide with Earth with potentially catastrophic effects.
The document summarizes key facts about our solar system including:
- It contains 1 star, 8 planets, many moons, asteroids, comets and meteoroids.
- Terrestrial planets like Earth are rocky while Jovian planets like Jupiter are gaseous.
- Asteroids, meteoroids and comets originate from leftover material that did not form planets.
- The nebular hypothesis and condensation theory explain how the solar system formed from a large cloud or disk of dust and gas over billions of years.
Planetesimal ejection describes how leftover debris from the formation of the planets was captured as moons or ended up in the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, or Oort cloud. Asteroids and meteoroids are small rocky or metallic objects found primarily in the inner solar system, with asteroids larger than 100 meters and meteoroids smaller. They orbit near the plane of the solar system in regions like the asteroid belt. When these objects enter the Earth's atmosphere, they appear as meteors and some survive impact as meteorites. Larger impacts are rarer but can cause global effects like the extinction of dinosaurs.
Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the Sun, mostly located in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. Their irregular shapes indicate they have not undergone geological processes like planets. Some large asteroids even have their own moons. Most meteorites originate from asteroids. Comets are icy objects that originate much further from the Sun in the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud. When heated as they approach the Sun, comets grow dust and plasma tails. Pluto and other large Kuiper belt objects are classified as dwarf planets rather than planets due to their small size and icy composition. Evidence suggests a large asteroid or comet impact was responsible for the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
1) The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 9 planets.
2) The planets follow elliptical orbits around the Sun due to the balance between gravitational pull and inertia.
3) There are several theories for how the Solar System formed, with the most widely accepted being the Nebular Hypothesis where a large cloud collapsed and spun to form a disk that condensed into planets.
A powerpoint presentation on comets. A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process that is called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail.
Meteoroids are small rocky bodies that travel through space. When they enter Earth's atmosphere, they are called meteors and if they survive entry and hit the ground, they are called meteorites. Meteoroids come from asteroids and comets. Meteors are commonly called shooting stars. Meteor showers occur when Earth passes through streams of debris left by comets. Comets originate from the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune or farther out in the Oort Cloud, and are composed of ice and dust. When comets approach the sun, their tails always point away from the sun due to the pressure of the solar wind.
The document discusses comets, asteroids, and meteors. It describes comets as icy dirtballs that originate in the outer solar system and develop tails as they warm near the sun. Their tails can stretch for millions of kilometers and are made of dust or ionized gas. Asteroids are rocky fragments left over from the formation of the solar system and most orbit between Mars and Jupiter. Meteors are small rocky particles from asteroids and comets that burn up in Earth's atmosphere, and meteorites are meteors that survive atmospheric entry.
Similar to Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 14 and 15 (20)
This document provides an overview of vitamins, including what they are, why they are essential, and the key roles and functions of specific fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. It discusses that vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts for normal body functioning. It then summarizes the four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and various B-vitamins and vitamin C that are water-soluble and their important roles in sustaining life.
The document provides information about Earth's moon and the planet Mercury. It discusses the different surface features of the moon like maria, craters, and highlands. It describes theories for how the moon formed, including the collision theory which is currently favored. The tidal interactions between Earth and the moon are slowing Earth's rotation and pushing the moon farther away over time. The document also summarizes key facts about Mercury, such as its extremes in surface temperatures, similarities to the moon's surface, the large Caloris impact basin, and evidence that Mercury has a large molten iron core.
This document provides an overview of different types of telescopes and how they work. It discusses refracting telescopes, which use lenses, and reflecting telescopes, which use mirrors. Reflecting telescopes can be larger since mirrors can be supported from behind. The document also covers topics like chromatic aberration, diffraction, resolution, atmospheric effects on observations, and the use of space-based telescopes to observe wavelengths absorbed by Earth's atmosphere.
This document provides a summary of key concepts about electromagnetic radiation and astronomy. It discusses how electromagnetic radiation allows us to obtain information about stars and planets without visiting them. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum, including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. Important figures like Maxwell, Hertz, and laws like Wien's law, the Stefan-Boltzmann law and the Doppler effect are explained. Blackbody radiation is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the Copernican Revolution in astronomy from Ptolemy to Newton. It summarizes early geocentric models proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center. Kepler discovered that planets follow elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus, and formulated his three laws of planetary motion. Galileo made important astronomical observations with his telescope that supported the Copernican model. Newton later described his laws of motion and gravity, unifying Kepler's laws with a physical mechanism.
This document provides an overview of astronomy topics including:
- The basic properties of Earth, Moon, Sun and other planets in our solar system.
- How the tilt of Earth's axis causes the seasons and the celestial sphere model used to understand sky motions.
- Key events like solstices, equinoxes, and lunar phases that occur as Earth orbits the Sun and the Moon orbits Earth.
- The causes and viewing locations of solar and lunar eclipses when the Sun, Earth and Moon are directly aligned.
- Concepts like sidereal time, precession and time zones used to measure and communicate about time and sky positions.
This document discusses carbohydrates and their classification. It begins by explaining that carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They can be simple sugars like glucose, or complex carbohydrates like starch and cellulose. Starch is made of amylose and amylopectin, long chains of glucose. Cellulose makes up plant cell walls. The document also discusses glycogen, the form in which humans and animals store glucose, and recommends eating a diet high in complex carbohydrates and whole grains for good nutrition.
Foods Glorious Foods! With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health."Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
The Food Guide Pyramid was developed by the USDA in 1992 to guide Americans' food choices and portions. It recommends eating 6-11 servings of grains, 2-4 of fruits, 3-5 of vegetables, and 2-4 of proteins daily. Critics argue it does not distinguish between foods sufficiently and may have contributed to obesity by permitting overeating. However, others note fast food consumption and lack of exercise have likely played a larger role. While several countries now use different food pyramids, the overall goal remains choosing a variety of healthy options.
The document provides information about various B vitamins, including their structures, functions, and food sources. It discusses the roles of Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7) in biochemical processes as coenzymes. The B vitamins function as coenzymes and are required for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. They are involved in important reactions like cellular respiration. Good dietary sources of the B vitamins include meats, eggs, dairy, legumes, nuts and seeds, and whole grains.
The document describes The Geometry Guy Show, a hands-on math education show hosted by Don that teaches kids about math concepts through demonstrations, jokes, puzzles and stories. It introduces the GeomeTroids, a group of geometric shape characters that include Sir Circle, Trixie Triangle, and Penny Pentagon. The GeomeTroids have been created by Geometry Guy in both clay and moldable forms to further help teach children about math and various geometric shapes.
Geometry Guy has created a set of educational toys called the GeomeTroids to teach geometry concepts in a fun way. The GeomeTroids are 3D geometric shapes that come to life, including characters like Sven Sphere, Sir Circle, Trixie Triangle, and Mr. Cube. Geometry Guy gives workshops on building GeomeToids from simple materials. He has also turned the GeomeTroids into clay figures, adding new characters like Trudy Trapezoid, Squeaky Square, and Paisano Pi.
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
How to Add Colour Kanban Records in Odoo 17 NotebookCeline George
In Odoo 17, you can enhance the visual appearance of your Kanban view by adding color-coded records using the Notebook feature. This allows you to categorize and distinguish between different types of records based on specific criteria. By adding colors, you can quickly identify and prioritize tasks or items, improving organization and efficiency within your workflow.
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
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3. • In 1930, Pluto was discovered
and classified as a planet.
• Is Pluto a planet? The debate:
A planet must be massive enough:
(1) for its gravity to pull it into a roughly
spherical shape, and
(2) for it to have cleared out the
neighborhood of its orbit of
comparable mass objects.
• This means that the objects
lying in both the asteroid and
Kuiper belts are not planets.
• Alas, in 2006, Pluto was
reclassified as a dwarf planet.
Pluto?
1930
versus
Pluto?
1930
Pluto’s Reclassification:
Will the “Real” Pluto please stand up.
4. Pluto and its largest moon, Charon would fit within the U.S.
Charon orbits Pluto at a steep angle to the ecliptic.
Pluto and its Moons
Pluto
Pluto’s moon:
Charon
5. Pluto and its Moons
Two new moons were discovered
in 2005, Nix and in 2006, Hydra.
Pluto is a mix of water ice, rock,
methane and frozen nitrogen.
When Pluto is within Neptune’s
orbit it has an atmosphere.
As Pluto moves further out into
the solar system, the atmosphere
snows out onto the surface.
6. Pluto’s orbit about the Sun is
tipped by ~ 17°. This is called
Pluto’s orbital inclination.
Pluto
Sun 17°
7. Trans-Neptunian Worlds
• More than 130 have been
discovered, one of them
is larger than Pluto: Eris
• Plutinos are bodies that
orbit the Sun at more or
less the same distance as
Pluto.
• Small icy bodies orbiting
the Sun past Neptune’s
orbit are called Trans-
Neptunian Objects or
TNOs.
Please insert figure 46.9
Eris
9. The Structure of Comets: Ice and Dust
• Comets have two
primary parts, the
head and the tail:
• The head consists
of the nucleus, a
lump of frozen gas
mixed with loose
rock and dust.
• Only about 10 km
across. Dark in
color, probably
from dust and
other materials. The tail can be hundreds of millions of km
long, streaming directly away from the Sun.
10. The comet’s “coma” is the cloud of evaporated ices and
gases streaming from the surface of the nucleus.
12. Comet Tempel 1, visited
by Deep Impact
5 min
90 sec
20 sec
4 sec
Just after impact
13. The Origin of Comets
• Comets may originate in either the Oort
Cloud or the Kuiper Belt:
• Oort cloud: comet-like planetesimals that are
more than 100,000 AU (100 K AU) from the
Sun.
• Oort cloud objects may have formed near the
giant planets; then tossed outwards by
gravity.
• Passing stars or other gravitational influences
nudge the comets into the inner Solar System.
15. The Kuiper Belt
Outside the orbit of
Neptune lies the
Kuiper Belt:
Located around 40
AU from the Sun:
Trans-Neptunian
Objects (TNOs)
such as Pluto are
found here.
Many bodies smaller
and larger than
Pluto are in this
region, including
Eris and others.
Asteroid Belt
Kuiper Belt
17. • The Solar System is
surrounded by a
cloud of comet-like
bodies:
• Located around 50,000
AU from the Sun.
• The gravitational forces
from passing stars
occasionally send
comets into the Solar
System.
Please insert figure 32.3
The Opik – Oort Cloud:
Ernst Julius Öpik (1893 –1985) was an Estonian astronomer.
Jan Hendrik Oort (1900 – 1992) was a Dutch astronomer.
18. How a comet becomes visible
As a comet is warmed by
the sun, ice on the
surface sublimates and
streams away from the
comet’s nucleus:
Sublimation is a solid-to-
gas phase change
Sublimated gases form
the comet’s coma.
Solar photons strike the
comet’s dust particles,
pushing them away via
a process known as
radiation pressure.
Solar photons strike the
comet’s dust particles
Solar photons : Sunlight
Sun
Dust
19. The Two Tails of a Comet: Dust tail & Ion tail
Dust tail
Ion tail
21. Meteor Showers
• As a comet orbits the
sun, it leaves a trail of
dust.
• The Earth can pass
through the dust trail.
• Dust particles enter
Earth’s atmosphere and
burn up. We see them
as a meteor shower.
• If interplanetary matter
survives its descent to
Earth and you can pick
it up, you are holding?
a) meteoroid
b) meteor
c) meteorite
Meteor Showers
Perseus
Toward
Perseus
22. The Heating of Meteors
• When a meteoroid travels
through the atmosphere, it
ionizes the air around it.
Vaporized material and gas
begin to glow. It’s a meteor.
23. Meteorites
• Most meteors burn up in the
atmosphere.
• Some meteors survive the
journey to the surface.
These are called meteorites.
Three kinds of meteorites:
(1) Iron (2) Stony
(3) Stony-iron
Stony meteorites (Chondrites)
• Carbonaceous chondrite
• Ordinary chondrite
• Achondrite
Please insert figure 48.3A
25. The Energy of Impacts
• Eventually, a large meteoroid (>10
meter) will strike the Earth.
• Energy released by the impact is:
• With mass m of the meteoroid
and V its impact velocity.
• For a 100 kg meteoroid traveling
at 30 km/s, the energy released is
equal to 10 tons of dynamite.
• This was a small meteoroid.
2
K mV
2
1
E
26. Giant Meteor Craters
• Giant meteor craters can
be found on Earth.
• Barringer Crater:
– Meteor was 50 meters
in diameter.
– Crater is a mile across.
• Manicouagan Crater:
– Meteor was 5 km in
diameter.
– Crater is 73 km across.
27. Mass Extinction Events
• About 65 million
years ago, a 10 km-
wide meteoroid
impacted the Yucatan
Peninsula.
• This impact caused
massive climate
changes, leading to
the extinction of the
dinosaurs and other
forms of life.
• Iridium found in a
layer of soil all over
the world is the
“smoking gun.”
Yucatan
28. The Asteroid Belt: Most asteroids can be found between
the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Using Bode’s Rule : The asteroid Ceres was
found between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.
Jupiter
Mars
Jupiter’s Orbit
Mars’ Orbit
Trojan Asteroids:
Share an orbit
with a planet.
29. Bode’s Rule for Planets: Also used for asteroids
Bode’s Rule Number Planet True Distance
(0 + 4)/10 = 0.4 Mercury 0.39
(3 + 4)/10 = 0.7 Venus 0.72
(6 + 4)/10 = 1.0 Earth 1.00
(12 + 4)/10 = 1.6 Mars 1. 52
(24 + 4)/10 = 2.8 Ceres (dwarf) 2.78
(48 + 4)/10 = 5.2 Jupiter 5.20
(96 + 4)/10 = 10.0 Saturn 9.58
(192 + 4)/10 = 19.6 Uranus 19.2
(384 + 4)/10 = 38.8 Neptune 30.1
(768 + 4)/10 = 77.2 Pluto (dwarf) 39.5
(1536 + 4)/10 = 154.0 Eris (dwarf) 67.7
• Using Bode’s Rule (a simple mathematical formula) the asteroid
Ceres was discovered between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.
30. The Shapes and Sizes of Asteroids
• Asteroids come in all shapes
and sizes: Big and small.
• Ceres is massive: Large
enough to pull itself into a
sphere and therefore be
classified as a Dwarf planet.
• Most asteroids are small
(tens of kilometers across).
• Still large enough to cause
tremendous damage if
impacting the Earth.
• Spacecraft have only
recently visited asteroids.
Eros
Ceres
Vesta
32. Asteroid Composition
• Asteroids can be grouped into three basic types:
– Carbonaceous bodies:
• Carbon rich, coal-like substance
• Located in the outer part of the asteroid belt
– Silicate bodies:
• Composed primarily of silicates (low-density rock)
– Metallic iron-nickel bodies:
• Composed mostly of dense metals
• Located in the inner part of the asteroid belt
Iridium is the metallic element commonly associated with the
doomsday asteroid believed to have wiped out the dinosaurs.
33. Origin of Asteroids
Asteroids: fragments of planetesimals.
The planetesimal being a mixture of
rock and metals, differentiating and
thus creating dense metallic cores
and lighter, silicate-rich outer shells.
• Collisions with other asteroids
shattering the planetesimals:
• Fragments of the inner core form
the iron-nickel asteroids and
fragments of the outer shell, form
silicate asteroids.
Differentiated Asteroid
34. Asteroid Orbits
• It is likely that the asteroids were unable to form a planet due to
the gravitational tidal influence of Jupiter.
• Jupiter “stirs up” the asteroids, keeping them apart.
• Empty regions in the asteroid belt are called Kirkwood Gaps.
• These gaps are present at orbital resonances of Jupiter.
• Asteroids with an orbital resonance get periodic tugs from
Jupiter, pulling them out of position.
• Apollo asteroids orbit in the inner Solar system, occasionally
crossing Earth’s orbit.
35. Jupiter revolutions about the Sun
Asteroid revolutions about the Sun
Ceres
Jupiter
Trojan Asteroids
Distance from Sun (semi-major axis) AU
36. Finding Young Planets
• Although watching a planetary system evolve takes too long, it is
possible to find other systems in various stages of development.
• In the Orion Nebula, we find many protoplanetary disks of dark,
dusty material orbiting young stars.
• The one shown below is a baby of around 10 million years old.
Mark McCaughrean, C. Robert O’Dell and NASA
37. A popular theory of how solar systems are born concerns giant clouds of
molecular dust coalescing to create stars: After which, a gas dust cloud forms a
halo (disc) around the new star.
Dust and other particles in the disc collide and stick together and with time
form larger and larger masses. Bodies that get sufficiently massive will start to
“pull in” surrounding particles and other small objects via gravitational
attraction. Some of these bodies will form protoplanets: planetary embryo
originating from within this protoplanetary disc (halo).
The Advent of Protoplanets
Location
of Star
Disk
38. Please insert figure 34.3
A planet and its star revolve around a common center of mass. We do not detect
the planet directly, rather the resulting “wobble” in the central star. As the star
approaches us in its motion around the center of mass, its spectrum will be blue-
shifted. As it recedes, the spectrum will be red-shifted.
Detecting Exoplanets
39. Jupiter-Sized Worlds
Please insert figure 34.4
Most planets we detect are very large: the order of several Jupiter-masses.
Planets we detect must be large in order to create a large enough wobble.
40. A Sample of the Exoplanets
Please insert figure 34.5