This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Highly Deformable Energy-Dissipating Reinforced Concrete Elements in Seismic ...IJERA Editor
Incorporating scrap tyre rubber particles as partial replacement for aggregates has been found to produce concrete with improved ductility, deformability and damping which are desired characteristics of a viable material for enhancing structural response to earthquake vibrations. An analytical study using Drain-2dX was carried out to investigate the response of 4-storey, 3-bay reinforced concrete frames on innovative rubberised concrete deformable foundation models to simulated earthquake scaled to 5 different peak ground accelerations. Stress-strain properties of 3-layers aramid fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-confinement for concrete incorporating waste rubber from scrap vehicle tyres were used to model the elements of this foundation models. With a partial decoupling of the superstructure from the direct earthquake force, the models showed up to 70% reduction in base shear, an improved overall q-factor of 7.1, and an estimated frame acceleration of 0.11g for an earthquake peak ground acceleration of 0.44g. This implies that a non-seismically designed reinforced concrete frame on the proposed rubberised concrete deformable foundation system would provide a simple, affordable and equally efficient alternative to the conventional and usually expensive earthquake resistant concrete frames. A supplementary Arrest System (SAS) was proposed to anchor the frame from the resulting soft storey at the rubberised concrete foundation. A further research is recommended for the design of concrete hinges with rubberised concrete as used in the model with the most impressive response
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Study of Response of Wall Type Pier for Varying Width of Superstru...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic response of wall-type bridge piers with varying superstructure widths. Finite element models of piers were developed in MIDAS Civil for superstructure widths of 8m, 10m, 12.5m, and 16m. Response spectrum analysis was conducted according to Indian codes to obtain bending stresses, natural periods, and modal mass participation. Results showed natural periods decreased for the first two modes as width increased. Stresses also decreased with increasing width. Modal mass participation saw little change with varying width. In conclusion, wider superstructures led to improved seismic performance of wall-type piers.
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF RC FRAMED STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT INFILLSIAEME Publication
Earthquakes are the nature’s greatest hazard which cannot be exactly predicted by human
beings. Earthquake is a sudden movement of earth’s surface with the release of massive energy
in the form of seismic waves. There are so many methods to control the vibration of the
buildings like passive, active and hybrid control systems.[1] Base isolation is a passive control
system. In the present work, a (G+3) structure considering with and without infill’s subjected
to seismic force along with static gravity loads are analyzed using Response Spectrum Method
in ETABS-2015 package. From the study, the response of the structure obtained is time period,
base shear, story displacement and inter-story drifts and also the comparison is drawn for the
same parameters considering structure as bare and infill frames. The variation in percentage
of steel is also presented. It is found that the time period and story displacement increases
while base shear and story drifts gets reduces with the provision of effective base isolators.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Highly Deformable Energy-Dissipating Reinforced Concrete Elements in Seismic ...IJERA Editor
Incorporating scrap tyre rubber particles as partial replacement for aggregates has been found to produce concrete with improved ductility, deformability and damping which are desired characteristics of a viable material for enhancing structural response to earthquake vibrations. An analytical study using Drain-2dX was carried out to investigate the response of 4-storey, 3-bay reinforced concrete frames on innovative rubberised concrete deformable foundation models to simulated earthquake scaled to 5 different peak ground accelerations. Stress-strain properties of 3-layers aramid fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-confinement for concrete incorporating waste rubber from scrap vehicle tyres were used to model the elements of this foundation models. With a partial decoupling of the superstructure from the direct earthquake force, the models showed up to 70% reduction in base shear, an improved overall q-factor of 7.1, and an estimated frame acceleration of 0.11g for an earthquake peak ground acceleration of 0.44g. This implies that a non-seismically designed reinforced concrete frame on the proposed rubberised concrete deformable foundation system would provide a simple, affordable and equally efficient alternative to the conventional and usually expensive earthquake resistant concrete frames. A supplementary Arrest System (SAS) was proposed to anchor the frame from the resulting soft storey at the rubberised concrete foundation. A further research is recommended for the design of concrete hinges with rubberised concrete as used in the model with the most impressive response
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Study of Response of Wall Type Pier for Varying Width of Superstru...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic response of wall-type bridge piers with varying superstructure widths. Finite element models of piers were developed in MIDAS Civil for superstructure widths of 8m, 10m, 12.5m, and 16m. Response spectrum analysis was conducted according to Indian codes to obtain bending stresses, natural periods, and modal mass participation. Results showed natural periods decreased for the first two modes as width increased. Stresses also decreased with increasing width. Modal mass participation saw little change with varying width. In conclusion, wider superstructures led to improved seismic performance of wall-type piers.
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF RC FRAMED STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT INFILLSIAEME Publication
Earthquakes are the nature’s greatest hazard which cannot be exactly predicted by human
beings. Earthquake is a sudden movement of earth’s surface with the release of massive energy
in the form of seismic waves. There are so many methods to control the vibration of the
buildings like passive, active and hybrid control systems.[1] Base isolation is a passive control
system. In the present work, a (G+3) structure considering with and without infill’s subjected
to seismic force along with static gravity loads are analyzed using Response Spectrum Method
in ETABS-2015 package. From the study, the response of the structure obtained is time period,
base shear, story displacement and inter-story drifts and also the comparison is drawn for the
same parameters considering structure as bare and infill frames. The variation in percentage
of steel is also presented. It is found that the time period and story displacement increases
while base shear and story drifts gets reduces with the provision of effective base isolators.
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
IRJET- A Review of Seismic Analysis of Shear Wall Optimization for Multi-...IRJET Journal
This document reviews seismic analysis of shear wall optimization in multi-storey buildings. It discusses different positions of shear walls, including at the middle, corners, and center of structures. Studies show shear walls improve structural performance under seismic loads by increasing stiffness and strength. Placing shear walls at the corners provides the highest reliability by minimizing drift, while a central location increases base shear and period. Properly designed and detailed shear walls improve earthquake resistance and are widely used in seismic regions.
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
This document analyzes the seismic behavior of high damping rubber bearings used for base isolation of structures. It describes modeling a rubber bearing in ANSYS and performing a transient analysis using the displacement time history from the 1940 El Centro earthquake. The analysis found that the bearing could withstand displacements up to 350% of the rubber layer thickness without cavitation occurring in the rubber. Stresses induced in the bearing remained below permissible limits, indicating it could effectively isolate structures from ground motions up to 0.3g accelerations.
Static Analysis of Masonry Infilled R.C.Frame With &Without Opening Including...IOSR Journals
Masonry infill is considered as a non-structural element in all type of buildings where masonry use.
But, masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase initial stiffness and strength of reinforced concrete (RC)
frame buildings. This Open First storey is also termed as “Soft Storey”. The upper storeys have brick infilled
wall panels with various opening percentage in it. In many cities of India, it is very common to leave the first
storey of masonry infilled reinforcement concrete (RC) frame building open preliminary to generate parking
space or any other usage in the first storey. Such buildings are highly undesirable in seismically active areas. In
the present study, it is an attempt to access the performance of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames
with soft storey of with and without opening. In this paper, symmetrical frame of college building (G+5) located
in seismic zone-III is considered by modelling of initial frame. According to FEMA-273, & ATC-40 which
contain the provisions of calculation of stiffness of infilled frames by modelling infill as“Equivalent Diagonal
Strut Method”. Therefore, the infill panels are modelled as equivalent diagonal strut method. The error
involved in modelling such buildings as neglecting the presence of infills in the upper storeys, is brought out
through the study of an example building with different analytical models. This linear static analysis is to be
carried out on the models such as Strut frame with 15%, 20%, & 25% centre &corner opening, which is
performed by using computer software STAAD-Pro from which different parameters are computed. In which it
shows that how infill panels increase the stiffness of the structure. While the increase in the opening percentage
leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. This paper highlights the importance of the presence
of the open first storey in the analysis of the building
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of RCC Building Resting on Sloping Ground Adjacen...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic analysis of a reinforced concrete building resting on sloping ground adjacent to a deep excavation. The study uses 2D seismic analysis via the response spectrum method in SAP 2000 software to analyze the building's behavior. Models of the building resting on medium and soft soil are analyzed considering different distances (1m, 2m, 3m) between the excavation and building, with the excavation depth being 6m. Results in terms of displacement are obtained and compared for different soil types and distances. The analysis finds that displacement decreases as the distance between the excavation and building increases. It also finds that supporting the excavation with sheet piles reduces displacement compared to an unsupported excavation, and
Behavioural Study of RC Flat Plate Multi-Storey Building Persuaded By Stiffne...IJERA Editor
With a very swift development in urban areas the framed structures which are infilled by brick masonry or
concrete blocks are widely used as partition walls and also exterior walls. Masonry infill walls are common
element in structural system which modifies the conduction of building under the lateral load. These structures
resist the moderate earthquakes and accomplish well in such a prime manner that even if they have no load
bearing function. Evidently, during the time of resolution of such a multi-storey structure, the infilled frame is
considered as bare frame, because IS codes do not provide any guide lines for the analysis and design of RC
frames with infill wall. This paper addresses the numerical study of G+10 RC flat plate framed building with
different cases i.e, soft story at ground level (Basement), with soft story at 5th floor level, without soft storey and
bare frame building by using ETABS as soft computing tool. All these cases are analyzed for equivalent static
method and Response spectrum method. By this, dynamic properties are evaluated and according to the results
obtained conclusions are drawn
IRJET- Significance of Shear Wall in Multistory Building with Seismic Ana...IRJET Journal
1) Shear walls significantly improve the stiffness and strength of multi-story buildings during earthquakes by resisting lateral forces.
2) Analysis of a multi-story building model with and without shear walls using ETABS software showed that the building with shear walls experienced less story drift and displacement under seismic loads.
3) The optimal location of shear walls is at the center of the building to maximize stiffness and minimize lateral sway during an earthquake.
A comparative study of the effect of infill walls on seismic performance of reiIAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study on the effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings. It summarizes different approaches to modeling infill walls as equivalent diagonal struts, including elastic analysis, ultimate load, plastic analysis, and finite element analysis approaches. The key findings are that infill walls reduce displacements and time period while increasing base shear. Modeling the strength and stiffness of infill walls is important for accurately analyzing seismic behavior, as ignoring infill walls can lead to unconservative design of soft-story buildings.
The document analyzes the blast resistance of structures through modeling and analysis. It studies a 12-story reinforced concrete building model subjected to different blast loads. Four different structural models are analyzed: conventional frame, increased member sizes, addition of corner shear walls, and addition of corner steel bracing. The models are analyzed under blast loads of 100kg and 300kg at standoff distances of 20m and 30m. Results show time periods and frequencies varying between the models, with the conventional frame having the highest time periods. Addition of shear walls reduces time periods the most. The study concludes variations could be analyzed for unsymmetrical structures.
Seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frame with steel bracingsTin Bui Van
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 10-story reinforced concrete frame building with and without steel bracing through computer modeling. Three cases are considered: a bare frame (Case 1), a frame with bracing in the middle bays (Case 2), and a frame with bracing at the corners (Case 3). Results show that Case 2 with middle bracing has the lowest time period, displacements, and drift, indicating it best resists earthquake forces by increasing the lateral stiffness of the frame. While the bare frame has the lowest base shear, the addition of bracing in Cases 2 and 3 significantly improves the seismic performance of the building.
IRJET-Performance Improvement of Split Air Conditioner using Evaporative Cool...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of a 5-storey reinforced concrete building with different shear wall arrangements, with and without a central cross shear wall. 7 models of the building were analyzed using STAAD Pro software. Parameters like base shear, storey drift, nodal displacement, and maximum reactions were compared. Results showed that providing shear walls increases base shear and stiffness, reducing storey drift and nodal displacement. Maximum base shear and reactions occurred for models with shear walls at corners and in the middle. Models with a central cross shear wall generally performed better in resisting seismic loads.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...eSAT Journals
Abstract Moderate and astringent earthquakes have struck different places in the world, causing rigorous damage to reinforced concrete
structures. The bond between the structural elements and masonry in-fills of the building is habitually effected by Earthquake. The
voids between horizontal and vertical resisting elements of the building frame is filled by Masonry in-fills. An infill wall enhances
considerably the strength and rigidity of the structure. It has apperceived that frames with in-fills have more vigor and rigidity
compared to the bare frames Hence this study is about the demeanor of 3D-RC frames with and without masonry in-fills utilizing
E-TABS. parameters were studied like displacement, lateral load distribution, stiffness and overturning moment of the frames and
it is concluded that, the in-fill walls are needed to be considered while designing phase of the structures.
Keywords: Earthquake load, 3D RC Frame, Masonry In-Fill
Deflection control in rcc beams by using mild steel strips (an experimental i...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses an experimental investigation into using mild steel strips as a composite material with traditional reinforced concrete beams to help control deflection.
2) Three types of beams were tested - a control RCC beam, and two beams with mild steel strips embedded vertically along the sides in different configurations to increase stiffness.
3) Preliminary results found that deflection was reduced by about 30% and strength increased by about 25% in the composite beams compared to the control beam.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Comparative Study on CFST and Steel Diagrid Structural System for High...IRJET Journal
This study compares the performance of composite cross-sectional steel tube (CFST) diagrid and steel diagrid structural systems for high-rise buildings under seismic loading. 12 building models of G+42 and G+30 storeys were analyzed using ETABS software. The buildings were located in different seismic zones with medium soil. Results showed that steel diagrid structures performed better than CFST diagrid structures, with steel diagrid exhibiting lower storey displacements and drifts. Diagrid structures in general were found to effectively distribute lateral loads and reduce the impact of dynamic loading on high-rise buildings.
Effect of modeling of infill walls on performance of multi story rc buildingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of modeling masonry infill walls in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. Three models of an 8-story building were analyzed: a bare frame, a frame with infill excluding the ground floor to create a soft story, and a frame with full infill. Nonlinear static pushover analysis was performed on the models. The results showed that modeling full infill improved seismic performance by increasing base shear and stiffness, distributing plastic hinges elastically throughout the structure. The bare frame and soft-story structure had plastic hinges form in the life safety to collapse prevention range, indicating poorer performance, while the full infill structure remained elastic. Therefore, modeling infill walls more
The document summarizes research on the effect of concentration on the structural and optical properties of copper sulfide (CuS) thin films deposited using chemical bath deposition. Thin films were deposited on glass substrates from aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of copper sulfate (0.05M to 0.15M). Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images showed that films deposited at 0.1M copper concentration had a uniform, compact, and homogeneous structure, while higher concentrations resulted in non-uniform and unstable films. Absorbance, transmittance, and band gap measurements showed the optical properties varied with concentration. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated crystallinity depended on copper concentration in the bath solution.
Growth and physical properties of pure and manganese doped strontium tartrate...eSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes the growth and characterization of pure and manganese-doped strontium tartrate trihydrate single crystals. Crystals were grown using the single diffusion gel growth technique by varying parameters like pH, concentration, and time. Crystals up to 10x5x3 mm in size were obtained. The crystals were characterized through techniques like PXRD, SXRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, PL, SHG, AAS, hardness, and TGA measurements. The crystals were found to be monoclinic, optically transparent, mechanically soft, and thermally stable up to 100°C. Manganese doping was found to increase PL yield and SHG efficiency.
Impact resistance capacity of a green ultra high performance hybrid fibre rei...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the impact resistance capacity of an ultra-high performance hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (UHPHFRC). The concrete mixtures were designed using a modified particle packing model to achieve a dense matrix using a relatively low binder content of around 620 kg/m3. Steel fibres were added in varying proportions of long and short fibres. Impact testing was performed using a modified Charpy test and the results showed that long steel fibres improved the impact resistance capacity the most. Additionally, the failure mechanism under impact loading was analyzed and a model was developed that could predict the energy absorption capacity of the UHPHFRC samples.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
IRJET- A Review of Seismic Analysis of Shear Wall Optimization for Multi-...IRJET Journal
This document reviews seismic analysis of shear wall optimization in multi-storey buildings. It discusses different positions of shear walls, including at the middle, corners, and center of structures. Studies show shear walls improve structural performance under seismic loads by increasing stiffness and strength. Placing shear walls at the corners provides the highest reliability by minimizing drift, while a central location increases base shear and period. Properly designed and detailed shear walls improve earthquake resistance and are widely used in seismic regions.
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
This document analyzes the seismic behavior of high damping rubber bearings used for base isolation of structures. It describes modeling a rubber bearing in ANSYS and performing a transient analysis using the displacement time history from the 1940 El Centro earthquake. The analysis found that the bearing could withstand displacements up to 350% of the rubber layer thickness without cavitation occurring in the rubber. Stresses induced in the bearing remained below permissible limits, indicating it could effectively isolate structures from ground motions up to 0.3g accelerations.
Static Analysis of Masonry Infilled R.C.Frame With &Without Opening Including...IOSR Journals
Masonry infill is considered as a non-structural element in all type of buildings where masonry use.
But, masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase initial stiffness and strength of reinforced concrete (RC)
frame buildings. This Open First storey is also termed as “Soft Storey”. The upper storeys have brick infilled
wall panels with various opening percentage in it. In many cities of India, it is very common to leave the first
storey of masonry infilled reinforcement concrete (RC) frame building open preliminary to generate parking
space or any other usage in the first storey. Such buildings are highly undesirable in seismically active areas. In
the present study, it is an attempt to access the performance of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames
with soft storey of with and without opening. In this paper, symmetrical frame of college building (G+5) located
in seismic zone-III is considered by modelling of initial frame. According to FEMA-273, & ATC-40 which
contain the provisions of calculation of stiffness of infilled frames by modelling infill as“Equivalent Diagonal
Strut Method”. Therefore, the infill panels are modelled as equivalent diagonal strut method. The error
involved in modelling such buildings as neglecting the presence of infills in the upper storeys, is brought out
through the study of an example building with different analytical models. This linear static analysis is to be
carried out on the models such as Strut frame with 15%, 20%, & 25% centre &corner opening, which is
performed by using computer software STAAD-Pro from which different parameters are computed. In which it
shows that how infill panels increase the stiffness of the structure. While the increase in the opening percentage
leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. This paper highlights the importance of the presence
of the open first storey in the analysis of the building
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of RCC Building Resting on Sloping Ground Adjacen...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic analysis of a reinforced concrete building resting on sloping ground adjacent to a deep excavation. The study uses 2D seismic analysis via the response spectrum method in SAP 2000 software to analyze the building's behavior. Models of the building resting on medium and soft soil are analyzed considering different distances (1m, 2m, 3m) between the excavation and building, with the excavation depth being 6m. Results in terms of displacement are obtained and compared for different soil types and distances. The analysis finds that displacement decreases as the distance between the excavation and building increases. It also finds that supporting the excavation with sheet piles reduces displacement compared to an unsupported excavation, and
Behavioural Study of RC Flat Plate Multi-Storey Building Persuaded By Stiffne...IJERA Editor
With a very swift development in urban areas the framed structures which are infilled by brick masonry or
concrete blocks are widely used as partition walls and also exterior walls. Masonry infill walls are common
element in structural system which modifies the conduction of building under the lateral load. These structures
resist the moderate earthquakes and accomplish well in such a prime manner that even if they have no load
bearing function. Evidently, during the time of resolution of such a multi-storey structure, the infilled frame is
considered as bare frame, because IS codes do not provide any guide lines for the analysis and design of RC
frames with infill wall. This paper addresses the numerical study of G+10 RC flat plate framed building with
different cases i.e, soft story at ground level (Basement), with soft story at 5th floor level, without soft storey and
bare frame building by using ETABS as soft computing tool. All these cases are analyzed for equivalent static
method and Response spectrum method. By this, dynamic properties are evaluated and according to the results
obtained conclusions are drawn
IRJET- Significance of Shear Wall in Multistory Building with Seismic Ana...IRJET Journal
1) Shear walls significantly improve the stiffness and strength of multi-story buildings during earthquakes by resisting lateral forces.
2) Analysis of a multi-story building model with and without shear walls using ETABS software showed that the building with shear walls experienced less story drift and displacement under seismic loads.
3) The optimal location of shear walls is at the center of the building to maximize stiffness and minimize lateral sway during an earthquake.
A comparative study of the effect of infill walls on seismic performance of reiIAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study on the effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings. It summarizes different approaches to modeling infill walls as equivalent diagonal struts, including elastic analysis, ultimate load, plastic analysis, and finite element analysis approaches. The key findings are that infill walls reduce displacements and time period while increasing base shear. Modeling the strength and stiffness of infill walls is important for accurately analyzing seismic behavior, as ignoring infill walls can lead to unconservative design of soft-story buildings.
The document analyzes the blast resistance of structures through modeling and analysis. It studies a 12-story reinforced concrete building model subjected to different blast loads. Four different structural models are analyzed: conventional frame, increased member sizes, addition of corner shear walls, and addition of corner steel bracing. The models are analyzed under blast loads of 100kg and 300kg at standoff distances of 20m and 30m. Results show time periods and frequencies varying between the models, with the conventional frame having the highest time periods. Addition of shear walls reduces time periods the most. The study concludes variations could be analyzed for unsymmetrical structures.
Seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frame with steel bracingsTin Bui Van
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 10-story reinforced concrete frame building with and without steel bracing through computer modeling. Three cases are considered: a bare frame (Case 1), a frame with bracing in the middle bays (Case 2), and a frame with bracing at the corners (Case 3). Results show that Case 2 with middle bracing has the lowest time period, displacements, and drift, indicating it best resists earthquake forces by increasing the lateral stiffness of the frame. While the bare frame has the lowest base shear, the addition of bracing in Cases 2 and 3 significantly improves the seismic performance of the building.
IRJET-Performance Improvement of Split Air Conditioner using Evaporative Cool...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of a 5-storey reinforced concrete building with different shear wall arrangements, with and without a central cross shear wall. 7 models of the building were analyzed using STAAD Pro software. Parameters like base shear, storey drift, nodal displacement, and maximum reactions were compared. Results showed that providing shear walls increases base shear and stiffness, reducing storey drift and nodal displacement. Maximum base shear and reactions occurred for models with shear walls at corners and in the middle. Models with a central cross shear wall generally performed better in resisting seismic loads.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...eSAT Journals
Abstract Moderate and astringent earthquakes have struck different places in the world, causing rigorous damage to reinforced concrete
structures. The bond between the structural elements and masonry in-fills of the building is habitually effected by Earthquake. The
voids between horizontal and vertical resisting elements of the building frame is filled by Masonry in-fills. An infill wall enhances
considerably the strength and rigidity of the structure. It has apperceived that frames with in-fills have more vigor and rigidity
compared to the bare frames Hence this study is about the demeanor of 3D-RC frames with and without masonry in-fills utilizing
E-TABS. parameters were studied like displacement, lateral load distribution, stiffness and overturning moment of the frames and
it is concluded that, the in-fill walls are needed to be considered while designing phase of the structures.
Keywords: Earthquake load, 3D RC Frame, Masonry In-Fill
Deflection control in rcc beams by using mild steel strips (an experimental i...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses an experimental investigation into using mild steel strips as a composite material with traditional reinforced concrete beams to help control deflection.
2) Three types of beams were tested - a control RCC beam, and two beams with mild steel strips embedded vertically along the sides in different configurations to increase stiffness.
3) Preliminary results found that deflection was reduced by about 30% and strength increased by about 25% in the composite beams compared to the control beam.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Comparative Study on CFST and Steel Diagrid Structural System for High...IRJET Journal
This study compares the performance of composite cross-sectional steel tube (CFST) diagrid and steel diagrid structural systems for high-rise buildings under seismic loading. 12 building models of G+42 and G+30 storeys were analyzed using ETABS software. The buildings were located in different seismic zones with medium soil. Results showed that steel diagrid structures performed better than CFST diagrid structures, with steel diagrid exhibiting lower storey displacements and drifts. Diagrid structures in general were found to effectively distribute lateral loads and reduce the impact of dynamic loading on high-rise buildings.
Effect of modeling of infill walls on performance of multi story rc buildingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of modeling masonry infill walls in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. Three models of an 8-story building were analyzed: a bare frame, a frame with infill excluding the ground floor to create a soft story, and a frame with full infill. Nonlinear static pushover analysis was performed on the models. The results showed that modeling full infill improved seismic performance by increasing base shear and stiffness, distributing plastic hinges elastically throughout the structure. The bare frame and soft-story structure had plastic hinges form in the life safety to collapse prevention range, indicating poorer performance, while the full infill structure remained elastic. Therefore, modeling infill walls more
The document summarizes research on the effect of concentration on the structural and optical properties of copper sulfide (CuS) thin films deposited using chemical bath deposition. Thin films were deposited on glass substrates from aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of copper sulfate (0.05M to 0.15M). Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images showed that films deposited at 0.1M copper concentration had a uniform, compact, and homogeneous structure, while higher concentrations resulted in non-uniform and unstable films. Absorbance, transmittance, and band gap measurements showed the optical properties varied with concentration. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated crystallinity depended on copper concentration in the bath solution.
Growth and physical properties of pure and manganese doped strontium tartrate...eSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes the growth and characterization of pure and manganese-doped strontium tartrate trihydrate single crystals. Crystals were grown using the single diffusion gel growth technique by varying parameters like pH, concentration, and time. Crystals up to 10x5x3 mm in size were obtained. The crystals were characterized through techniques like PXRD, SXRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, PL, SHG, AAS, hardness, and TGA measurements. The crystals were found to be monoclinic, optically transparent, mechanically soft, and thermally stable up to 100°C. Manganese doping was found to increase PL yield and SHG efficiency.
Impact resistance capacity of a green ultra high performance hybrid fibre rei...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the impact resistance capacity of an ultra-high performance hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (UHPHFRC). The concrete mixtures were designed using a modified particle packing model to achieve a dense matrix using a relatively low binder content of around 620 kg/m3. Steel fibres were added in varying proportions of long and short fibres. Impact testing was performed using a modified Charpy test and the results showed that long steel fibres improved the impact resistance capacity the most. Additionally, the failure mechanism under impact loading was analyzed and a model was developed that could predict the energy absorption capacity of the UHPHFRC samples.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
Human action recognition using local space time features and adaboost svmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance evaluation of path loss parameters for broadcasting applicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses investigating the behavior of a 3 degree of freedom spring mass damper system subjected to transient loads. It presents two models of the system with different damper configurations and derives the governing equations. The velocities and energies (kinetic and potential) of the oscillators are estimated by solving the equations for an exponential decaying, constant, and partial load over time. The results show the contribution of kinetic energy is minimal for oscillator 2 in all cases, while potential energy and contributions from oscillators 1 and 3 depend on the load type.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Efficient distributed detection of node replication attacks in mobile sensor ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A comparative study of physical attacks on wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes approaches to numerically solving fuzzy differential equations. It begins by introducing fuzzy differential equations and discussing previous work in the area. It then defines key concepts related to fuzzy sets, fuzzy derivatives, and quasi-differential equations. The document proposes using finite difference methods to build fuzzy analogs for solving initial-boundary value problems involving fuzzy differential equations. It describes setting up spatial and temporal grids and defining discrete fuzzy number solutions that approximate the exact solutions to the fuzzy differential equations.
Intelligent computing techniques on medical image segmentation and analysis a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Pca based support vector machine technique for volatility forecastingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses using principal component analysis (PCA) as a feature extraction technique combined with support vector machines (SVM) for volatility forecasting of stock market data. PCA is used to extract features from the volatility time series that describe the varying risk estimates. These features are then fed into an SVM model with a Gaussian kernel to perform nonlinear classification and forecasting. The proposed PCA+SVM technique is evaluated on real stock market benchmark datasets and shown to perform better than SVM alone for volatility forecasting.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Case study on slender multi storey rc building with brick infilleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of modulus of masonry on initial lateral stiffness of infilled frames ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic performance study on rc wall buildings from pushover analysiseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic evaluation of mutistorey building with soft storeyeSAT Journals
ABSTRACT Most of the reinforced concrete (RC) structures are not designed to resist major or moderate earthquakes. The designs of such building are regularly done by using gravity loading without considering the earthquake load. Thus these buildings are vulnerable during the event of an earthquake.. In present study bare frame and soft storey are modeled considering special and ordinary moment resisting frame (SMRF & OMRF) for medium soil profile under zone III. The masonry infill panels were modeled as equivalent diagonal strut seven and ten storey buildings are considered to represent medium and high rise buildings , equivalent static and response spectrum analysis was performed on bare frame, infill frames as brick and infill frame as solid concrete block using SAP 2000 V15 software. Nonlinear static pushover analysis carried out for default-hinge properties, M, PM, V and P hinges are applied to beam, column and strut available in some programs based on the FEMA-356 and ATC-40 guidelines. While such documents provide the hinge properties for several ranges of detailing, programs may implement averaged values. The performance of building frames were compared with bare frame, in terms of ductility, safety, and stiffness. The investigation concludes that the performance of the buildings having non-ductile moment resisting frames can be improved by adding infill walls and SMRF building models are found more resistant to earthquake loads as compared to the OMRF building models in terms of performance level, performance point and hinging variation the performance of building for OMRF lies in LS to CP range where as SMRF are found under life safety range ,this shows in high seismicity region the ductile detailing must be adopted to avoid the vulnerability of building for tremor loads.
Key Words: Soft Storey, OMRF, SMRF, Pushover Analysis, Ductility, Stiffness, Performance Levels
Evaluation of the use of concentric steel bracing to improve seismic performa...eSAT Journals
Abstract Most of the existing RC frame structures were not designed to withstand seismic effect. To meet those criteria structures should be retrofitted and out of all available retrofitting techniques adding steel braces are considered to be most efficient technique to enhance the seismic performance of the RC frame structure. In the present study three types of buildings are considered i.e., (G+2), (G+5), (G+8) as low rise, medium rise, high rise respectively, and these buildings are assigned by four different types of braces namely X, V, Inverted V, Eccen Forward at the periphery bays of the building in three different pattern i.e., model A, model B and model C. And these buildings are analyzed by nonlinear pushover analysis by using SAP2000.It is observed that the hinges were first formed in beams and followed by columns in bare frame whereas hinges were first formed in braces and followed by columns and followed by beams in case of X, Eccen forward brace and in case of V and inverted V hinges are formed first in brace followed by beams and followed by columns. It is pointed out that RC frames which are assigned with inverted V brace has least shear force and bending moment in the beams when compared to the other brace frames and there is less amount of variations in axial force shear force and bending moment in case of column. Keywords: equivalent static analysis, steel braces, equivalent strut method
“Analysis and design of multi storeyed load bearing reinforced masonry struct...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a multi-storey reinforced masonry residential building. It describes calculating loads, designing load-bearing wall elements for axial and eccentric loads, performing lateral load analysis for wind and seismic loads, and designing wall elements for shear. Key steps included distributing lateral loads based on wall stiffness, calculating wind and seismic loads, and determining required shear reinforcement. The design found that a masonry prism strength of 7.5MPa with nominal reinforcement was adequate to resist combined loads on the load-bearing masonry structure.
Evaluation of fnp for rc frame with brick infilleSAT Journals
Abstract The RC multistoryedframe buildings are commonly built with brick masonry as infill walls.Window and entryway openings are unavoidable piece of the infill dividers. The vicinity of openings in infill dividers fundamentally lessens the parallel quality and solidness of RC casings. The fundamental natural period (FNP) of the building with infill panels depend on strength and stiffness of these infill. The strength and stiffness effect of the infill walls are not considered in any of the seismic codes across the world for calculating FNP. An attempt is made in the present paper to evaluate a new empirical formula by method of least squares (MLS), considering the stiffness of the infill walls and number of bays and storeys. The analysis is carried using SAP v14.2 for gravity and seismic loading. Gravity analysis is carried out as per IS 456: 2000 code provisions. Seismic analysis is carried out as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 procedures for multistoryed ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) buildings. All the models are constructed in seismic zone IV.The FNP results by MLS are compared with periods obtained from empirical formulae prescribed in seismic codes across the world.The authors conclude that, FNPs obtained by MLS are accurate than the FNPs calculated from the empirical formulae given in seismic codes considered in the paper. KeyWords: Fundamental Natural Period, Infill Frame, Method of Least Square, OMRF, Seismic Code
Effect of stiffeners on the lateral stiffness of infill frames with openingseSAT Publishing House
This document presents research on the effect of stiffeners on the lateral stiffness of masonry infilled frames with openings. It first provides background on the structural contribution of masonry infills and challenges in modeling infill frames with openings. The study then analyzes infill frames with different types of stiffeners around openings, including lintel bands, using finite element analysis in ANSYS. Results show that providing stiffeners, especially thicker lintel bands, increases the lateral stiffness of frames with openings compared to unstiffened frames. Stiffness is found to decrease with larger opening sizes but can be greater than solid infill frames when stiffened. The research concludes that stiffeners effectively compensate for the reduced stiffness
Study of lateral load resisting systems of variable heights in all soil types...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different lateral load resisting systems (shear walls and bracing) at variable heights (15m, 30m, 45m, 60m, 75m) in high seismic zone V for all soil types. Finite element software was used to model multi-story buildings with a square plan of 20m x 20m and 5m bays. Response spectrum analysis was conducted according to Indian codes to determine seismic parameters like base shear, lateral displacements, and drifts. The objectives were to compare these parameters for bare frames and frames with shear walls or bracing at different heights in order to evaluate their effectiveness in resisting earthquake effects.
Study of lateral load resisting systems of variable heights in all soil types...eSAT Journals
Abstract From the ancient time we know earthquake is a disaster causing event. Recent days structures are becoming more and more slender and more susceptible to sway and hence dangerous in the earthquake. Researchers and engineers have worked out in the past to make the structures as earthquake resistant. After many practical studies it has shown that use of lateral load resisting systems in the building configuration has tremendously improved the performance of the structure in earthquake. In present research we have used square grid of 20m in each direction of 5m bay in each direction, software used is ETABS 9.7.0, the work has been carried out for the different cases using shear wall and bracings for the different heights, maximum height considered for the present study is 75m. The modeling is done to examine the effect of different cases along with different heights on seismic parameters like base shear, lateral displacements and lateral drifts. The study has been carried out for the Zone V and all types of soils as specified in IS 1893-2002. Keywords: Bare Frame, Bracings, Shear Walls, Lateral Load Resisting Systems, Response Spectrum Method, Lateral Displacements, Drifts, Time Period, Base Shear, Seismic Zone, Soft soil
Comparison of bracings and shear walls as seismic strengthening methods to bu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Review on Stressed Skin Behaviour of Steel Façade FrameIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the stressed skin behavior of steel facade frames. Some key findings include:
1) Introducing steel cladding to a facade frame, and connecting it with fasteners, increases the overall stiffness of the frame and allows it to resist lateral loads through stressed skin action.
2) Factors like the number and gauge of fasteners, frame dimensions, and cladding type influence the strength and deformability of the stressed skin system.
3) Finite element analysis confirmed that stressed skin behavior reduces calculated frame stresses and deformations compared to an unclad frame.
Optimisation of earth quake response of tall building by using different fram...eSAT Journals
Abstract In India reinforced concrete structures are mostly used since this is the most convenient & economic system for low-rise buildings. However, for medium to high-rise buildings this type of structure is no longer economic because of increased dead load, less stiffness, span restriction and hazardous formwork. So the Structural engineers are facing the challenge of striving for the most efficient and economical design solution. Also Earthquake engineering should be extended to the design of earthquake sensitive tall buildings. Use of composite material is of particular interest, due to its significant potential in improving the overall performance through rather modest changes in manufacturing and constructional technologies. In India, many consulting engineers are reluctant to accept the use of composite steel-concrete structure because of its unfamiliarity and complexity in its analysis and design. But literature says that if properly configured, then composite steel-concrete system can provide extremely economical structural systems with high durability, rapid erection and superior seismic performance characteristics. This paper discusses Optimization of Earth quack response of tall building by using different types of framing system over the height of the building . So to optimize the earth quack response, a Ten story Combined model ( R.C.C, Composite and Steel frames) is developed and analyzed by using ETABS ; it proves that the combined model is better option. Key Words: Composite structure, Tall Building and Steel structures
Passive control of structures using sliding isolators at intermediate floor l...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Comparative Seismic Evaluation of Response of RC Building with Shear W...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative seismic evaluation of a 15-story reinforced concrete building with different bracing systems, including shear walls, X-bracing, V-bracing, and combined V-bracing. Three models are analyzed: an unbraced frame, frames with bracing at corner bays, and frames with bracing at the 3rd and 5th bays. Response spectrum analysis is conducted using ETABS software to determine seismic parameters like maximum displacement, drift, base shear, and time period. Results show that shear walls and bracing systems reduce displacement and drift compared to an unbraced frame, with shear walls performing the best in minimizing seismic response.
Performance based seismic evaluation of G+3 RC buildings with openings in inf...AM Publications
The RC frame structures with infill walls are frequently used in multistoreyed buildings in recent past. Window and
door openings are inevitable part of the infill walls. The presence of openings in infill walls considerably reduces the lateral
strength and stiffness of RC frames. In the present study two-dimensional four storeyed reinforced concrete (RC) building
models are considered with different sizes of openings (15%, 25%, and 35%). Bare frame and soft storey buildings are modeled
considering special moment resisting frame (SMRF) for medium soil profile under zone III. Concrete block infill walls are
modelled as pin-jointed single equivalent diagonal strut. Pushover analysis is carried out for both default and user defined
hinge properties as per FEMA 440 guidelines using SAP2000 software. Results of default and user defined hinge properties
are studied by pushover analysis. The results of ductility ratio, safety ratio, global stiffness, and hinge status at performance
point are compared with the models. Authors conclude that as the percentage of openings increases, vulnerability increases in
the infill walls. Earthquake code procedure should be considered during the design of the structure. User defined hinge models
are more successful in capturing the hinging mechanism compared to the default hinge models.
IRJET- Behaviour of Concrete Columns by using Biaxial Geogrid EncasementIRJET Journal
The document presents research on using biaxial geogrid encasement to reinforce concrete columns as an alternative to traditional steel reinforcement cages. Three types of column specimens were tested: 1) traditionally reinforced with rebar, 2) reinforced with geogrid and longitudinal rebar, and 3) reinforced with only geogrid. Test results showed the geogrid-reinforced columns had 5% and 29% lower load capacity than the rebar and hybrid systems, respectively. Finite element analysis found stresses in the traditional system were higher than the other systems. In conclusion, geogrid reinforcement provided some confinement and reduced construction complexity, but did not match the strength of a rebar cage.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Rc Structure with Different Infill MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document compares the seismic performance of a G+5 reinforced concrete building with different infill materials through structural analysis. It models the building with conventional brick infill, conventional brick infill with partitions, autoclaved aerated concrete block infill, and autoclaved aerated concrete block infill with partitions. The analysis finds that using light weight autoclaved aerated concrete blocks results in lower base shear forces, steel reinforcement requirements, footing reactions, and displacements compared to conventional brick infill. This indicates that a building with autoclaved aerated concrete block infill provides better seismic performance.
Similar to Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced concrete masonry in filled frames (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
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Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced concrete masonry in filled frames
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 16 | ICPECDM-2014 | Dec-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 120
EFFECT OF LINTEL AND LINTEL BAND ON THE GLOBAL
PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MASONRY IN-
FILLED FRAMES
S Bhargavi1
, Ramancharla Pradeep Kumar2
1
MS by Research Scholar, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information
Technology, Hyderabad
2
Professor, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
Abstract
Door and window openings are unavoidable components in RC masonry in-filled frames because of functional and ventilation
requirements. The presence of openings in RC masonry in-filled frames reduces the lateral stiffness and strength of the wall,
which modifies the actual behavior of structure. If these openings are located in the restricted zones like areas within middle two
thirds of a wall panel, then the wall needs to be strengthened by providing necessary structural elements such as lintel or lintel
bands (i.e., horizontal/vertical bands) around them. Lack of such strengthening techniques may cause the structure to undergo
severe damage during the seismic excitations. In this paper, the change in response of RC masonry infilled frames due to the
presence of lintels and lintel bands above the openings is studied. For studying the behavior of the frames, static non-linear
pushover analysis using Applied Element Method (AEM) based analysis tool has been used.
Keywords: Unreinforced brick masonry infill walls, Lintel, Horizontal bands, Vertical bands, Static non-linear
pushover analysis, and Applied Element Method and Finite Element method.
-------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete buildings have gained huge popularity
due to various reasons like increase in demand to aesthetic
appearance of a building, partition wall requirements, easy
applicability in RC frames and low cost. Out of all the kinds
of masonry units used for construction, brick masonry is one
of the most commonly used materials till date in many parts
of the world. Though these infill walls are inevitable, they
are considered as non structural elements according to the
existing standard codes of practice in many countries.
During strong ground motions, the infill brick wall may lose
its stability, leading to change in seismic behavior of a
building as a whole.
Various studies have been carried out to understand the
behavior of infilled frames but the effect of openings (i.e.,
Door(s) and window(s)) and presence of lintel or lintel
bands above the openings are not much studied and are
rather neglected in the analysis and design procedures.
Lintel is a horizontal beam made up either of stone, wood,
steel or reinforced concrete (usually) or pre-tensioned
concrete to support the masonry material present above the
opening. These are responsible to transfer the load vertically
to the supporting walls (Figure 1(a)). Horizontal bands (at
sill and lintel) are provided in the masonry structure to hold
the walls in place at the time of seismic events (Figure 1(b)).
The presence of openings, lintels and lintel bands at the
different positions in the wall changes the lateral load
transfer mechanism in the structure and may lead to weak
infill behavior. The presence of lintels and lintel bands may
lead to various effects especially the short column effect and
change in the design forces on different structural elements.
(a)
(b)
Fig 1: (a) Lintel (b) Lintel Band
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From the review of past research work, it has been observed
that the presence of infill may avoid the collapse of building
by reducing storey drift and increasing lateral load carrying
capacity of frame [2]. Experimental study carried out by
[12] on RC frame with brick masonry infill has shown that
the damage pattern of the structure depends on interaction
between the frame and brick infill, and also on the relative
strengths of RC frame and the infill panels. The combination
of RC frame and brick infill should be in such a way that the
energy given by the earthquake is dissipated in the form of
brick infill failure, as it can be easily repaired. Presence of
strong brick infill may lead to severe damage in RC
members, which are the main components of the structure
and hence need greater attention in retrofitting them. In the
case of RC frames with unreinforced brick masonry in-fills,
strengthening of bare frame with brick infill can lead to
undesirable huge damage, as the performance of brick infill
depends on the relative capacities of beams and columns.
On the other hand, in the case of RC frames with reinforced
brick masonry in-fills, the plaster thickness and
reinforcement meshing in infill can also increase the lateral
strength of frame provided that the frame members are
designed for the additional forces due to the presence of
brick infill [11]. The Indian Standards [9] and [10] provides
sizes and details of the bands.
This paper aims in understanding the seismic behavior of
RC masonry infilled frames with lintel and lintel band above
the central opening. A Case study is carried out by
considering a single bay single storey RC structure with
infill wall and a central opening. Pushover analysis is
performed on the frame considering four types of infilled
frames viz., (a) frame with masonry infill without opening
(Figure 2(a)) (b) frame with opening but without lintel and
lintel band (Figure 2(b)) (c) frame with lintel above the
central opening (Figure 2(c)) and (d) frame with lintel band
above opening (Figure 2(d)) and interpretations are derived.
2. MODELING
In this study, a single bay single storey non-ductile RC
infilled frame is considered and four different types of infill
frames were considered (i) RC in-filled frame with no
openings (Figure 2(a)) (ii) RC infilled frame with central
opening but without lintel or lintel band (Figure 2(b)) (iii)
RC infilled frame with lintel above the opening (Figure 2(c))
and (iv) RC infilled with lintel band above the opening
(Figure 2(d)). The material properties and the structural
details are given in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively.
Fig 2: (a) Frame with masonry infill without opening (b) Frame with opening but without lintel and lintel band (c) Frame with
lintel above the central opening and (d) Frame with lintel band above the central opening
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Table 1: Material Properties
Compressive strength of concrete (fck) in RC frame 40 MPa
Compressive strength of concrete (fck) in Lintel and Band 20MPa
Yield stress in steel (fy) 415 MPa
Poisson’s ratio of concrete (γ) 0.2
Compressive strength of brick masonry (fb) 5 MPa
Tensile strength of brick masonry (ft) 0.5 MPa
Compressive strength of mortar (fm) 3.5 MPa
Friction angle in mortar (radians) 0.75
Cohesion (c) 0.250 MPa
Table 2: Structural Details
Bay width 3.8 m
Height 3.15 m
No of bays 1
Opening Size 1.1m x 0.9 m
Column size 0.25 m x 0.25 m
Lintel 0.25 m x 0.1 m
Lintel Length 1.5 m
Lintel Band 0.25 m x 0.1 m
Beam size 0.15 m x 0.25 m
Brick size 0.2 m x 0.1m x 0.1 m
According to code provision only those walls with an opening area of less than 10% of the gross panel area are considered as
resisting seismic loads. In this study opening area of 8% of the gross panel area is considered. The frame is designed in all four
models according to IS: 456-2000. 100mm thick R.C.C. lintels and lintel bands are considered over the 2m high brick walls. Two
bars of 16mm diameter are provided, tied across with steel links of 8mm diameter at a spacing of 118mm centers as shown in Fig
3.
Fig 3: Reinforcement detailing of (a) Column (b) Beam (c) Lintel and Lintel band
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3. METHODOLOGY
Applied Element Method (AEM) was first developed by
[14] on RC frames and later continued by [13] for its
applicability to brick masonry units. In this methodology,
the brick masonry is considered as combination of brick
units and mortar units. The interaction between the brick
units and the masonry units is established with the help of
assumed virtual pair of springs in two directions; one normal
and the other shear (Figure 4(a)). Each spring is defined
with a failure criteria specified on principal stresses (Figure
4(b)). The forces/stresses in the elements are calculated
using the forces/stresses in springs connected between them.
The global stiffness matrix generated using connectivity
matrix is used to calculate the deformation in three degrees
of freedom defined at the centre of each element for a 2D
problem.
Non linear static pushover analysis is used to know the
performance and collapse pattern of infill frame. It is an
incremental static analysis used to determine the force
displacement relationship, or the capacity curve for a
structure. The analysis involves applying horizontal loads, in
a prescribed pattern, onto the structure incrementally;
pushing the structure and plotting the total applied lateral
force and associated lateral displacement at each interval,
until the structure achieves collapse condition. A plot of the
total base shear vs. roof displacement in a structure is
obtained by this analysis that would indicate any premature
failure or weakness.
Displacement controlled pushover analysis is performed on
all the four RC infilled frames which are modeled using
AEM. A target displacement of 1.5% drift is applied on to
the structure in positive x direction and distributed as
standard recommendations [3] (Figure 5 to 8).
Displacement controlled pushover analysis is performed on
all the four RC infilled frames which are modeled using
AEM. A target displacement of 1.5% drift is applied on to
the structure in positive x direction and distributed as
standard recommendations [3] (Figure 5 to 8).
Fig 4: (a) Discretization of brick masonry using unit springs and joint/mortar springs (b) Failure criteria for joint/mortar springs
5. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
The capacity curve characteristics for all the models are presented and are compared mainly in terms of strength degradation and
stiffness degradation. The status of the structure at different stages of pushover analysis is shown on the curve indicated with
numbers for sequence. The location of the crack is indicated by white colored lines in the brick masonry wall.
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Fig 5: Pushover curve for frame with masonry infill without openings
Fig 6: Pushover curve for frame with opening but without lintel and lintel band
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
BaseShear(kN)
Drift %
Full-Wall
1
2
3 4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5 6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
BaseShear(kN)
Drift %
Opening
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
5
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Fig 7: Pushover curve for frame with lintel above the central opening
Fig 8: Pushover curve for and frame with lintel band above the central opening
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
BaseShear(kN)
Drift %
Lintel
1
1
2
2
3
3 4
4
5
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
BaseShear(kN)
Drift %
Lintel Band
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
5
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The initial stiffness and strength of the four frames are quantitatively shown in Table 3. From the table it is observed that the in-
filled frame with no openings have about 27% higher Stiffness and 32% higher strength when compared to the frame with
opening, which focus the reduction of stiffness and strength due to the presence of openings. Similarly an increase of 5.5%, 13%
strength and 2.3%, 8% stiffness is observed for in-filled frame with lintel and lintel band above opening compared to without
lintel and lintel band in-filled frame with opening.
Table 4: Comparison of parameters
S.No Frame Type Initial Stiffness(kN/m) Max Base Shear (kN) Displacement @
Max Base Shear (m) (Drift)
1. Full Wall 4.05 x105
496.60 0.0020 (0.06%)
2. Opening 2.97 x105
339.00 0.0078 (0.25%)
3. Lintel 3.04 x105
358.40 0.0102 (0.32%)
4. Lintel Band 3.22 x105
387.90 0.0065 (0.21%)
From the
Table 5, it is observed that the in-filled frame without openings have about 24.5%,12% increase in base shear at 0.2, 0.6 drift and
5.9% decrease at 0.4 drift compared to in-filled frame with openings. Similarly an increase of 1.6%, 13.5% at 0.2 drift, 0.2%,
3.9% at0.4 drift and 12.4%, 17.2% at 0.6 drift of in-filled frame with lintel and lintel band above opening is observed compared to
in-filled frame with opening. In the case of in-filled frame with lintel band above opening an increase in base shear of 12% at 0.2
drift, 3.7% at 0.4 drift and 5.5% at 0.6 drift is observed compared to in-filled frame with lintel above opening.
Table 5: Comparison of Base Shear at different Drift values
S.No Frame Type Base Shear
@ 0.2% Drift
Base Shear
@ 0.4 % Drift
Base Shear
@ 0.6% Drift
1. Full Wall 431.33 321.20 350.44
2. Opening 326.00 341.20 308.50
3. Lintel 331.25 341.90 353.20
4. Lintel Band 376.75 354.90 372.30
Under lateral in-plane loading of an infill frame with
opening, high compressive stresses formed across the
diagonal of an infill. Transverse to these principal
compressive stresses and strains are tensile strains. When
the tensile strain exceed the cracking strain of the infill
panel material lead to diagonal cracking, as shown in Fig 6
in stage1. These cracks commence at the corners of opening
of the infill and run parallel to the compression diagonal as
shown in Fig 6 in stage 2. As inter-story drifts increase, the
diagonal cracks tend to propagate until they extend from one
corner to the diagonally opposite corner in Fig 6 in stage3.
This common form of cracking is evident in infill panels
with lintel and lintel band above opening as shown in Fig 7
and Fig 8 from stage1 to stage3 that have been subjected to
lateral loads and occur with bed-joint sliding as shown in
Fig 6 to Fig 8 in stage 3 and stage 4. Bed-joint sliding is
likely to occur when the bounding frame is strong and
flexible. The mortar beds are relatively weak compared to
the adjacent brick masonry units, a plane of weakness forms,
near the mid-height level of the infill panel. Damage is in
the form of minor crushing. Corner compression occurs
because of the high stress concentrations at each corner of
the compression diagonal. As concrete frames are resistance
to applied force is less, corner crushing is more extensive
and the damage extended into the concrete frame itself. As
inter-story drifts increase, corner crushing becomes more
pronounced as shown in Fig 6 to Fig 8 stage5. When this
happens, crushing propagates towards the center of the
column as shown in figures. Therefore, energy is
continuously dissipated via Coulomb friction. The ductility
of in-filled frame with lintel band is more compared to the
in-filled frame with lintel as shown in figures.
Load vs. displacement curve of RC masonry in-filled frame
is shown in Fig 9. From this plot it is clear that the initial
response of full wall i.e., infill without opening is higher
than the infill with opening. As the drift increases the post
peak response of full wall reduces. Due to the brittle
behaviour of unreinforced brick masonry compared to
reinforced brick masonry among four models response up to
peak of in-filled frame with lintel band above opening is
better compared to opening in-filled frame and in-filled
frame with lintel above opening. As drift increases post peak
response of in-filled frame with lintel band is better
compared to other three models due to its ductile behaviour.
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Fig 9: Comparison of pushover curves for the four types of infilled frames
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper four brick infilled masonry frames (Full wall,
with opening without lintel and lintel band, opening with
lintel and opening with lintel band) have been considered.
Displacement based pushover is conducted on these frame
to understand the effect of lintel and lintel band on overall
capacity of the frame. Stiffness, strength and deformation
capacities have been studied. It was observed that the in-
filled frame with no openings have higher stiffness and
strength compared to in-filled frame with opening. In-filled
frame with opening and without lintel and lintel band losses
greater initial stiffness and maximum strength when
compared to the in-filled frame with opening and with lintel
and lintel band above opening. The performance and
strength of in-filled frame with lintel band above opening is
higher compared to in-filled frame with lintel. Hence lintel
bands increases seismic performance of structure compared
to lintels. Therefore, in higher seismic zone areas, providing
lintel bands is suggested rather than providing lintels. The
conclusions should not be generalized because the numerical
experiments were conducted on only one frame.
REFERENCES
[1] Applied Technology Council (ATC-43 Project),
1999. Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete
and Masonry Wall Buildings—Basic Procedures
Manual, prepared for the partnership for Response
and Recovery, published by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency, FEMA-306, Washington D.C.
[2] Binici, B., Ozcebe, G., and Ozcelik, R. “Analysis
and design of FRP composites for seismic retrofit of
infill walls in reinforced concrete frames,” Compos.
Part B-Eng., 38, 575–583, 2007.
[3] FEMA 306 (1998). Evaluation of Earthquake
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
BaseShear(kN)
Drift %
Opening Lintel Band
Lintel Full Wall
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