Introduction to Piping System
A pipe can be defined as a tube made of metal, plastic, wood, concrete or fiberglass. Pipes are used to carry liquids, gases, slurries, or fine particles. A piping system is generally considered to include the complete interconnection of pipes, including in-line components such as pipe fittings and flanges. Pumps, heat exchanges, valves and tanks are also considered part of piping system. Piping systems are the arteries of our industrial processes and the contribution of piping systems are essential in an industrialized society.
Fig. 1 illustrates the magnitude of piping required in a typical chemical process plant. Piping systems accounts for a significant portion of the total plant cost, at times as much as one-third of the total investment. Piping systems arranged within a very confined area can be a added challenge to piping and support engineers.
Figure 1
The initial design of a piping system is established by the functional requirements of piping a fluid from one point to another. The detailed design is decided by criteria such as type of fluid being transported, allowable pressure drop or energy loss, desired velocity, space limitations, process requirements like free drain or requirement of straight run, stress analysis, temperature of fluid, etc. The supporting of piping systems requires a significant engineering, design, fabrication and erection effort. In some cases, special structures (like structural T or inverted L, cantilevers, U portals, pedestals, etc) must be built solely for the purpose of supporting piping systems.
Piping Material
The material to be used for pipe manufacture must be chosen to suit the operating conditions of the piping system. Guidance of selecting the correct material can be obtained from standard piping codes. As an example, the ASME Code for Pressure Piping contains sections on Power Piping, Industrial Gas and Air Piping, Refinery and Oil Piping, and Refrigeration
Piping Systems. The objective being to ensure that the material used is entirely safe under the operating conditions of pressure, temperature, corrosion, and erosion expected. Some of the materials most commonly used for power plant piping are discussed in the following sections.
Steel – Steel is the most frequently used material for piping. Forged steel is extensively used for fittings while cast steel is primarily used for special applications. Pipe is manufactured in two main categories – seamless and welded.
Cast Iron – Cast iron has a high resistance to corrosion and to abrasion and is used for ash handling systems, sewage lines and underground water lines. It is, however, very brittle and is not suitable for most power plant services. It is made in different grades such as gray cast iron, malleable cast iron and ductile cast iron.
Brass and Copper – Non-ferrous material such as copper and copper alloys are used in power plants in instrumentation and water services where temperature is not a prime factor.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what a piping system is, components like pipes, fittings, valves, supports and insulation. It also covers piping layout, modeling software, stress analysis, sizing calculations considering flow rates, pressures and material selection based on fluid properties. Critical high pressure and temperature piping in power plants requires special design considerations for material selection and allowing for expansion.
This Presentation is about Fundamentals of Piping it includes following points & Describes its each points as follows:-
1.Concept layout drawing
2.Piping components & their Access Requirements
3.Straight Length Requirements
4.Orientations of various taping and components
5.Piping drains and vents
6.Insulations
7.Material & Sizing
8.Critical piping system consideration
9.pinpe stress analysis
10.Pipe supports
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping systems are, components like pipes, fittings, valves, and supports. It covers piping layout considerations such as accessibility, orientation, insulation, and stress analysis. Critical aspects like material selection, sizing, drain and vent arrangements are addressed. The document uses diagrams to illustrate piping arrangements, insulation types, and supports. Overall it aims to familiarize readers with basic piping engineering concepts.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what a piping system is, important piping components like pipes, fittings, valves, instruments and their uses. It covers piping layout considerations like orientation, supports, insulation and stresses the importance of piping design. Key aspects like piping material selection, sizing calculations and critical piping requirements for high pressure systems are summarized.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping systems are, components like pipes, fittings, valves, and supports. It covers piping layout considerations such as accessibility, orientation, insulation, and stress analysis. Critical aspects like material selection, sizing, drain and vent arrangements are addressed. The document uses diagrams to illustrate piping arrangements, components, and modeling software. The key topics are introduced in a logical progression to familiarize readers with fundamental piping engineering concepts.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what a piping system is, components like pipes, fittings, valves, instruments and how they are used. It covers piping layout considerations like orientation, supports and accessibility. Critical aspects like insulation, material selection, sizing, stress analysis and special requirements for critical high pressure/temperature pipes are also summarized. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate key piping concepts and components.
Piping is used to convey liquids, gases, or materials through a process plant. Key considerations for piping design include selecting pipe sizes and materials based on flow properties, installing necessary fittings, valves, instruments and supports, and conducting pipe stress analysis to ensure the piping can withstand pressures and temperatures. Critical high-pressure steam and water lines require special attention to flexibility and stress analysis to safely manage thermal expansion and prevent failures.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like fittings, valves, instruments, and supports. It also covers piping layout considerations, insulation, material selection, stress analysis, and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design from concept to 3D modeling to stress the importance of piping in industrial plant engineering.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what a piping system is, components like pipes, fittings, valves, supports and insulation. It also covers piping layout, modeling software, stress analysis, sizing calculations considering flow rates, pressures and material selection based on fluid properties. Critical high pressure and temperature piping in power plants requires special design considerations for material selection and allowing for expansion.
This Presentation is about Fundamentals of Piping it includes following points & Describes its each points as follows:-
1.Concept layout drawing
2.Piping components & their Access Requirements
3.Straight Length Requirements
4.Orientations of various taping and components
5.Piping drains and vents
6.Insulations
7.Material & Sizing
8.Critical piping system consideration
9.pinpe stress analysis
10.Pipe supports
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping systems are, components like pipes, fittings, valves, and supports. It covers piping layout considerations such as accessibility, orientation, insulation, and stress analysis. Critical aspects like material selection, sizing, drain and vent arrangements are addressed. The document uses diagrams to illustrate piping arrangements, insulation types, and supports. Overall it aims to familiarize readers with basic piping engineering concepts.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what a piping system is, important piping components like pipes, fittings, valves, instruments and their uses. It covers piping layout considerations like orientation, supports, insulation and stresses the importance of piping design. Key aspects like piping material selection, sizing calculations and critical piping requirements for high pressure systems are summarized.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping systems are, components like pipes, fittings, valves, and supports. It covers piping layout considerations such as accessibility, orientation, insulation, and stress analysis. Critical aspects like material selection, sizing, drain and vent arrangements are addressed. The document uses diagrams to illustrate piping arrangements, components, and modeling software. The key topics are introduced in a logical progression to familiarize readers with fundamental piping engineering concepts.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what a piping system is, components like pipes, fittings, valves, instruments and how they are used. It covers piping layout considerations like orientation, supports and accessibility. Critical aspects like insulation, material selection, sizing, stress analysis and special requirements for critical high pressure/temperature pipes are also summarized. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate key piping concepts and components.
Piping is used to convey liquids, gases, or materials through a process plant. Key considerations for piping design include selecting pipe sizes and materials based on flow properties, installing necessary fittings, valves, instruments and supports, and conducting pipe stress analysis to ensure the piping can withstand pressures and temperatures. Critical high-pressure steam and water lines require special attention to flexibility and stress analysis to safely manage thermal expansion and prevent failures.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like fittings, valves, instruments, and supports. It also covers piping layout considerations, insulation, material selection, stress analysis, and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design from concept to 3D modeling to stress the importance of piping in industrial plant engineering.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like fittings, valves, instruments, and supports. It also covers piping layout considerations, insulation, material selection, stress analysis, and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design from concept to 3D modeling to instrumentation drawings.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like pipes, fittings, valves and instruments. It covers piping layout considerations, stress analysis, supports, insulation, material selection and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design, modeling in software, drafting of P&IDs, and compliance with codes like ASME and IBR.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in piping system design including:
1. It describes the basic components of a piping system including pipes, fittings, valves, instruments, supports, and discusses terminal connections and insulation.
2. It outlines the process of developing a piping system layout from defining flow requirements to creating piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) and 3D models.
3. It highlights important design considerations like accessibility, orientation, straight pipe lengths, drainage and ventilation.
375499355-Dasar-dasar-Sistem-Perpipaan.pptxGregorius Ym
The document discusses the fundamentals of piping systems, including their components and design considerations. It begins by defining what constitutes a piping system and its basic purpose of transporting liquids and gases. It then covers piping components like fittings, valves, instruments, and supports. Key aspects of piping design such as material selection, sizing calculations, insulation, and stress analysis are also summarized. The document aims to familiarize readers with basic piping engineering concepts and the overall design process.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals, including definitions of pipes and piping systems. It discusses pipe and piping components like fittings, flanges, valves and how they are used. The document also covers piping design considerations such as material selection, sizing calculations, support structures and instrumentation. Key points include how to lay out a basic piping system connecting three tanks, the importance of piping drawings called P&IDs, and using 3D modeling software for physical piping design.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals, including definitions of pipes and piping systems. It discusses pipe and piping components like fittings, flanges, valves and how they are used. The document also covers piping design considerations such as material selection, sizing calculations, support structures and instrumentation. Key points include how to lay out a basic piping system connecting three tanks, the importance of piping drawings called P&IDs, and using 3D modeling software for physical piping design.
It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that flows.
It is a very important component for any industrial plant. And it’s engineering plays a major part in overall engineering of a Plant.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals including:
- Pipes are tubular items that convey liquids, gases, or materials. Piping is a critical component of industrial plants.
- Piping includes pipes as well as components like fittings, flanges, valves, and gaskets. Materials are selected based on factors like corrosion resistance.
- Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) are used to represent piping systems and show key details. Pipe stress analysis ensures piping can withstand pressures and thermal loads.
FUNCTION OF PIPING ENGINEERING
• PIPING ENGINEERING TEAM
• PLANT LAYOUT
• LAYOUT
• PIPE FITTINGS CLASSIFICATION
• VALVE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION
• PIPE ROUTING
• STRESS ANALYSIS
• OBJECTIVE
• REQUIREMENTS OF SUPPORTS IN PIPING SYSTEM
• TYPE OF SUPPORTS
• FAMILIARIZATION WITH STRESS SYMBOLS
• MATERIAL ENGINEERING
• BASIS FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
• MATERIAL SELECTION DIAGRAM
• MATERIAL SELECTION AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
Piping & piping materials redefinedShrenik Baid
Piping systems are used to transport fluids from one location to another. They include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, insulation and other components. Selection of piping materials depends on factors like resistance to corrosion, strength, pressure and temperature. Common pipe materials include carbon steel, stainless steel, plastic and concrete. Flanges with gaskets and bolts are used to join pipes. Valves like gate valves, globe valves and check valves control and direct fluid flow. Insulation helps maintain temperature and protects piping. Proper selection and design of piping systems is important for safety and efficiency of industrial operations.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of process plant design including goals, plant design workflow, process departments and their roles, process flow diagrams, piping and instrumentation diagrams, and common diagram symbols. It discusses key stages in plant design from concept selection through detailed engineering design. It also covers topics like plot plan development, piping studies, piping fundamentals, standards, specifications, fittings, flanges and more. The document serves as an introduction to process plant design concepts and terminology.
The document discusses the importance of piping engineering in transferring fluids between tanks through pipes and pipe fittings. It explains key components of piping systems like elbows, tees, reducers, couplings, valves, strainers and expansion joints. It also discusses interfacing with other departments, developing 3D models, work flows for proposal engineering, procurement engineering and construction assistance. Piping engineering is crucial for designing and installing piping that safely transfers fluids between process equipment.
Here's a presentation on piping engineering in PDF format, now available for all. This presentation covers the basics points of piping for our EPC industry. This presentation covers various aspects of piping engineering
This document outlines the scope of work for a plant design piping and equipment team. The team is responsible for creating piping layouts, equipment layouts, spacing considerations, equipment lists, pipe supports, isometrics, and general arrangement drawings. This is done using input documents such as plot plans, P&ID diagrams, piping specifications, and equipment data sheets. The document then provides details on specific types of piping (pump, exchanger, drum, etc.), equipment (pumps, heat exchangers, tanks, towers, compressors), and other design considerations (supports, input documents).
This document provides an introduction to piping and pipelines. It discusses different types of pipes including seamless, welded, butt-welded, and spiral-welded pipes. It also covers piping terminology like nominal bore, nominal pipe size, schedule number, and wall thickness. Piping is used widely in industries like oil and gas, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to transport fluids and gases over both long distances as pipelines and within plant boundaries. Piping must be designed, fabricated, and installed according to codes and standards.
There are three types of piping materials: metallic, non-metallic, and composites. Common metallic materials include carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels. Piping components include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, and strainers. Piping systems are designed through piping and instrumentation diagrams which specify pipe sizes, materials, and other details. Pipe stress analysis is conducted to ensure piping can withstand pressures and thermal loads without failure.
The document discusses the design of a piping system to transport a 15% sodium hydroxide solution from a storage tank to a digester. It identifies the key parts of the system as pipe, elbows, a gate valve, and a centrifugal pump. It then provides sample calculations to determine the pipe diameter, thickness, flow velocity, friction factor, and head losses based on the flow rate of 11,179.8726 kg over 10 minutes. The calculations specify a 10-inch schedule 40 stainless steel pipe based on the fluid properties and system requirements.
This document provides an overview of piping systems and components. It discusses that piping is used to convey liquids, gases, or materials through a tubular system. Key piping components include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, and strainers. Common piping materials include carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels. The document also discusses piping design considerations like material selection, insulation, supports, flexibility analysis, and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). Piping stress analysis is conducted to ensure stresses from pressures, temperatures, and other loads do not exceed design limits.
The document summarizes the key components and processes involved in pipe extrusion lines. Molten plastic is extruded through a die into the shape of a pipe. It is then calibrated to finalize dimensions before cooling. There are different types of dies, including spider-arm and cross-head dies, as well as calibration methods like using water-cooled mandrels, vacuum, or pressure to control the pipe thickness and dimensions. After calibration and cooling, haul-off units pull the pipe for cutting to final lengths.
Civil Engineering Scope and Uses for societykeshavmech2008
Driving on a highway or while walking on a bridge ever wondered what it takes to be a designer behind these massive constructions? Civil engineers discuss real-world challenges and work on dynamic technical developments. Are you someone who has an interest in planning and constructing new buildings? Get involved and make an impact through your designs, constructions and engineering technology. It is important to assess the scope of a field before pursuing a career in that direction, here is all the information you need on the scope of civil engineering.
THIS BLOG INCLUDES:
Scope of Civil Engineering in Government Sector
Scope of Civil Engineering in the Private Sector
Popular Private Companies for Civil Engineers
Salary in Civil Engineering
List of Civil Engineering Jobs
Skills Required
Popular Job Areas
Scope of Civil Engineering PPT
Is Civil Engineering a Good Career Choice?
Courses & Top Universities
Civil Engineering Courses After 12th: Bachelors Level
Diploma Courses in Civil Engineering
Certificate Courses in Civil Engineering
Top Colleges & Universities
FAQs
Top Civil Engineering Colleges
Types of Civil Engineering
Scope of Civil Engineering in Government Sector
There is a massive career scope in Civil Engineering as BE/BTech Civil Engineering graduates can explore promising opportunities in both the private sector and public sectors. Most importantly, there is an immense scope of Civil Engineering in the government sector where you can work in the following government jobs in Civil Engineering:
ONGC
PWD
Electricity boards
Armed Forces
NHAI
Indian Railways
IOC
Town Planning
BHEL
At these public-sector organisations, there are numerous vacancies available at Indian Railways, ONGC, PWD and BHEL and offer the most scope of Civil Engineering in India!
Scope of Civil Engineering in the Private Sector
Here are the most popular job profiles and careers in Civil Engineering in India:
Project Manager
Planning and Design Officer
Site Engineer
Construction Managers
Civil Engineering Technicians
Architects
Assistant Engineer
Senior Engineer
Chief Engineer
City Engineer
Division Leader and Head
Deputy Engineer
Surveyors
Director of Public Work
Urban and Regional Planners
Environmental Engineers
Professor and Teachers
Researcher
Consultants
Entrepreneurs
Popular Private Companies for Civil Engineers
Looking for the best private companies for Civil Engineering jobs? Here are the top private companies in India that hire Civil Engineering graduates:
Punj Lloyd, Maharashtra
Akme Projects Ltd, New Delhi
Bridge & Roof Co (India) Limited, Kolkata
DLF Limited, Haryana
Coastal Projects Pvt Ltd (CPPL), Hyderabad
CQRA, Mumbai
Gammon Infrastructure Projects Limited (GIPL), Mumbai
Stewarts & Lloyds of India Ltd, Kolkata
Arun Excello Group of Companies, Tamil Nadu
Conart Engineers Ltd, Mumbai
Essar Group, Maharashtra
Salary in Civil Engineering
The average salary differs as per the public and private sector as government jobs. The average salary in Civil Engine
Purpose of survey regarding research and analysiskeshavmech2008
In research of human subjects, a survey is a list of questions aimed for extracting specific data from a particular group of people. Surveys may be conducted by phone, mail, via the internet, and also at street corners or in malls. Surveys are used to gather or gain knowledge in fields such as social research and demography.
Survey research is often used to assess thoughts, opinions and feelings.[1] Surveys can be specific and limited, or they can have more global, widespread goals. Psychologists and sociologists often use surveys to analyze behavior, while it is also used to meet the more pragmatic needs of the media, such as, in evaluating political candidates, public health officials, professional organizations, and advertising and marketing directors. Survey research has also been employed in various medical and surgical fields to gather information about healthcare personnel’s practice patterns and professional attitudes toward various clinical problems and diseases. Healthcare professionals that may be enrolled in survey studies include physicians,[2][3] nurses,[4] and physical therapists[5] among others. A survey consists of a predetermined set of questions that is given to a sample.[1] With a representative sample, that is, one that is representative of the larger population of interest, one can describe the attitudes of the population from which the sample was drawn. Further, one can compare the attitudes of different populations as well as look for changes in attitudes over time. A good sample selection is key as it allows one to generalize the findings from the sample to the population, which is the whole purpose of survey research. In addition to this, it is important to ensure that survey questions are not biased such as using suggestive words. This prevents inaccurate results in a survey.
Types
Census
Main article: Census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a specific given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population.[6] The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. The United Nations defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as "individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every 10 years
Other household surveys
Further information: List of household surveys in the United States
Other surveys than the census may explore characteristics in households, such as fertility, family structure, and demographics.
Household surveys with at least 10,000 participants include:
General Household Survey, conducted in private households in Great Britain. It is a repeated cross-sectional study, conducted annually, which uses a sample of 9,731 households in the 2006 survey.
Generations and
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This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like fittings, valves, instruments, and supports. It also covers piping layout considerations, insulation, material selection, stress analysis, and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design from concept to 3D modeling to instrumentation drawings.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like pipes, fittings, valves and instruments. It covers piping layout considerations, stress analysis, supports, insulation, material selection and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design, modeling in software, drafting of P&IDs, and compliance with codes like ASME and IBR.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in piping system design including:
1. It describes the basic components of a piping system including pipes, fittings, valves, instruments, supports, and discusses terminal connections and insulation.
2. It outlines the process of developing a piping system layout from defining flow requirements to creating piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) and 3D models.
3. It highlights important design considerations like accessibility, orientation, straight pipe lengths, drainage and ventilation.
375499355-Dasar-dasar-Sistem-Perpipaan.pptxGregorius Ym
The document discusses the fundamentals of piping systems, including their components and design considerations. It begins by defining what constitutes a piping system and its basic purpose of transporting liquids and gases. It then covers piping components like fittings, valves, instruments, and supports. Key aspects of piping design such as material selection, sizing calculations, insulation, and stress analysis are also summarized. The document aims to familiarize readers with basic piping engineering concepts and the overall design process.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals, including definitions of pipes and piping systems. It discusses pipe and piping components like fittings, flanges, valves and how they are used. The document also covers piping design considerations such as material selection, sizing calculations, support structures and instrumentation. Key points include how to lay out a basic piping system connecting three tanks, the importance of piping drawings called P&IDs, and using 3D modeling software for physical piping design.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals, including definitions of pipes and piping systems. It discusses pipe and piping components like fittings, flanges, valves and how they are used. The document also covers piping design considerations such as material selection, sizing calculations, support structures and instrumentation. Key points include how to lay out a basic piping system connecting three tanks, the importance of piping drawings called P&IDs, and using 3D modeling software for physical piping design.
It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that flows.
It is a very important component for any industrial plant. And it’s engineering plays a major part in overall engineering of a Plant.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals including:
- Pipes are tubular items that convey liquids, gases, or materials. Piping is a critical component of industrial plants.
- Piping includes pipes as well as components like fittings, flanges, valves, and gaskets. Materials are selected based on factors like corrosion resistance.
- Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) are used to represent piping systems and show key details. Pipe stress analysis ensures piping can withstand pressures and thermal loads.
FUNCTION OF PIPING ENGINEERING
• PIPING ENGINEERING TEAM
• PLANT LAYOUT
• LAYOUT
• PIPE FITTINGS CLASSIFICATION
• VALVE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION
• PIPE ROUTING
• STRESS ANALYSIS
• OBJECTIVE
• REQUIREMENTS OF SUPPORTS IN PIPING SYSTEM
• TYPE OF SUPPORTS
• FAMILIARIZATION WITH STRESS SYMBOLS
• MATERIAL ENGINEERING
• BASIS FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
• MATERIAL SELECTION DIAGRAM
• MATERIAL SELECTION AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
Piping & piping materials redefinedShrenik Baid
Piping systems are used to transport fluids from one location to another. They include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, insulation and other components. Selection of piping materials depends on factors like resistance to corrosion, strength, pressure and temperature. Common pipe materials include carbon steel, stainless steel, plastic and concrete. Flanges with gaskets and bolts are used to join pipes. Valves like gate valves, globe valves and check valves control and direct fluid flow. Insulation helps maintain temperature and protects piping. Proper selection and design of piping systems is important for safety and efficiency of industrial operations.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of process plant design including goals, plant design workflow, process departments and their roles, process flow diagrams, piping and instrumentation diagrams, and common diagram symbols. It discusses key stages in plant design from concept selection through detailed engineering design. It also covers topics like plot plan development, piping studies, piping fundamentals, standards, specifications, fittings, flanges and more. The document serves as an introduction to process plant design concepts and terminology.
The document discusses the importance of piping engineering in transferring fluids between tanks through pipes and pipe fittings. It explains key components of piping systems like elbows, tees, reducers, couplings, valves, strainers and expansion joints. It also discusses interfacing with other departments, developing 3D models, work flows for proposal engineering, procurement engineering and construction assistance. Piping engineering is crucial for designing and installing piping that safely transfers fluids between process equipment.
Here's a presentation on piping engineering in PDF format, now available for all. This presentation covers the basics points of piping for our EPC industry. This presentation covers various aspects of piping engineering
This document outlines the scope of work for a plant design piping and equipment team. The team is responsible for creating piping layouts, equipment layouts, spacing considerations, equipment lists, pipe supports, isometrics, and general arrangement drawings. This is done using input documents such as plot plans, P&ID diagrams, piping specifications, and equipment data sheets. The document then provides details on specific types of piping (pump, exchanger, drum, etc.), equipment (pumps, heat exchangers, tanks, towers, compressors), and other design considerations (supports, input documents).
This document provides an introduction to piping and pipelines. It discusses different types of pipes including seamless, welded, butt-welded, and spiral-welded pipes. It also covers piping terminology like nominal bore, nominal pipe size, schedule number, and wall thickness. Piping is used widely in industries like oil and gas, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to transport fluids and gases over both long distances as pipelines and within plant boundaries. Piping must be designed, fabricated, and installed according to codes and standards.
There are three types of piping materials: metallic, non-metallic, and composites. Common metallic materials include carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels. Piping components include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, and strainers. Piping systems are designed through piping and instrumentation diagrams which specify pipe sizes, materials, and other details. Pipe stress analysis is conducted to ensure piping can withstand pressures and thermal loads without failure.
The document discusses the design of a piping system to transport a 15% sodium hydroxide solution from a storage tank to a digester. It identifies the key parts of the system as pipe, elbows, a gate valve, and a centrifugal pump. It then provides sample calculations to determine the pipe diameter, thickness, flow velocity, friction factor, and head losses based on the flow rate of 11,179.8726 kg over 10 minutes. The calculations specify a 10-inch schedule 40 stainless steel pipe based on the fluid properties and system requirements.
This document provides an overview of piping systems and components. It discusses that piping is used to convey liquids, gases, or materials through a tubular system. Key piping components include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, and strainers. Common piping materials include carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels. The document also discusses piping design considerations like material selection, insulation, supports, flexibility analysis, and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). Piping stress analysis is conducted to ensure stresses from pressures, temperatures, and other loads do not exceed design limits.
The document summarizes the key components and processes involved in pipe extrusion lines. Molten plastic is extruded through a die into the shape of a pipe. It is then calibrated to finalize dimensions before cooling. There are different types of dies, including spider-arm and cross-head dies, as well as calibration methods like using water-cooled mandrels, vacuum, or pressure to control the pipe thickness and dimensions. After calibration and cooling, haul-off units pull the pipe for cutting to final lengths.
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Civil Engineering Scope and Uses for societykeshavmech2008
Driving on a highway or while walking on a bridge ever wondered what it takes to be a designer behind these massive constructions? Civil engineers discuss real-world challenges and work on dynamic technical developments. Are you someone who has an interest in planning and constructing new buildings? Get involved and make an impact through your designs, constructions and engineering technology. It is important to assess the scope of a field before pursuing a career in that direction, here is all the information you need on the scope of civil engineering.
THIS BLOG INCLUDES:
Scope of Civil Engineering in Government Sector
Scope of Civil Engineering in the Private Sector
Popular Private Companies for Civil Engineers
Salary in Civil Engineering
List of Civil Engineering Jobs
Skills Required
Popular Job Areas
Scope of Civil Engineering PPT
Is Civil Engineering a Good Career Choice?
Courses & Top Universities
Civil Engineering Courses After 12th: Bachelors Level
Diploma Courses in Civil Engineering
Certificate Courses in Civil Engineering
Top Colleges & Universities
FAQs
Top Civil Engineering Colleges
Types of Civil Engineering
Scope of Civil Engineering in Government Sector
There is a massive career scope in Civil Engineering as BE/BTech Civil Engineering graduates can explore promising opportunities in both the private sector and public sectors. Most importantly, there is an immense scope of Civil Engineering in the government sector where you can work in the following government jobs in Civil Engineering:
ONGC
PWD
Electricity boards
Armed Forces
NHAI
Indian Railways
IOC
Town Planning
BHEL
At these public-sector organisations, there are numerous vacancies available at Indian Railways, ONGC, PWD and BHEL and offer the most scope of Civil Engineering in India!
Scope of Civil Engineering in the Private Sector
Here are the most popular job profiles and careers in Civil Engineering in India:
Project Manager
Planning and Design Officer
Site Engineer
Construction Managers
Civil Engineering Technicians
Architects
Assistant Engineer
Senior Engineer
Chief Engineer
City Engineer
Division Leader and Head
Deputy Engineer
Surveyors
Director of Public Work
Urban and Regional Planners
Environmental Engineers
Professor and Teachers
Researcher
Consultants
Entrepreneurs
Popular Private Companies for Civil Engineers
Looking for the best private companies for Civil Engineering jobs? Here are the top private companies in India that hire Civil Engineering graduates:
Punj Lloyd, Maharashtra
Akme Projects Ltd, New Delhi
Bridge & Roof Co (India) Limited, Kolkata
DLF Limited, Haryana
Coastal Projects Pvt Ltd (CPPL), Hyderabad
CQRA, Mumbai
Gammon Infrastructure Projects Limited (GIPL), Mumbai
Stewarts & Lloyds of India Ltd, Kolkata
Arun Excello Group of Companies, Tamil Nadu
Conart Engineers Ltd, Mumbai
Essar Group, Maharashtra
Salary in Civil Engineering
The average salary differs as per the public and private sector as government jobs. The average salary in Civil Engine
Purpose of survey regarding research and analysiskeshavmech2008
In research of human subjects, a survey is a list of questions aimed for extracting specific data from a particular group of people. Surveys may be conducted by phone, mail, via the internet, and also at street corners or in malls. Surveys are used to gather or gain knowledge in fields such as social research and demography.
Survey research is often used to assess thoughts, opinions and feelings.[1] Surveys can be specific and limited, or they can have more global, widespread goals. Psychologists and sociologists often use surveys to analyze behavior, while it is also used to meet the more pragmatic needs of the media, such as, in evaluating political candidates, public health officials, professional organizations, and advertising and marketing directors. Survey research has also been employed in various medical and surgical fields to gather information about healthcare personnel’s practice patterns and professional attitudes toward various clinical problems and diseases. Healthcare professionals that may be enrolled in survey studies include physicians,[2][3] nurses,[4] and physical therapists[5] among others. A survey consists of a predetermined set of questions that is given to a sample.[1] With a representative sample, that is, one that is representative of the larger population of interest, one can describe the attitudes of the population from which the sample was drawn. Further, one can compare the attitudes of different populations as well as look for changes in attitudes over time. A good sample selection is key as it allows one to generalize the findings from the sample to the population, which is the whole purpose of survey research. In addition to this, it is important to ensure that survey questions are not biased such as using suggestive words. This prevents inaccurate results in a survey.
Types
Census
Main article: Census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a specific given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population.[6] The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. The United Nations defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as "individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every 10 years
Other household surveys
Further information: List of household surveys in the United States
Other surveys than the census may explore characteristics in households, such as fertility, family structure, and demographics.
Household surveys with at least 10,000 participants include:
General Household Survey, conducted in private households in Great Britain. It is a repeated cross-sectional study, conducted annually, which uses a sample of 9,731 households in the 2006 survey.
Generations and
Energy Science Engineering and management systemkeshavmech2008
Energy management includes planning and operation of energy production and energy consumption units as well as energy distribution and storage. Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings, while the users have permanent access to the energy they need. It is connected closely to environmental management, production management, logistics and other established business functions. The VDI-Guideline 4602 released a definition which includes the economic dimension: "Energy management is the proactive, organized and systematic coordination of procurement, conversion, distribution and use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into account environmental and economic objectives".[1] It is a systematic endeavor to optimize energy efficiency for specific political, economic, and environmental objectives through Engineering and Management techniques.[2]
Energy efficiency
Base line of energy assessment
One of the initial steps for an effective energy cost control program is the base line energy assessment, which examines the pattern of existing energy usage by the government or any sub-entity of the government or private organization. This program will set the reference point for improvements in energy efficiency. Energy efficiency can improve the existing energy usage and benchmarking of every individual section such as area, sub-area and the industry etc. .
Organizational integration
It is important to integrate the energy management in the organizational structure, so that the energy management can be implemented. Responsibilities and the interaction of the decision makers should be regularized. The delegation of functions and competencies extend from the top management to the executive worker. Furthermore, a comprehensive coordination can ensure the fulfillment of the tasks.
It is advisable to establish a separate organizational unit "energy management" in large or energy-intensive companies. This unit supports the senior management and keeps track. It depends on the basic form of the organizational structure, where this unit is connected. In case of a functional organization the unit is located directly between the first (CEO) and the second hierarchical level (corporate functions such as production, procurement, marketing). In a divisional organization, there should be a central and several sector-specific energy management units. So the diverse needs of the individual sectors and the coordination between the branches and the head office can be fulfilled. In a matrix organization the energy management can be included as a matrix function and thus approach most functions directly.
Energy management in operational functions
Facility management
Facility management is an important part of energy management, because a huge proportion (average 25 per cent) of complete operating costs are energy costs. According to the International Facility Management Association (IFMA), facility management is "a profession that encompass
Engineering Mechanics Force system descriptionkeshavmech2008
As we have the basic information about the force system in engineering mechanics after reading the previous post. Now, we will be interested to understand here the classification of force system in mechanics with the help of this post.
Classification of force system in mechanics
Force system is basically defined as the mechanics problem where more than one force is acting on the system.
We will classify here the force system and after that we will read and understand each type of force in detail.
Coplanar forces
When a set of forces lie in the same plane, that set of forces will be termed as coplanar force system. The line of action of all the forces in coplanar force system will lie in a single plane.
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Fig: Coplanar force system
Non- coplanar forces
When a set of forces do not lie in the same plane, that set of forces will be termed as non-coplanar force system. The line of action of all the forces in non-coplanar force system will not lie in a single plane.
Fig: Non-coplanar force system
Ezoic
Collinear force system
When a set of forces will have a common line of action, that set of forces will be termed as collinear force system. The line of action of all the forces will be common.
Fig: Collinear force system
Parallel force system
When the line of action of a set of forces are parallel, that set of forces will be termed as parallel force system. The line of action of all the forces will be parallel with each other as displayed here in following figure.
Concurrent force system
When a set of forces are acting on a system in such a way that the line of action of all the forces intersect each other at a common point. That set of forces will be termed as concurrent force system.
The common point where the line of action of all the forces meet will be termed as point of concurrency.
We must note it here that concurrent forces may or may not be coplanar forces.
Fig: Concurrent force system
Non- concurrent force system
When a set of forces are acting on a system in such a way that the line of action of all the forces do not intersect each other at a common point i.e. point of concurrency. That set of forces will be termed as non-concurrent force system.
Parallel force system will be th
Type of Welding joints for different structureskeshavmech2008
Butt welds are welds where two pieces of metal to be joined are in the same plane.[1] These welds require only some preparation and are used with thin sheet metals that can be welded with a single pass.[2] Common issues that can weaken a butt weld are the entrapment of slag, excessive porosity, or cracking. For strong welds, the goal is to use the least amount of welding material possible. Butt welds are prevalent in automated welding processes, such as submerged-arc welding, due to their relative ease of preparation.[3] When metals are welded without human guidance, there is no operator to adjust non-ideal joint preparation. Because of this necessity, butt welds can be utilized for their simplistic design to be fed through automated welding machines efficiently.
Types
Butt joint geometries
There are many types of butt welds, but all fall within one of these categories: single-welded butt joints, double-welded butt joint, and open or closed butt joints. A single welded butt joint is the name for a joint that has only been welded from one side. A double-welded butt joint is created when the weld has been welded from both sides. With double welding, the depths of each weld can vary slightly. A closed weld is a type of joint in which the two pieces that will be joined are touching during the welding process. An open weld is the joint type where the two pieces have a small gap in between them during the welding process.
Square butt joints
The square groove is a butt welding joint with the two pieces being flat and parallel to each other. This joint is simple to prepare, economical to use, and provides satisfactory strength but is limited by joint thickness. The closed square butt weld is a type of square-groove joint with no spacing in between the pieces. This joint type is common with gas and arc welding. For thicker joints, the edge of each member of the joint must be prepared to a particular geometry to provide accessibility for welding and to ensure the desired weld soundness and strength. The opening or gap at the root of the joint and the included angle of the groove should be selected to require the least weld metal necessary to give needed access and meet strength requirements. Only metal up to 4.5mm thick is usually used for square butt joints.
V-joints
Single V welds are similar to a bevel joint, but instead of only one side having the bevelled edge, both sides of the weld joint are beveled. In thick metals, and when welding can be performed from both sides of the work piece, a double-V joint is used. When welding thicker metals, a double-V joint requires less filler material because there are two narrower V-joints compared to a wider single-V joint. Also the double-V joint helps compensate for warping forces. With a single-V joint, stress tends to warp the piece in one direction when the V-joint is filled, but with a double-V-joint, there are welds on both sides of the material, having opposing stresses, straightening the material.
J-
BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS REQUIRED TO ENHANCE KNOWLEDGEkeshavmech2008
Biology for engineers is the important topic. It is well known that this is the century of biology in which significant advances in the understanding and application of biological systems are expected. The significant impact on the world is expected in terms of better healthcare, better processes, better products and an overall better quality of life. Thus, any person can be interested in knowing the fundamentals of biology to be able to understand, or participate in the biological revolution. For example, any engineer, irrespective of the parent discipline (mechanical, electrical, civil, chemical, metallurgical, etc.,) has a high probability of using the disciplinary skills toward designing/improving biological systems in the future. This course is designed to convey the essentials of cell and molecular biology to provide a frame-work for more specific understanding, and contribution by any interested person.
G. K. Suraishkumar is a Professor in the Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM). He has been at IITM as a Professor since May 2004, and was earlier a faculty member in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) from April 1993 until mid-May 2004. He was also an Associate Faculty member in the erstwhile Centre for Biotechnology, which is now the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, at IITB, between 1995 and 2004.
He earned his Ph.D. from Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA in 1993, and his B.Tech. in Chemical Engineering from IITM in 1986. He also did his Masters work at the University of Cincinnati, USA, between 1986 and 1988.
He is passionate about improving student learning and has published papers in reputed international journals on the methods that he had developed for the same. He is the author of a book, Continuum Analysis of Biological Systems: Conserved Quantities, Fluxes, and Forces, which was published world-wide by Springer Publishing in March 2014; the foreword has been written by the reputed author of the famous textbook, Transport Phenomena, Professor R. B. Bird. He has created three 10-h MOOCs on "Bioreactors", "Biology for Engineers and other Non-biologists", and "Effective Engineering 'Teaching' in Practice", as NPTEL online certification (NOC) courses. Earlier, he created a 40-lecture NPTEL video course on Classical Thermodynamics for Biological Systems. He has also created other short videos on biochemical engineering principles.
His major area of research is reactive species – currently, the relevance of them in cancer treatment/management, and nanoparticle toxicity.. Earlier, his research group had made significant, original contributions in the area of reactive species applied to improve bioreactor productivities and bio-oil yields, which were financially supported through many sponsored research grants. The research contributions have been better disseminated through publications in reputed international journals–
This is the basic skills which is required for any type of communication which will help us to communicate with others in our daily life.
Many of us communicate with people every day, whether in person or on the countless digital platforms available to us. But how much of our communication actually reaches the intended audience or person the way we hoped? Effective communication requires us to be clear and complete in what we are trying to express.
Being an effective communicator in our professional and personal lives involves learning the skills to exchange information with clarity, empathy, and understanding. In this article, we’ll define what effective communication looks like, discuss its benefits and offer ways to improve your communication skills.
Effective communication is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, knowledge, and data so that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose. When we communicate effectively, both the sender and receiver feel satisfied.
Communication occurs in many forms, including verbal and non-verbal, written, visual, and listening. It can occur in person, on the internet (on forums, social media, and websites), over the phone (through apps, calls, and video), or by mail.
For communication to be effective, it must be clear, correct, complete, concise, and compassionate. We consider these to be the 5 C’s of communication, though they may vary depending on who you’re asking.
While the effectiveness of communication can be difficult to measure, its impact is hard to deny. According to one study, surveyed companies in the United States and United Kingdom with at least 100,000 employees lost $62.4 million per year on average due to poor communication. On the flip side, companies led by effective communicators had nearly 50 percent higher total returns to shareholders over companies with less effective communicators at the helm.
The benefits of communication effectiveness can be witnessed in the workplace, in an educational setting, and in your personal life. Learning how to communicate well can be a boon in each of these areas.
In the workplace, effective communication can help you:
Manage employees and build teams
Grow your organization more rapidly and retain employees
Benefit from enhanced creativity and innovation
Build strong relationships and attract more opportunities for you or your organization
In your personal life, effective communication can lead to:
Improved social, emotional, and mental health
Deeper existing connections
New bonds based on trust and transparency
Better problem–solving and conflict resolution skills
Say it with your body
In face-to-face conversation, body language plays an important role. Communication is 55 percent non-verbal, 38 percent vocal (tone and inflection), and 7 percent words, according to Albert Mehrabian, a researcher who pioneered studies on body language. Up to 93 percent of communication, then, does not involve anythi
Cross-Cultural Leadership and CommunicationMattVassar1
Business is done in many different ways across the world. How you connect with colleagues and communicate feedback constructively differs tremendously depending on where a person comes from. Drawing on the culture map from the cultural anthropologist, Erin Meyer, this class discusses how best to manage effectively across the invisible lines of culture.
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
Tapping into the creative side of your brain to come up with truly innovative approaches. These strategies are based on original research from Stanford University lecturer Matt Vassar, where he discusses how you can use them to come up with truly innovative solutions, regardless of whether you're using to come up with a creative and memorable angle for a business pitch--or if you're coming up with business or technical innovations.
Images as attribute values in the Odoo 17Celine George
Product variants may vary in color, size, style, or other features. Adding pictures for each variant helps customers see what they're buying. This gives a better idea of the product, making it simpler for customers to take decision. Including images for product variants on a website improves the shopping experience, makes products more visible, and can boost sales.
Techno-pedagogic skills refer to the ability to effectively integrate technology into teaching and learning processes. In simple terms, it means having the knowledge and skills to use digital tools and resources in a way that enhances the learning experience for students. Teachers with these skills can make lessons more engaging and effective by incorporating technologies such as interactive whiteboards, educational apps, online resources, and multimedia tools in the classroom. This approach allows for the creation of interactive and multimedia-rich lessons, catering to different learning styles and providing personalized learning experiences. Overall, techno-pedagogic skills enable teachers to leverage technology to make learning more fun, interactive, and impactful for students in today's digital age. Here’s how it works:
1. Enhanced Engagement: By using technology, teachers can create more engaging lessons. For example, they might use interactive quizzes or educational games that make learning fun and interactive.
2. Personalized Learning: Technology allows teachers to tailor lessons to individual students’ needs and learning styles. They can provide different resources or activities that cater to each student’s strengths and weaknesses.
3. Access to Information: With digital tools and online resources, students have access to a wealth of information beyond traditional textbooks. This helps them explore topics more deeply and from different perspectives.
4. Collaboration: Technology enables collaborative learning experiences where students can work together on projects, share ideas, and learn from each other’s insights.
5. Impactful Teaching: By mastering techno-pedagogic skills, teachers can make their teaching more effective and impactful. They can deliver content in ways that resonate with today’s tech-savvy students, making learning more relevant and meaningful.
Overall, techno-pedagogic skills empower teachers to leverage technology creatively and effectively in the classroom, ultimately enhancing the educational experience and preparing
1. Piping Fundamentals – For Fresher Engineers
Piping System - What is that?
Concept Layout Development
Piping Components & their access requirement.
Straight length requirements.
Orientation of various tapings, components, etc.
Piping Drains & Vents
Insulation.
Material & Sizing
Critical piping system consideration.
Pipe Stress Analysis.
Pipe Supports
2. Let us first Discuss about WHAT IS PIPE!
It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc.
meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that
flows.
It is a very important component for any industrial
plant. And it’s engineering plays a major part in overall
engineering of a Plant.
In next few pages we shall try to familiarize about pipe
and it’s components.
Piping Fundamentals – For Fresher Engineers
3. In any plant various fluids flow through pipes
from one end to other.
Now let us start with a plant where we see three
tanks.
Tank-1, Tank-2 and Tank-3
We have to transfer the content of Tank no. 1 to
the other two tanks.
We will need to connect pipes to transfer the
fluids from Tank-1 to Tank-2 and Tank-3
LET US BRING THE PIPES.
4. We have just brought the pipes, now we
need to solve some more problems.
Pipes are all straight pieces.
We need some
branch
connections
We need some bend
connections
To solve these
problems we need the
pipe components,
which are called
PIPE FITTINGS
5. These are the pipe fittings,
There are various types of fittings for various
purposes, some common types are -
Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,
Reducers/Expanders, Couplings, Olets, etc.
Anyway, the pipes and
fittings are in place, but the
ends are yet to be joined with
the Tank nozzles.
We now have to complete the
end connections.
These, in piping term, we call
TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.
6. These are flanged joints
This is a welded joint
So far this is a nice arrangement.
But there is no control over the flow from Tank-1
to other tanks.
We need some arrangement to stop the
flow if needed
To control the flow in a pipe line we
need to fit a special component.
That is called - VALVE
7. There are many types of valves, categorized
based on their construction and functionality,
Those are - Gate, Globe, Check, Butterfly, etc.
Other than valves another important
line component of pipe line is a filter,
which cleans out derbies from the
flowing fluid. This is called a
STRAINER
8. Here we see a more or less functional piping
system, with valves and strainer installed.
Let us now investigate some aspects of pipe
flexibility.
If this tank nozzle
expands, when
the tank is hot.
In such case we need to fit a flexible
pipe component at that location,
which is called an EXPANSION
JOINT
9. When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we may
also like know the parameters like, pressure,
temperature, flow rate etc. of the fluid.
To know these information we need
to install INSTRUMENTS in the
pipeline.
10. There are various types instruments to measure various
parameters. Also there are specific criteria for installation
of various pipe line instruments.
Next we shall look
into how to
SUPPORT the
pipe/and it’s
components.
11. Here are some of the pipe supporting arrangements.
There can be numerous variants. All depend on
piping designer’s preference and judgement.
Let us see some OTHER types of supports
12.
13.
14. We have just completed a pipe line design.
We shall rewind and check how it is really done in practice.
First the flow scheme is planned,
1) What, 2) From what point, 3) To which point
Pipe sizes are selected, pipe material and pipe wall thickness are selected.
Types of Valves are planned
Also the types of instruments required are planned
We represent the whole thing in a drawing which is called Piping and
Instrumentation Drawing, in short P&ID. For P&ID generation we use SPP&ID
software.
By this time you have already come to know that while we prepare P&IDs in
SPP&ID, we enter all the pipe lines system information in the drawing.
So the SPP&ID drawing is an Intelligent drawing which under it’s surface carries all
the information about a pipe like, Pipe size, Flowing Fluid, etc.
Let us see a P&ID prepared in SPP&ID
15.
16. This is screen picture of P&ID made by SPP&ID
If we click on any line it will show the Data embedded.
17. After the P&ID is ready we start the layout work.
Here we carryout pipe routing / layout in Virtual 3D environment.
Preferable
Not Preferable
We use PDS 3D software to route piping in the Plant virtual 3D space.
We call this as piping modeling or physical design.
While development of piping layout we have to consider the following
Piping from source to destination should be as short as possible with minimum
change in direction.
Should not hinder any normal passage way. Also should not encroach any
equipment maintenance space.
18. While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following
Valves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.
If needed separate ACCESS PLATFORMS to be provided to facilitate these.
Desired location and orientation of valves / instruments and other pipe
components are to be checked and maintained, like some valves or strainers
can only be installed in horizontal position.
Specific requirements for instrument installation to be checked, like
temperature gauge can not be installed in pipe which is less than 4 inch in size.
Specific requirements of STRAIGHT LENGTH of pipe for some components to
be maintained, like for flow orifice we need to provide 15 times diameter
straight pipe length at upstream of orifice and 5 times diameter straight at down
stream of orifice.
Example of Straight length requirement for Flow Orifice
19. Also arrangement is kept in the
pipeline so that liquid can be
drained out if required.
To achieve this a DRAIN
connection with Valve is provided
at the lowest point of the pipeline
Pipes are also slopped towards low
points.
For Pipeline which shall carry liquid, we have to make sure that all air is allowed
to vent out of the line when the line is filled with liquid.
To achieve this a VENT connection with Valve is provided at the top most point
of the pipeline.
Let us look
into typical
Vent and
Drain
arrangement
in a pipeline
20. Let us have a look into a piping model done by PDS 3D
This is a 3D model
of Feed water line
along with pumps
and other
accessories
21. INSULATION - When hot fluid flows through pipe then generally pipe is insulated.
There are two primary reasons for insulating the pipe carrying hot fluid.
Containing the heat inside the pipe. Insulation preserves the heat of the fluid. It
is called Hot Insulation
Personnel safety, so that people do not get burn injury by touching hot surface
of pipe. It is called Personnel Protection Insulation
Cold pipes are also insulated
Cold or chilled fluid carrying pipes are insulated to prevent heating of cold fluid
from outside. It is called Cold Insulation.
Some times cold pipes are insulated to prevent condensation of atmospheric
water vapor on pipe surface. It is called Anti-Sweat Insulation.
Other types of Insulation
When gas flows through pipes at high velocity, it creates noise. In such cases
pipes are insulated to reduce noise. It is called Acoustic Insulation.
Some times pipe and it’s content are heated from outside, by heat tracing
element. In that case pipe along with heat tracing element are insulated to
conserve the heat of the tracer. It is called Heat Tracing Insulation.
22. INSULATION MATERIAL - The insulating material should be bad conductor of heat.
There are two basic categories
1) Fibrous Material, which has large voids full of air between fibers - Cork, Glass Wool,
Mineral Wool, Organic Fibers. Note stagnant air is a bad conductor.
2) Cellular Material, which has closed void cells full or air - Calcium Silicate, Cellular
Glass (Foam Glass), Polyurethane Foam (PUF), Polystyrene (Thermocol), etc.
Some times Cast material like Cement Plaster or Plaster of Paris are also used.
INSULATION CLADDING - Insulation materials are generally soft or fragile. So the
outer surface of insulation are protected with Aluminum sheet or GI sheet
cladding.
Have a look at how
pipes are insulated,
and general
components of
insulation
23. Pipe Sizing Calculation - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.
Find out
Flow volume
per second
Check Velocity
Allowable per
second
Calc. flow area
required and
Pipe size
Calc. Press.
Drop for that
Pipe size
Check Press.
Drop meets
Press. Budget
Pipe
Size
OK
YES
Increase
Pipe Size
NO
Pipe Material Selection - to select appropriate pipe material based on flowing fluid property.
Find out type
of Fluid
flowing
Check Pipe
life
Expectancy
Select suitable
Material per
practice (Note-1)
Check Mat.
Listed in
Design Code
Pipe
Material
OK
YES
See Note-
1
NO
Note-1 : Material is selected per past experience with cost in
mind and per material listed in design code. If material is
not listed in code we may select next suitable material
listed.
Find out
Fluid Temp.
& Pressure
Pipe Thickness Selection - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.
Select Mat.
& Diameter
as above
Decide on
Corrosion
allowance
Calc. Pipe
Thickness per
Code
Find out
Fluid Temp.
& Pressure
24. In Power plant there are some piping which carries steam at high pressure and
temperature. And also there are piping which carries water at High pressure.
These pipes carries the main cycle steam and water of the steam power plant.
These pipelines are call the CRITICAL PIPING.
Very special care are taken for design of these piping.
First the pipe material selection for such piping is very important as it has to
withstand the high pressure and may be also high temperature.
As these pipes carry the main system fluid of the power plant, they are given
the right of way, and routed at beginning of the overall plant layout.
Steam pipes run at very high temperature and the hot pipes expand. We have to
built in flexibility in the high temperature pipe routing so that the expansion
force is absorbed within the piping.
Also there should be enough flexibility in these pipe routing so that high loads
are not transferred to the nozzles of Turbine or Pumps
There are many recognized international codes which lay down guide lines and
mandatory requirements for design of such piping.
The most important codes used by power plant piping engineers are
ASME ANSI B31.1- Power Piping Code & IBR - the Indian Boiler Regulation
25. Pipe Stress Analysis
We have already seen that some of the pipes are subjected to high pressure
and high temperature. Also pipes carry the load of the flowing fluid.
We need to check and confirm the pipe is not going to fail with these loading.
This process of checking the stress developed in the piping due to various
loading is called Pipe Stress Analysis/Flexibility analysis.
In the process of Analysis we apply various postulated loading on the pipe and
find out the stress resulted from these loading.
Then we check with governing codes if those stresses generated are
acceptable or not.
We check support load & movement for various loading condition.
We also check out the terminal point loading generated from pipe to the
equipment connected to the pipe. This loading are to be within acceptable
limits of the equipment suggested by the vendors.
We also find out the pipe growth due to change in temperature and need to
keep the movement of pipe within acceptable limits.
Pipe Stress Analysis is an Interactive and Iterative process. Each step is
checked
If a check fails we have to go back, modify the layout and restart the analysis.
26. PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS
Inputs
Geometric layout of Pipe
Pipe supporting configuration
Pipe Diameter and Thickness
Pressure inside Pipe
Cold and Hot temperatures of Pipe
Weight of Pipe and insulation
Weight of carrying Fluid
Pipe material Property (Young’s Modulus,
Thermal Expansion Coefficient)
Thrust on pipe due to blowing wind.
Thrust on pipe due to earthquake
Load of Snow on pipe
Any transient loading like Steam Hammer
load
Any other load on the piping
Tools we use
PIPSYS - is an integrated pipe stress
analysis module of PLADES 2000
CEASER - Commercial Piping analysis
software
There are many other commercial software
available
Outputs
Stress of the pipe at various loading
conditions
Load at various supports and restrains.
Movement of pipe at support locations
Pipe terminal point loading.
Codes and Standards
In general Power Plant Piping have to
comply stipulations of ASME ANSI B31.1
In India Power cycle Piping to comply IBR
code requirements.
27. Types of Pipe Supports
In the beginning of this discussion we
talked about various types of pipe
supports. Here is some elaboration
There are three general types
Rigid type (no flexibility in the
direction of restrain)
Spring type (Allows pipe
movement in direction of
loading)
Dynamic Support (Degree of
restrain depends on acceleration
of load)
There are two types of spring
support
Variable load type, here support
load changes as the pipe moves.
Constant load support, the load
remains constant within some
range of movement.
Constant Load Spring
Variable Spring
Rigid
Hanger
Rigid
Support
Dynamic Support,
Snubber
Rigid Support
28. Some Special Considerations for Piping
When pipes are routed UNDER GROUND (Buried) following points to be kept in mind:
Minimum pipe size to be routed under ground shall be not less than1 inch.
Avoid flange joint in U/G piping.
Keep in mind if pipe leaks U/G, it will be difficult to detect, so avoid U/G routing of pipe
carrying hazardous fluid.
Pipe to be laid below Frost Zone at areas where ambient temperature goes below freezing.
U/G, Buried piping should be properly protected from corrosion.
Pipe may be properly wrapped and coated to prevent corrosion.
Or U/G piping be protected by using Cathodic protection.
Freeze Protection of outdoor Piping:
In the areas where the ambient temperature goes below freezing there is a possibility that
the liquid content of pipe may freeze while the plant is under shut down.
For similar case pipes are wrapped with heat tracing elements to maintain the content
temperature above freezing (around 4 deg. C) even when the ambient temp. is below
freezing.
Electric Heat tracing is done by wrapping electric coil around pipe, which turns on as the
ambient temperature goes down. Pipes are insulated over the heat tracing coils.
Heat tracing can also be done by winding Steam tubes around main pipes.
29. We have come to the End of Session.
Hope you have gathered the fundamentals
on the subject of Piping