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- 2. Topic: Biofuel Slides made by: Dr. Saba Malik
- 3. INTRODUCTION What are Biofuels? • Biofuels are liquid fuels that have been developed from other materials such as plants or animal waste matter. • The common commercially used biofuels are bioethanol, biodiesel and biomethane . • Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and sugar beet. • Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, algal lipids and animal fats. • Bioethane can be produced from waste organic material, sweage, agricultural waste and domestic wastes.
- 4. History • In 1890’s Rudolf Diesel was a first person who made biodiesel from vegetable oil. • In 1970’s and 1980’s environmental protection agency EPA situated in America suggested that fuel should be free from sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. • In 1998 EPA allowed the production of biofuel on commercial level which was the alternative source of the petrol. • In 2010 the production of biofuels reaches up to 105 billion liters worldwide. • In 2011, European countries were the largest that made biodiesel almost about 53%. The international Energy Agency set a goal to reduce the usage of petroleum and coal and will be switched on to biofuels till 2050.
- 5. Biofuel Feedstock Algae Palm oil Agricultural waste Animal Fat Cassava Certain Fungi Sugar beet Sugarcane Corn
- 6. Biofuel Feedstock Soybean Camelina Jatropha Switch grass Sunflower seeds Rapeseeds Beer waste Wheat Different grains
- 7. Classification of Biofuels • First generation: Conventional biofuels are manufactured from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil, derived primarily from food crops. The majority of biofuels currently produced in commercial quantities fall into this category. • Second generation: Advanced biofuels are those manufactured from nonfood crops and lignocellulose wastes. The manufacturing process requires enzymatic digestion and fermentation. • Third generation: Algae biofuels are sometimes referred to as third- generation biofuel and are manufactured from marine algae. • Fourth generation: Extract cellulose from Bamboo and by the process of reverse photosynthesis fuel is obtained.
- 8. Biofule verses Fossil Fuel • Fossil fuels are not renewable, which means they will run out at some point. As our ability to pump fossil fuels from the ground diminishes, the available supply will decrease, which will inevitably lead to an increase in price. • Biofuels can be looked upon as a way of energy security which stands as an alternative of fossil fuels that are limited in availability. Today, the use of biofuels has expanded throughout the globe.
- 9. Advantages of Biofuel over Fossil Fuels • Low emission Green Gas • Renewable • Biodegradable • Safer Biofuel Companies Some huge companies, including Shell, Chevron and ExxonMobil are investing in this fast emerging biofuel. • Some other companies making 4th generation biofuels are: • Algenol. • Amyris Biotechnologies. • Joule Unlimited. • LS9. • Naturally Scientific.
- 11. 1. Bioethanol • Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produces in sugar or starch crops such as corn or sugarcane. • This is also a byproduct of the chemical reaction with ethylene and other types of petroleum products. • One of the latest techniques for the production of ethanol is algenol which is done with the help of algae. Bioethanol is a clean gas with no toxins. • One of the widely used alternative automotive fuels in the world (Brazil & USA are the largest ethanol producers). • It releases less amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) similar to the amount released by plants. This considerably reduces green house gas emission. • The energy content in bio ethanol is about 50% that of gasoline.
- 13. 2. Biodiesel • Biodiesel is a renewable resource or a fuel that is made from vegetable oil, recycled cooking oil, soybean, palm oil, peanut oil, canola oil, animal fat and fatty acids. This process of conversion is known as transesterification. • Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure (straight chain ) number of Carbon atoms (10 to 12). • Biodiesel has versatile properties and can be used as diesel to vehicles. This can be a used as a replacement to petroleum and is biodegradable. • The toxins produced are comparatively less as compared to petroleum. It is also safer to handle. • The energy content in biodiesel is about 90% that of petroleum diesel.
- 15. Biodiesel production in billion liters
- 16. 3. Biogas • Biogas is a renewable source of energy that is produced by the anaerobic digestion of biomass. • In simpler terms, biogas is obtained when organic matter is broken down in the absence of oxygen. • The raw materials used are manure, food waste, municipal waste, agricultural waste and sewage. • Major proportion of biogas is methane and carbon dioxide. It also has small proportions of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and siloxanes. • Biogas is commonly used for heating, electricity and for automobiles.
- 18. 4. Bio butanol • Butanol is a renewable source of energy that is similar to ethanol. It is a type of alcohol that can be produced through petro chemical process or by fermentation of sugar from agricultural crops. • The energy content in butanol is the highest among the other gasoline alternatives. • The toxic emissions are zero which in turn minimizes air pollution. • Butanol can also be added to diesel to reduce emissions. • It also serves as solvent in textile industry. • It is also used as a base in perfumes.
- 19. Bio butanol fuel production process
- 20. Positives of Biofuels • The energy content of biodiesel is about 90% that of petroleum diesel. • The energy content of ethanol is about 50% that of gasoline. • The energy content of butanol is about 80% that of gasoline. • Biofuels burn cleaner than fossil fuels, resulting in fewer emissions of greenhouse gases, particulate emissions, and substances that cause acid rain such as sulfur. • Biodiesel is sulfur free. • Biodiesel has fewer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have been linked to cancer. • Additionally, biofuels are biodegradable, so if they do spill, less harm is done compared to when fossil fuels spill.
- 21. Advantages or Disadvantages of Biofuels Advantages Disadvantages 1. Efficient Fuel 1. Use of Fertilizers 2. Source material 2. Shortage of Food 3. Renewable 3. Global warming 4. Low Carbon emissions 4. Water use 5. Durability of vehicles engine 5. Future rise in Price
- 22. Conclusion Biofuels can be used for heating, lighting, power and Transport. Wood and grasses are good biofuels because they grow relatively quickly. Agriculture sources produce many types of agro fuel, but the two main types of agro fuel are ethanol and biodiesel. Many Biodiesel are now produced from organic wastes such as biodiesel which produced from cooking oils methane from anaerobic digestion and ethanol from wood waste. Biofuels produce 20% of all the renewable energy sources in the U.S. Biofuels are created by completing the 6 step process: Filtering, removing water, titration, preparation of Sodium Methoxide, heating and mixing, settling and separation. Today biofuels are being used more than ever before.