International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A COMBINED CYCLE GAS TURBINE UNDER VARYING OPERATING ...meijjournal
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The combined cycle gas turbine integrates the Brayton cycle as topping cycle and the steam turbine
Rankine cycle as bottoming cycle in order to achieve higher thermal efficiency and proper utilization of
energy by minimizing the energy loss to a minimum. In this work, the effect of various operating
parameters such as maximum temperature and pressure of Rankine cycle, turbine inlet temperature and
pressure ratio of Brayton cycle on the net output work and thermal efficiency of the combine cycle are
investigated. The outcome of this work can be utilized in order to facilitate the design of a combined cycle
with higher efficiency and output work. A MATLAB simulation has been carried out to study the effects and
influences of the above mentioned parameters on the efficiency and work output.
This document describes mathematical models for simulating the temperature fields of gas turbine blades during convective cooling. It presents boundary integral equation methods (BIEM) and finite difference methods (FDM) for calculating the stationary and quasi-stationary temperature distribution on a blade profile with radial cooling channels. The BIEM approach formulates the problem as a system of boundary integral equations involving temperature values and heat transfer coefficients on the blade surface and cooling channel boundaries. Numerical methods are developed to solve these equations, including discrete logarithmic potential operators and non-uniform surface discretizations. The reliability of the proposed methods is confirmed through computational and experimental analysis of heat transfer for a gas turbine nozzle blade.
Simulation of gas turbine blade for enhancement of efficiency of gas turbine...IJMER
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As day by day population of the world is increasing and our resources are frequently reducing
hence to meet this demand of the world of energy we have to move to a device which have a maximum
efficiency for the condition turbo-machinery are better suited machines having a good efficiency, in
which a Gas turbine is best example of turbo- machinery Turbine is the part of gas turbine which provide
the power to compressor to run or provide power to external source from where energy can be extracted
by attaching alternator in the shaft of Gas turbine. As in earlier a lot of work have been done by the
researcher to increase the efficiency and standard of Gas turbine by the method of film cooling, coating,
and curvature of blade to protect the blade from high temperature of 1200 C° inside the Gas turbine to
increase the life of blade without considering about the efficiency of the engine As in this work is to
enhancement of efficiency of Gas turbine. Gas turbine blade is very important component of engine as
they are attached to both turbine or compressor and turbine provide energy to compressor hence the
turbine blade are more important component to enhance the efficiency which will be analyzed on the
basis of blade height area of fluid flow , area of blade thickness and angles . This simulation is based on
the define value of temperature pressure density of fluid and solid used in blade construction will be
meshed in ANSYS and calculation on the basis of FEM and the result from this calculation over the
temperature and fluid flow inside the gas turbine of different number of blade is studied will be compare
to reach high efficiency point. By determent these value output is formulated on graph chart and will be
studied and result obtain
This document describes a finite element analysis simulation of thermal and mechanical stresses on a piston from a marine diesel engine. The piston model was developed in SolidWorks and imported into ANSYS for simulation. Boundary conditions including combustion pressure, temperature-dependent material properties, and heat transfer coefficients were applied. The results found that the highest stress was the coupled thermal-mechanical stress, which was below the material yield stress even at elevated temperatures, indicating the piston design would withstand operating stresses. The analysis provides useful information for piston design optimization.
Comparative Study of ECONOMISER Using the CFD Analysis IJMER
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This paper presents a simulation of the economizer zone, which allowsstudying the flow
patterns developed in the fluid, while it flows along the length of the economizer. The past failure
details revelsthat erosion is more in U-bend areas of Economizer Unit because of increase in flue gas
velocity near these bends. But it isobserved that the velocity of flue gases surprisingly increases near
the lower bends as compared to upper ones. The model issolved using conventional CFD techniques by
FLUENT software. In which the individual tubes are treated as sub-gridfeatures. A geometrical model
is used to describe the multiplicity of heat-exchanging structures and the interconnectionsamong them.
The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is utilised for the creation of a three-dimensional
modelof the economizer coil of single column tube. With equilibrium assumption applied for
description of the system chemistry. The flue gastemperature, pressure and velocity field of fluid flow
within an economizer tube using the actual bounda
The document summarizes the fabrication and testing of a heat exchanger test rig. Key points:
- The test rig was designed and built to study a counter-flow tube heat exchanger using aluminum sheets and tubes.
- Finite element analysis was performed on the rig design to analyze stresses. Water was heated to 40°C and pumped through one side while tap water entered the other side.
- Effectiveness-NTU method was used to calculate theoretical outlet temperatures which were compared to experimental readings to determine error percentages.
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Graph 3. Variation of power and efficiency with pressure at temperature at 4500C
This document summarizes the results of a sensitivity analysis performed on a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for a GE 6FA gas turbine combined cycle power plant. The analysis varied the steam pressure from 40 to 62 atmospheres and steam temperature from 400 to 500 degrees Celsius to determine the optimal operating point. The maximum power and efficiency were achieved at different pressure-temperature combinations, with 58 atmospheres generally providing the best results for temperatures between 450-500 degrees Celsius. Graphs show the relationships between pressure, power, efficiency
Thermal Study of Fins In Light Weighted Automobile VehiclesIRJET Journal
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This document discusses the thermal study and design of fins on an automobile engine cylinder to maximize cooling. It begins by explaining that internal combustion engines are typically only around 50% efficient, with the remaining energy lost as heat. Fins are extended surfaces attached to the engine that increase surface area and facilitate convection to transfer this waste heat to the environment. The document then analyzes different fin designs and materials, provides empirical specifications for a Honda motorcycle engine studied through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, derives the governing fin heat transfer equation, and discusses mechanisms of convective heat transfer. It concludes that optimizing fin design can maximize engine cooling and efficiency based on parameters like heat transfer coefficients and material properties.
Natural convection heat transfer flow visualization of perforated fin arrays ...eSAT Journals
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Abstract
The present paper reports, the validation of results of modeling and simulation in CFD by experiment on the fluid flow and heat
transfer characteristics of a fin arrays with lateral circular perforation and its external dimensionally equivalent solid fin arrays
equipped on horizontal flat surface a problem of natural convection. The simulation is carried out using the fluid flow (CFX)
workbench of ANSYS 12.0. In this study, results shows that formation of the stagnant layer around the solid fin array which slowdowns
the heat dissipation rate. Increase in the fluid flow movement around the fin results increase in the heat dissipation rate. It can
be achieved by adding perforation to the fins. Natural convection is a buoyancy driven phenomenon; the state of the art of CFX was
used to carry the study of fluid flow separation and velocity field over a fin array. New designed perforated fins have an improvement
in average Nusselt number, over its external dimensionally equivalent solid fin arrays.
Keywords: CFD simulation, perforated fins, Natural convection, Heat sink, Nusselt number, Flow Visualization
IRJET- Analysis of Cooling Techniques of a Gas Turbine BladeIRJET Journal
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This document analyzes different cooling techniques for gas turbine blades. It begins with an introduction to gas turbines and the need for blade cooling as inlet gas temperatures exceed blade melting points. It then discusses various cooling techniques used for blades, including internal cooling channels. The document presents a case study analyzing three blade models - solid, vertical cooling channels, and a lattice structure model. Thermal and structural analysis using ANSYS software shows the lattice structure blade has lower temperatures, stresses, strains, and deformation compared to the other models. The analysis demonstrates that a lattice cooling channel structure is an effective technique for improving gas turbine blade performance and lifetime.
This work deals with a study on the laminar convective heat flow of a homemade air condition ing unit through a computational fluid dynamics simulation. With adoption of chilled water as the working fluid within a tube section of the evaporative compartment of the homemade air conditioner whose radius is 5mm and Height 20mm .The numerical analysis was carried out using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS.Simulation was carried out, using (276đž (3°C) as the inlet temperature and 293đž (20°C) as the outlet temperature with a flow rate of 0.15 m3 â s. The result showed the velocity profile of the working fluid and the temperature distribution before, during and after heat exchange, helping to achieve a Visual understanding of the Laminar convective fluid and heat flow phenomena within the cooling coil.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of Automobile RadiatorIRJET Journal
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This document analyzes the performance of an automobile radiator at different air velocities. It begins with background on radiator design and operation. Assumptions are made to simplify the heat transfer analysis. Calculations are shown to determine the Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient, fin efficiency, and overall heat transfer coefficient at varying air velocities and Reynolds numbers. Graphs illustrate trends such as Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient increasing with Reynolds number. The analysis concludes that the radiator dimensions are suitable and cooling remains effective even at higher vehicle speeds, though fin efficiency decreases slightly with increasing Reynolds number.
The Effect of Using a Modified A/C System on the Cooling System Temperature o...IJERA Editor
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This study investigates the effect of using A/C refrigerant to reduce the temperature of the coolant in a vehicle cooling system. An increase in coolant temperature due to harsh working conditions increases fuel consumption and leads to a reduction in engine power. Modifying vehicle air-conditioning by passing the suction line of the A/C system through the heat exchanger located in the lower part of the radiator (down flow type) can significantly improve the performance of the engine cooling system. The results show a reduction in the temperature of coolant within the cooling system, thus maintaining a controlled working temperature within the allowable limits
A Finite Element Thermo-Mechanical Stress Analysis of IC Engine PistonIRJET Journal
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This document discusses a finite element analysis of thermal and mechanical stresses on an internal combustion engine piston. It begins with an introduction to pistons and the stresses they experience from high temperatures and pressures within the engine cylinder. It then describes a thermal analysis conducted using ANSYS software to model the piston's temperature distribution and calculate thermal stresses. The analysis applies thermal boundary conditions at different surfaces of the piston based on convection heat transfer calculations. The goal is to identify locations of maximum and minimum stress on the piston.
Analyze the thermal properties by varying geometry material and thickness of ...IAEME Publication
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The document summarizes research from multiple papers on analyzing the thermal properties of engine cylinder fins by varying the fin geometry, material, and thickness. The key points are:
1) A model of cylinder fins was created in ProEngineer and analyzed in ANSYS to determine temperatures, heat flux, and thermal gradients.
2) Simulations were run for rectangular fins made of materials like magnesium, aluminum alloys, and beryllium at thicknesses of 3mm and 2.5mm.
3) The simulations showed that reducing fin thickness from 3mm to 2.5mm increased heat transfer rates, with maximum rates reaching over 20W/mm2 for some materials.
Using coolant modulation and pre cooling to avoid turbine bladeRakesh Rauth
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This document examines methods to prevent turbine blade overheating when firing a gas turbine combined cycle power plant with low calorific value gas. Decreasing the firing temperature can prevent blade overheating but significantly reduces power output. Modulating the coolant supply to each blade row results in a much lower power penalty compared to under-firing. Pre-cooling the coolant before supplying it to the turbine further enhances power output by reducing the required coolant flow. Pre-cooling recovers 80% of the power gain possible from switching to low calorific value gas while providing higher combined cycle efficiency than under-firing.
The document presents information on helical baffle heat exchangers. It begins with introducing heat exchangers and defining a helical baffle heat exchanger. It then discusses the design of helixchangers, including thermal analysis of the helical baffles and tube side as well as hydrodynamic analysis of the shell side. Overall heat transfer coefficient is also examined. Key advantages of helixchangers are reduced bypass effects, fouling, vibration, and maintenance compared to traditional shell and tube exchangers. Future areas of research include CFD optimization and analysis of flow patterns and velocities.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of Automobile RadiatorIRJET Journal
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This document discusses performance evaluation of automobile radiators. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of studying and analyzing the thermal behavior of automobile radiators using the LMTD and Îľ-NTU methods. It then provides background on radiators and their role in removing waste heat from engines. The literature review summarizes previous studies on optimizing radiator design parameters like tube pitch and airflow velocity. The problem statement discusses the need to improve radiator performance as engines have become more powerful. The experimental scheme and design parameters sections outline the planned study to evaluate radiator prototypes using different parameters. In conclusions, the work aims to enhance radiator performance by altering convective heat transfer coefficients and provide easier radiator design using case
A Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Cylinder Head Water Jack...IRJET Journal
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This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the cylinder head water jacket of a diesel engine. The study aims to analyze heat transfer and fluid flow within the existing cooling jacket design. The cylinder head geometry is modeled in CATIA and CFD analysis is performed in ANSYS Fluent to investigate factors affecting cooling performance. Parameters will be optimized and validated against previous research to improve cooling performance through modifications to the jacket design and coolant mixture proportions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the effects of severe plastic deformation via equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on an aluminum-titanium boride composite material. Key findings include:
1) Subjecting the composite to 2 passes of ECAP led to a 27.68% increase in tensile strength and 29% increase in hardness compared to the untreated composite.
2) The wear rate of the composite decreased with increasing sliding distance and increasing titanium boride content within the composite.
3) ECAP effectively refined the grain structure of the composite, leading to improvements in its mechanical properties like strength, hardness, and wear resistance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a finite element analysis of spur gear teeth. It describes building FE models in ANSYS to analyze how varying the tip radius and tooth width affects stresses at the root and mating surfaces of gear teeth. Results from the FE models are compared to stresses calculated using Lewis's bending stress equation and the AGMA gear design standard. Stress concentrations are highest at the root of gear teeth. Varying the number of teeth changes the diametral pitch and impacts the bending stresses.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to analyze the probabilistic design and random optimization of an aerofoil wing made of composite materials. The study modeled an NACA0012 aerofoil composite structure in ANSYS and varied design parameters like chord length, ply angle, elastic modulus, and loading conditions randomly to analyze uncertainty in bending stress. Over 1000 simulations were run. Optimization was also performed to find a set of design variables that reduced the bending stress objective function. The best set reduced bending stress from 1131.79 N/mm2 to 180.58 N/mm2. The study concluded there was significant uncertainty when chord length and ply angle varied and provided correlations between design variables and bending
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an intelligent Bloom join filter approach for query optimization. The approach uses sets of Bloom filters to represent relations and joining attributes, with the goal of minimizing collisions and maximizing data reduction. Experiments show that applying multiple filters increases the percentage of data reduction for relations when processing queries. The approach constructs filters for each joining attribute and applies existing or new filters to relations to reduce their size. This helps optimize query execution by reducing processing costs, data transmission costs, and collisions during joins.
The document proposes and evaluates energy recovery flip-flops that operate with a single-phase sinusoidal clock to reduce power consumption. A resonant clock generator is designed to produce the sinusoidal clock signal. Simulations show the proposed flip-flops achieve over 80% delay reduction and 47% power reduction compared to conventional designs. An H-tree clock network distributes the sinusoidal clock signal. Total power savings of up to 80% are achieved compared to square wave clocking schemes. Clock gating is also proposed to further reduce power when the flip-flops are inactive.
This document discusses optimization of boiler blowdown and blowdown heat recovery in the textile industry. It finds that 1.3% of total fuel is typically wasted through boiler blowdown. By installing an automatic blowdown system and a heat recovery system, up to 85% of the wasted fuel can be recovered. This reduces fuel costs and increases boiler efficiency. Recovering blowdown heat helps raise the temperature of feedwater entering the boiler, allowing up to a 1% reduction in fuel consumption. Proper optimization of blowdown and use of heat recovery systems can significantly improve energy efficiency in textile industry boiler operations.
This document summarizes research on scaling limits of CMOS devices and proposed structures to overcome these limits. It first discusses how quantum mechanical effects and short channel effects become problematic as devices are scaled down, limiting further scaling. It then reviews various structures proposed by other researchers, including fully depleted SOI MOSFETs with strained silicon channels, dual material gates, and gate-all-around structures. Finally, it proposes a new structure combining these elements: a fully depleted SOI gate-all-around MOSFET using a strained silicon channel and dual material gate to address scaling challenges while improving performance.
La intervenciĂłn en lo social. ExclusiĂłn e integraciĂłn en los nuevos escenario...Vero Potavez
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Este documento resume un libro que analiza crĂticamente la intervenciĂłn social en nuevos escenarios. Explica que la intervenciĂłn estatal surgiĂł con los estados modernos para establecer nuevas formas de poder y conocimiento. Hoy, con la crisis de la modernidad y el estado-naciĂłn, las instituciones estatales compiten con el mercado. La intervenciĂłn social debe posicionarse entre una visiĂłn contractual de la sociedad versus una basada en lazos sociales. TambiĂŠn debe abordar nuevos interrogantes como la fragmentaciĂłn social y la exclusiĂłn, asĂ como problemas urbanos emergentes
The document discusses performing a thermal analysis of an internal combustion engine cylinder head with fins. It aims to evaluate the heat dissipation efficiency and optimize the cooling system design by analyzing cylinder head models with varying fin thickness, gap between fins, and materials. The objectives are to assess heat transfer, improve engine performance and durability, and identify optimal fin geometry. A literature review covered past studies analyzing temperature variation and heat transfer rates of engine cylinder fins. The methodology involves defining the problem, selecting materials, creating 3D models in CATIA, and conducting steady-state thermal analysis in ANSYS to compare temperature distribution and heat flux across models.
Validation of Design Parameters of Radiator using Computational ToolIRJET Journal
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This document discusses the validation of design parameters for automobile radiators using computational tools. It presents two case studies where the thermal performance of radiators is analyzed using the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and number of transfer units (NTU) methods and the results are compared to those from a computational software tool (HXCombine). The results show good agreement between the manual calculations and software outputs, validating the use of computational tools for radiator design. Parameters like heat transfer rate, outlet temperatures, effectiveness and heat transfer area are compared for both case studies. This research demonstrates that computational tools can accurately analyze and design radiator performance.
This document summarizes research on optimizing automotive radiator design. It discusses the importance of radiators in vehicle design and the need for optimization between performance, size, shape, and weight. Chapter 1 introduces the topic and Chapter 2 reviews related literature. Chapter 3 discusses the necessity of cooling systems to prevent overheating. Chapter 4 describes different radiator types. Chapter 5 reports on parametric studies examining the effects of operating conditions like air and coolant flow rates, temperatures, and coolant type on radiator performance. It also analyzes the influence of design parameters such as fin pitch, louver angle, and coolant flow layout. Figures and tables are referenced but not included.
Conjugate Heat transfer Analysis of helical fins with airfoil cross-section a...IJERA Editor
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Air Cooled Engines have been used in a variety of applications, ranging from airplanes to motorbikes and even stationary or portable engines. Since modern automobiles and airplanes use engines delivering more power, they have to be cooled more efficiently due to which a more complex water cooling system is used for cooling engines with large displacements. Hence air cooling is becoming a thing of the past, especially in the aviation sector due to the advent of more efficient gas turbine engines. However air cooled internal combustion engines are still being used in a wide variety of two-wheelers ranging from small single cylinder engines to heavy duty liter class V-twins and Inline fours, due to the non-practicalities associated with the installment of a bulky water cooling system in two-wheelers. So one can ascertain that there is a scope for improving the efficiency of air cooled engines even further. The objective of this paper is to analyze currently existing fin design employed in most of the air cooled engines and improve it by changing the cross-section to a streamlined one and also making the fins in a helical orientation as opposed to the regular circular fins employed. Our analysis comprises of a computational fluid dynamics study of both the fin models with identical dimensions and simulated in the same environment using ANSYS FLUENT 15 software and we attempt to compare their performance using the temperature and heat transfer coefficient distribution plots obtained.
IRJET- CFD Analysis of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Different Inner Se...IRJET Journal
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This document analyzes the heat transfer performance of a double pipe heat exchanger with circular and square inner sections using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent to analyze temperature contours and heat transfer rates. The results showed that the square inner section heat exchanger absorbed more heat from the hot fluid and had a higher heat flow rate than the circular section design, with the cold fluid outlet temperature being higher for the square section. In conclusion, the square inner section design exhibited better heat transfer performance compared to the conventional circular section design for this type of heat exchanger.
Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer of Cylindrical Oblique Fin Micro-...IRJET Journal
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This document describes an experimental investigation into the heat transfer performance of cylindrical oblique fin micro-channel heat exchangers for automotive engine cooling systems. The study compares a straight fin micro-channel heat exchanger to one with 12 degree oblique fins. Experiments were conducted on a test rig to determine the heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness, and pressure drop of the two designs under various air and water flow rates. The results showed that the oblique fin micro-channel heat exchanger achieved higher heat transfer efficiency and a smaller size than the straight fin design, demonstrating its potential to improve engine cooling system performance and reduce radiator size in automobiles.
IRJET- Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Two-Wheeler Engine Cylinder FinsIRJET Journal
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This document discusses thermal analysis and optimization of fins on a two-wheeler engine cylinder. It analyzes the existing cylinder block design and performs finite element analysis on modified designs. The goals are to improve heat transfer rate from the engine by varying fin geometry, thickness, and material. Two modified designs are analyzed - one with slotted fins and reduced thickness, and another with increased number of fins. Results show the maximum and minimum temperatures, total heat flux, and directional heat flux for the existing and modified designs. The modified designs achieved higher heat transfer rates from the engine cylinder.
Design and Thermal Analysis of Hydraulic Oil Cooler by using Computational Fl...IRJET Journal
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This document describes a study analyzing the thermal performance of a hydraulic oil cooler using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It involves:
1) Designing a hydraulic oil cooler with cross-flow heat exchanger cores to transfer heat from hot hydraulic oil into ambient air.
2) Developing a thermal model and equations to calculate heat transfer rates, oil/air temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, and surface area required.
3) Validating the model through experimental testing of an oil cooler setup and comparing predicted vs actual temperature values.
CFD Simulation and Heat Transfer Analysis of Automobile Radiator using Helica...IJERD Editor
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To ensure smooth running of an automotive vehicle under any variable load conditions, one of the major systems necessary is the cooling system. Automobile radiators are becoming highly power-packed with increasing power to weight or volume ratio. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is one of the important software tools to access preliminary design and the performance of the radiator. In this paper, a 55 hp engine radiator data is taken for analysis in CFD. The model is done Pro-E software and imported in ANSYS-12. Helical tubes are considered for the radiator with two different pitches like 15mm & 20mm. The comparison is done for different mass flow rates like 2.3, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5 kg/sec in helical type tubes. It is found that there is more heat dissipation rate in 15mm pitch helical tubes compared to 20mm pitch helical tubes. Maximum temperature drop & minimum pressure drop occurs in case of 0.5 kg/sec of mass flow rate. It is observed that with increased mass flow rate, there is decrease in temperature drop & increase in pressure drop
Use of Hydrogen in Fiat Lancia Petrol engine, Combustion Process and Determin...IOSR Journals
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To our path towards green economy, Hydrogen is often regarded to have a potential growth in the
coming future. However, the high cost of operation of fuel cell has often been a setback. If we could make use of
hydrogen gas as a fuel directly, the scope of development broadens. Owing to these aspects, this work primarily
focuses on the simulation technique of an Internal Combustion Spark Ignition Engine powered by Hydrogen gas.
The simulations of various stages have been carried out using the discrete approach, thereby investigating the
pressures and temperatures at various instants in the cycle. For the relative performance discussion we have
simulated the different cycles as ideal cycle, air fuel cycle and actual cycle. The resultant cyclic graph indicates
various discrepancies between ideal, air fuel and actual cycle. This analysis serves as a tool for a better
understanding of the variables involved and helps in optimizing engine design and fixing of various parameters,
including the determination of valve timings. Besides this, backfire, is the commonly faced problem with the
hydrogen engines. To reduce this effect, a fuel injectoris used for adding the gaseous fuel to the combustion
chamber.
Computational analysis of heat transfer through four-stroke S. I. engine finsijsrd.com
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This document summarizes a computational analysis of heat transfer through the fins of a four-stroke spark ignition engine. The analysis numerically models and compares heat transfer from the engine cylinder with straight fins versus wavy fins. The engine cylinder is initially heated to 500°C and cooling rates are analyzed at wind velocities from 60-100 km/hr using computational fluid dynamics software. Results show that heat release is higher for the cylinder with wavy fins compared to straight fins at all wind velocities due to increased turbulence and heat transfer. The maximum heat release occurs at around 80 km/hr; higher velocities result in lower heat transfer due to reduced contact time between the air and fins. In conclusion, wavy fins provide better cooling efficiency for engines,
This document analyzes and compares the performance of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines to port fuel injection (PFI) engines using a two-region thermodynamic model. The analysis examines parameters such as pressure, fuel consumption, and work produced during the compression and expansion phases. Key findings include:
1) GDI engines produce considerable work compared to PFI engines, despite higher fuel consumption.
2) A two-region thermodynamic model is used that divides the cylinder volume into burned and unburned regions to model combustion.
3) The analysis finds that while GDI engines have higher fuel utilization, they still generate significant work relative to PFI engines.
Numerical Simulation and Modeling of UNSA91060 for Heat Transfer in Four-Stro...IJAEMSJORNAL
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This document summarizes a study that used numerical simulation to model heat transfer in the cylinder head of a four-stroke internal combustion engine (ICE). The study utilized the COMSOL Multiphysics software to create 3D transient state models of an engine cylinder head. The models were used to simulate temperature distribution over time. The results showed that the temperature in the combustion chamber drops from 1273.2K to 301K over the course of 10 minutes as heat transfers out of the chamber. The study provides insight into how heat transfer varies over the engine cycle in the cylinder head of a four-stroke ICE.
This document summarizes the development of a small 50W class Stirling engine. Key points include:
- A gamma type Stirling engine was designed with a simple moving-tube heat exchanger and Rhombic mechanism. The target was 50W output at 4000rpm.
- Performance tests without load used air and showed the engine could run. Higher heat exchanger performance and lower mechanical losses are needed to reach targets.
- Mechanical loss measurements under pressure found friction torque increased linearly with speed. The viscosity coefficient was determined to be 2.03Ă10-4 (Nms).
Thermo Structural Analysis on Cylinder Head of 4 Stroke VCR Diesel EngineDr. Amarjeet Singh
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The main aim of the project is to analyse the design performance of VCR 4 stroke Diesel engine cylinder head at the compression ratio 16.5 using Ansys software. The basic modelling is done on CATIA V5 software. The design exposition can be done structurally and thermally in ansys. By the structural analysis the maximum and minimum von misses stress, total deformation can be determined, the maximum gas pressure required for this analysis is taken from the experimental set up of VCR engine. With the steady state thermal analysis we will get the maximum temperature distribution and total heat flux of the cylinder head with the initial pressure value. The results of both the expositions are used to decide the critical areas of the cylinder head which require further amendment and also the quality of design. If the maximum stress is less than the material strength of the cylinder head then the basic design criteria can be achieved.
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Et34892902
1. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
892 | P a g e
Surface Temperature Prediction and Thermal Analysis of
Cylinder Head in Diesel Engine
Amit V. Paratwar1
, D.B Hulwan2
1
( P.G student, Mechanical Engineering Department. Vishwakarma institute of Technology, Pune
2
(professor, Mechanical Engineering Department. Vishwakarma institute of Technology, Pune
ABSTRACT
Engine heat transfer and cooling is
always been a crucial area of interest for
improvement of engine performance.CFD
methods and tools used today provide clearer
and more detailed data on temperature, flow
and pressure variation. Aim and objective of the
present study is to carry heat transfer as well as
flow analysis of existing cooling jacket of 6-
cylinder turbo after-cooled medium duty diesel
engine and then investigate the factors affecting
cooling performance to optimize the said
parameters through steady state CFD analysis
and validate them with experimental results.
Keywords â heat transfer, cylinder head water
jacket, coolant flow, numerical simulation, CFD
I. INTRODUCTION
IC engine is an important prime mover
used in various fields mainly in automotive and
power generation. In early days of IC engine
development, power output and efficiency were the
main focus of researchers. Heat in commercial
diesel engine has to travel through engine
components leads to increase its temperature. This
percentage of heat loss through engine cooling
varies according to various engine and cooling
system parameters. In this study, for one single head
of diesel engine, three-dimensional coolant flow
inside cooling water jacket is simulated using 3D
CFD software. Some estimating study is developed,
including whether cooling water system capacity for
cylinder head is well or not, the distribution of
coolant to cylinder is even or not and so on. Finally,
some advices are put forward, which can provide
gist for optimizing the diesel engine..
II. MODELING STRATEGY
The methodology presented in this paper is
based on CFD and validation is done
experimentation in which templug where used The
CFD analyses constitute the first step of the
proposed modeling strategy. Two different aspect
are investigated in detail: i) the fluid-dynamic
behavior of the cooling circuit is firstly analyzed
and optimized aiming at improving the cooling
efficiency ii) the point-wise fluid/solid heat transfer
is then evaluated. In particular, benefits on the
overall predicting capability brought in by the
adoption of a proper phase-change model are
highlighted by means of a preliminary comparison
with a simplified model and by a subsequent
validation of the methodology against experimental
measurements of the temperature distribution within
the engine head.
Thus in present study 6-cylinder, 4-stroke 4-valve,
turbo after-cooled, high pressure diesel engine is
selected. Initially geometrical layout will be studied
in terms of flow and heat transfer analysis by using
CFD as a tool. The parametric study of an IC engine
cooling jacket will be carried out using
experimentations and results will be used to
comment on effectiveness of selected parameters
and optimizing these parameters by using statistical
methods.
III. HEAT TRANSFER MODELING
2.1 Engine heat transfer
The heat transfer coefficient depends on the
engine geometry, such as the exposed cylinder area
and bore, and the piston speed. Due to the complex
gas flow in the cylinder, it varies with location in the
cylinder and in time with changing piston position.
The value of the heat transfer coefficient is found
from a Nusselt number - Reynolds number type
correlation, A number of empirical equations exist
for hg in the cylinder at any instant; perhaps the
most commonly used being that by Woschni.[8]
There are three types of heat transfer coefficients
used in engines heat transfer. The peak values of the
instantaneous and local coefficients can be many
times higher than the averaged values.
Heat transfer
model
Description
h(x,t)
Averaged over
time & space
Overall steady state
energy balance
calculations
h(x,t)
Instantaneous,
space average
Heat transfer versus crank
angle
h(x,t)
Instantaneous,
local
Local calculations of
thermal stress
For heat transfer versus crank angle
calculation the second type of heat transfer
coefficient from above table.is selected i.e.
Instantaneous, space average- heat transfer versus
Table 1 Types of heat transfer coefficient[5]
2. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
893 | P a g e
crank angle. Because the peak values of the
instantaneous and local coefficients can be many
times higher than the averaged values. It gives
actual condition during the engine cycle with respect
to crank angle or space.
Woschni model is preferred over other
model because of the following reasons [13]
1. Universally applicable equation for the
instantaneous heat transfer coefficient in the internal
combustion engine.
2. Calculates the amount of heat transferred to and
from the charge.
3. It is the most commonly used heat transfer model
and applied to all cylinder elements.
Assumptions:
1. On all surfaces of the cylinder heat flow
coefficient and velocity of charge is uniform.
2. This model accounts the increase in gas velocity
in the cylinder during combustion.
3. Woschni proposed that the average gas velocity
should be proportional to the mean piston speed.
4. Air is the working medium.
5. Heat transfer by conduction through the walls is
one-dimensional
2.2 Calculation for heat transfer model
2.2.1 Slider crank model
The geometric parameters of the piston
cylinder are represented in Figure 5.4 .Top dead
center refers to the position of the crank shaft at a
crank angle of 0o
. This position is otherwise known
as the clearance volume, Vc. At bottom dead center
the crank angle is at 180o
. In this position the
cylinder volume is at its maximum, V1. The
difference between the maximum and minimum
volume, V1-Vo, is defined as the displacement
volume, Vd. The displacement volume can also be
represented as a function of the bore and stroke[8].
Figure 1. Piston cylinder geometry[8]
The final form of the Slider-Crank model is
given as a non-dimensional relationship
The surface area of the cylinder has to be
evaluated. The combustion chamber surface area is
given by:
Calculation of heat transfer coefficient [5]
Where,
P = Combustion Pressure, Ta = Combustion
temperature Pmotor = Motored pressure, Tr =
Reference temperature at start of combustion, Pr =
Reference pressure at start of combustion, Vr =
Reference volume at start of combustion
Calculation of combustion temperature :
The gas properties in the correlation
equation are evaluated at the instantaneous average
cylinder temperature determined from the ideal gas
law [5]:
Calculation of density
Density of air at intake conditions is
calculated by using ideal gas law [5]
PV = mRT
Cylinder head flame face temperature:
The mathematical expression for the
calculation of instantaneous cylinder head
temperature without ceramic insulation coating
through this model is [19]
The actual combustion pressure with
respect to crank angle in the engine cylinder during
working cycle, It is also input in model to
determine all the above parameters.
2.2.2 Heat transfer model output:
Crank angle Vs bulk gas temperature
Figure 2. crank angle vs bulk gas temperature
3. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
894 | P a g e
Fig .Provides the theoretical values of mean gas
temperature with respect to change in crank angle.
During suction stroke the mean temperature of air is
about constant value and in compression stroke it
increases with crank angle. The peak value is
reached at about 20° after TDC which is about 2700
k and the average temperature of T-Ď´ is about 2780
k:
Figure 3. Crank angle vs. heat transfer coefficient
Fig. represents the theoretical values of the gas side
heat transfer coefficient with crank angle. It reaches
peak value of 3000 W/m2
K at about 15° after TDC.
The graph is obtained from heat transfer coefficient
calculated from Woschnis correlation in which
average heat transfer coefficient is found to be 600
W/m2
k and maximum value is 3587 W/m2
k.
IV. CFD ANALYSIS AND MODEL
SETUP
3.1 Three-Dimension Model of Cooling Water
Jacket.
The geometric model of the cylinder head
was created using the software 3D modeling
software, which is useful in component and surface
modeling, virtual assembly, and in generating
engineering drawings The component studied is one
cylinder head of 6 cylinder in line high power diesel
engine. Some of the characteristics properties of the
invested engine are presented in the table below.
The engine has a split structure, namely one cylinder
head for one cylinder. The cooling system of this
engine is distinguished by the manner in which
coolant is distributed. The cylinder block water
jackets are connected in series, while the cylinder
head water jackets are connected in parallel. This
design enables the coolant collected in cylinder
blocks to enter each cylinder head separately
through transfer channels separately, which is also
the reason why only one cylinder head has been
investigated
The completed cylinder head solid model is
displayed below
.
Figure 4 geometric model of single cylinder head.
Where in the above figure the inlet is the
inlet for coolant in the cooling jacket of cylinder
head from the pump inlet of coolant circuit and the
outlet goes into the crankcase cooling jacket with
the help of outlet hole.
Figure 5 Extracted cooling jacket from single head
1.2 Flow and thermal boundary conditions
for cylinder head & water jacket
In the numerical simulations, the coolant flow in
coolant cavities of a cylinder head was assumed to
be 3D steady state, incompressible turbulent flow,
and the viscosity in the near wall region was taken
into account, while boiling of the coolant and
roughness of walls were also considered. It was
already discussed that model and solvers selection
plays an important role in any CFD analysis.
Boiling model and gravity model were also
imparted to account for the possibilities of effect of
boiling and buoyancy. For boiling model boiling
temperature, latent heat, vapor density and surface
tension were provided as input. For gravity model
vector value of gravitational acceleration was
provided depending on actual position of engine in
working condition Three dimensional, Steady,
Liquid, Segregated flow, Constant density,
Turbulent, Reynolds average Navier-strokes, K-
epsilon turbulence, Realizable K-epsilon two layer,
Two layer all y+ wall treatment
4. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
895 | P a g e
For solid head Region Other than three dimensional
and steady state models, constant density model
used as it was assumed that properties of block
material will remain constant. As heat input needs to
be given, âSegregated Solid Energyâ model was
selected. âCell Quality Remediationâ model was
used to obtain better results at poor quality meshes if
any. Table shows solid block properties provided
3. COOLING JACKET:
1. Inlet
Mass flow inlet: 3.75 Kg/sec
Total temperature: 72ËC
2. Outlet
Pressure outlet: gauge
Static temperature: 77ËC
3. Cooling jacket
Wall roughness factor: 1mm
4. Wall boundary (Fixed temperature type )
The value used for the temperature at the wall
surface is 303 k, which is the empirical data often
used for the heating surface of the cylinder head. K
All CFD simulations were carried out using the
coolant mixture of water (50%) and glycol (50%) at
a constant inlet temperature 373 Kelvin. The fluid
properties are listed below.
Density: 1008.8 3 kg/
Specific heat capacity: 3592.3 J/Kg-k
Dynamic viscosity: 0.000675 Kg/ms
Thermal conductivity: 0.39964 W/mk
Boiling point of glycol and water: 401K (128) C
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
4.1 Flow simulations
4.1.1 flow field distribution of cylinder head
water jacket
The average velocity magnitude over the
whole flow field is 0.892 m/s, which meets the need
of flow rate 0.5 m/s for cooling the engine. Some
key zones were investigated particularly such as
exhaust port, fuel injector, and nose zone
Figure 6 Contour of velocity streamline
Distribution (m/s)
The design for this cylinder head forced the
flow to go around the exhaust port where most of
the heat was output, then cooled down the fuel
injector and finally the intake port. It is seen that the
velocity of the flow around the exhaust port was
stagnant, thus it is necessary to increase the coolant
flow rate in this section of head.
Figure 7 Contour of velocity distribution at cylinder
head bottom section (m/s)
4.1.2 Pressure distribution of cylinder head water
jacket
Figure 8 Contour of Pressure Field Distribution
(bar)
It can be seen from the contour of pressure that the
outlet displayed the lowest pressure, while the
region near inlet and at nose area presented the
highest pressure, which indicated that the largest
pressure drop occurs between the inlet and outlet.
Parts Temperature
(K)
Heat transfer
coefficient(W/m2
k)
Deck face 1200.0 625
Exhaust
port
1000 580
Inlet port 313 100
Exhaust
valve
guide
313 160
inlet valve
guide
313 100
Exhaust
valve seat
1100 600
inlet valve
seat
313 600
Solid head. 313 100
Table 2 initial conditions
5. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
896 | P a g e
The pressure loss between the inlet and outlet is
calculated to be 0.029 bar which is a good indicator
of low resistance in flow and potential to enhance
efficiency.
4.1.3 Effects of Flow Rates on flow simulation
As the engine has been strengthened, itâs necessary
to check the consequent effects on the cooling
system. Four typical working conditions were taken
into account, by varying its flow rate and the results
are being presented below.
1. Pressure Loss
Pressure loss is computed by taking the
difference of area-averaged pressures at the inlet and
outlet for different mass flow rate
Figure 9 pressure losses at different flow rates
2. Velocity
The velocity presented below is the
volume-averaged velocity calculated over the
interior of the water jacket
Figure 10 average velocities at different flow rates
Enhancement in flow rate will strengthen
the cooling effects to some extent, but in the
meanwhile bring in higher pressure loss of the flow.
The variation of heat transfer coefficient has close
relationship with that of the velocity. It is seen from
the velocity contour and the surface heat transfer
coefficient contour that higher velocity leads to
higher heat transfer coefficient. From the semi-
empirical formula of the heat transfer coefficient,
this can be proved which in turns induces pressure
drop within cooling jacket
4.2 Thermal simulations
4.2.1 Cylinder head
Figure 11 contour of temperature distribution across
head
The above figure clearly shows the maximum
temperature is found in the region of exhaust port
and the region near the exhaust bridge on the deck
face. Thus more attention is given for the pressure
and velocity contours of the cooling jacket as there
is the possibility of nucleate boiling of coolant
within this region
4.2.2 Deck face
Figure 12 Contour of temperature Distribution
across deck face
Deck face is the only part on cylinder head
which is exposed to burnt gases within the
combustion chamber and is the part where
maximum temperature is supposed to be reached in
the cylinder head .Deck face accommodates both the
exhaust and inlet seats their respective ports and the
injector. Maximum temperature is is found at the
exhaust valve bridge, i.e. 558 K.where heat transfer
coefficient is around 2000 W/m2
k
4.2.3 Exhaust port
Figure 13 contour of temperature distribution across
exhaust port
4.2.4 Cooling jacket
6. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
897 | P a g e
Figure 14 contour of temperature distribution across
cooling jacket
The temperature distribution was displayed
in the range of 373K and 418K. The bottom
contacted with the fire deck, was of extremely high
temperature, which is reasonable in the sense of the
structure characteristics and work principle of the
cylinder head. The temperatures around the wall of
the annular cavities, where the fresh air and exhaust
passed, were ranging from 384K to 397K, which
showed acceptable cooling effects of the cylinder
head By comparison of HTC and temperature
distributions, it is evident that the regions with high
heat transfer coefficient correspond to ones with low
temperature, and vice versa also the value of wall
boiling heat flux is maximum at the location of
maximum temperature in cooling jacket Here it
must be understood that red region indicates no
boiling whereas blue region indicates heavy boiling.
Boiling was proved to be good in cooling jacket but
up to a considerable limit. Nucleate boiling was very
initial stage of boiling. Nucleate boiling increases
heat absorption from boiling surface in the form of
latent heat required for phase change of liquid.
Boiling usually starts above magnitude of 900,000.
Figure 15 wall boiling heat flux on cooling jacket
VI. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
In diesel engine certain component
temperature can be critical for durability and
function. The components considered are cylinder
head combustion chamber, cylinder bore, piston,
valves. Due to the different requirement of
measuring systems or technique it is necessary to
carry out different procedures appropriate to the
component under investigation.
Common techniques used
1. Thermocouples or temperature sensor
2. RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)
3. Temperature gun.
4. Templug
in present work due to complication of geometry,
drilling the holes for thermocouples is risky for
cooling jacket .The use of templug is done to
measure the temperature at critical zones in the
cylinder head.
5.1Templug
Templug were developed in the early
1970â s in a joint effort by TEI & Shell
ResearchTemplug is a temperature sensitive steel
set-screw. It is used for determining the maximum
temperature in locations that are difficult to
instrument using conventional thermocouple type
techniques. They function on the relatively simple
principle of thermal tempering of hardened steel.
The components made up of nickel alloys,
aluminum ,composites, ceramics can be tested with
this technique. Templug set-screws are available in
two sizes, which are M3 and M1.6
Figure 16 Hardness vs temperature for various
exposure periods [16]
By drilling and tapping, a Templug can be
installed directly into the location at which
temperature needs to be measured. No other
instrumentation necessary. Master calibration
curves of the type shown below were developed by
âShellâ for special heat treated alloy steels and are
the basis for determining the maximum temperature
[16].
From the above curves, the maximum
temperature is determined based on the time of
exposure (known from experimental conditions)
and the measured hardness.
7. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
898 | P a g e
Figure 17 standard m3 x 0.5 templug [16]
The ideal temperature/time cycle for
determining maximum temperature would be
where the Templug is heated rapidly to a
uniform maximum temperature, maintained at
this temperature followed by rapid cooling. This
cycle simulates conditions that are used for
generating the master calibration curves and
consequently, should minimize error. The ideal
cycle has been shown
Figure 18 Ideal Temperature/Time Cycle [16]
5.2 Location of templug in cylinder head
Figure 19 Location of templug in cylinder head
bottom
Locations are,
1-Between two exhaust ports
2-Between inlet and exhaust port
3-Between exhaust port and fuel injector
The above figure shows location of the
templug in the cylinder head. The drawing is
prepared in the Auto-CAD 2008. By focusing on
literature survey and CFD analysis done on the
engine we finalize the maximum temperature
location in the cylinder head as shown in figure by
red spot.
5.3 Experimentation results
The above specified engine is tested for the
temperature measurement in the cylinder head using
templug. Lube oil pump is used to supply pressurized
oil to various parts in the engine. The power given to
lube oil pump from the main crankshaft power trough
gearing To carry out the experimentation using
templug there is need to follow the specified test
cycle as explained in the templug user guide and
templug manual , thus by keeping the load on the
engine constant and increasing the load to full load
value within certain time steps , running the engine
on full load for two hours so that the templug
employed may be exposed to maximum temperature
after two hours gradually decreasing the load by the
same time steps employed earlier to zero load .the
test cycle has its own significance because the
accuracy of the results is depended upon the specific
test cycle
Table 3 variation of load with time
Step Time
(min)
Speed Load
1 5 100 % 10 %
2 10 100 % 20 %
3 5 100 % 40 %
4 90 100 % 97 %
5 2 100 % 10 %
5.4 model validation
Convergence criteria checked, residual
appears to be stable, average temperatures on
various faces and averaged HTC on liner jacket
interface were constant for more than 3000
iterations, outlet temperature and pressure drop
across cooling jacket were also comes to constant
value. So it can be concluded that result was
converged. But convergence doesnât mean accuracy;
it needs to be justified by available experimental
results
Table shows experimental and simulation
temperature at various locations with error. The
temperature rise across circuit was also show in
table which might be reduced if can able to account
heat added due to lubricating oil cooling
(1)
(3)
(2)
8. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
899 | P a g e
Table 4 Experimental and simulated temperature at
various locations with error
Figure 20 comparison of Experimental and
simulated temperature at various locations.
Experimental and simulated temperatures
at various locations on cylinder head, exhaust pore
and liner have been compared in above graph with
the percentage of errors induced in calculation. the
temperature raise across circuit which might
reduced if it can able to account heat added due to
lubricating oil cooling, further the simulation work
in present case is done by assuming model of
constant density i.e. the density of bulk gas
temperature is given at its mean temperature without
considering the variation at respective crank angle,
which in turn can also reduce the errors ,another
reason for temperature variation is the roughness
factor considered for cooling jacket the induces the
turbulence within the flow , and governs the heat
carrying capacity of the coolant , the exact
measurement of roughness factor of cooling jacket
of present engine was not possible hence the value
is taken as 1 mm based on literature study and
experience from company professionals. The
calculated value of heat transfer coefficient which is
used in initial condition for determining the
temperature distribution may vary, the variation can
be explained by the choice of significant parameters
and assumptions while evolving the empirical
correlations
VII. Optimization of cooling jacket
Based on the results of the computational
fluid dynamic predictions and calculating the Static
pressures and flow visualization results, a redesign
of the cylinder head cooling jacket occurred. The
purpose of the cooling jacket redesign was to
provide for a uniform positive pressure gradient
from the inlet of coolant to outlet and to minimize
the axial pressure gradients at various locations in
cylinder head. The stagnancy in various critical
zones of cooling jacket lead to modification in
cooling passage of block and head cooling passage
by providing extra blockages i.e. diverting the flow
and adding some additional passages in the jacket.
The CFD model was modified by selectively
removing and adding elements to the baseline model
which was further analyzed for its results
Figure 21 Cooling jacket in Modified model
6.1 Flow and thermal simulations results after
modification:
1.Flow across head bottom section
The modifications in the head and block
cooling jacket lead to various changes in pressure
and velocity schemes within the cooling jacket and
are discussed in the following sections.
Figure 22 Velocity contour at head bottom section
for Modified model
Location Region Sim Expt
Error
%
1 Deck
Face(between.
Exhaust valves) 322 357 12
2 Between Inlet
& Exhaust
Valves 263 263 0
3 Between
exhaust &
Injector 280 252 11
9. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
900 | P a g e
Before modification Stagnancy of flow is
observed at the valve bridges were velocity is
approx. 0.1 m/s Restriction of flow across the inlet
manifold forces the coolant to flow through exhaust
valve bridges is observed. Thus the flow of coolant
leads to uniform cooling and can decrease the value
of maximum temperature across the exhaust valves.
Pressure drop across the cooling jacket is obtained
to be 0.04943 bar, before modification it was
0.04738 bar .Thus improved flow rate across liners
increases the pressure drop across cooling jacket.
The modified model thus shows stagnancy at the
restricted area, thus it can be compensated as the
temperature in the stagnant zones is not higher and
the chances of boiling in such stagnant zone are
minimum.
2. Temprature across deck face
Deck face is the area of maximum
temperature in cylinder head, where nucleate boiling
of coolant can occur and totally depends on its
maximum temperature. Area adjacent to Exhaust
port bridge and fuel injector shows maximum value
of temperature i.e. Valve bridge area The value of
maximum temperature has been decreased by 6 K ,
thus cooling rate has been improved due to the
modification in cooling jacket.
Figure 23 Temperature contour at Deck face for
Modified model
3. Exhaust port
The design for this cylinder head forced the
flow to go around the exhaust port first, where most
of the heat was output, then cooled down the fuel
injector and finally the intake port. It is seen that the
temperature around the exhaust port was higher than
other locations, which ensures that the cylinder head
should be relatively evenly cooled at these locations.
The maximum temperature reached in the exhaust
port is about 690 K
The maximum temperature has been reduced by 7 k
as the coolant was forced to flow through the
exhaust port area
Figure 24 Temperature contour at Exhaust port for
Modified model
Thus after modification the temperature
distribution across the deck faces and exhaust port is
studied because the maximum temperature in
cylinder head has reached in these areas and the
results shows an effective temperature drop in these
regions..
Figure 25 Wall boiling heat flux on cooling jacket
The initialization of bubble formation can
also be reduced which in turns reduces the chances
of nucleate boiling and this may increase the cooling
capacity of the cooling jacket and avoid the hot spot
that causes nucleate boiling or thermal cracking of
critical zones within the engine
Table 6.4 Comparison of parameters before & after
modification at various locations
Parameter Before
modification
After
modification
Pressure in
jacket (bar)
0.04738 0.04943
Temperature
on deck
face(K)
322 315
Temperature
on exhaust
(K)port
370 362
The CFD analysis of modified cooling
jacket is carried in order to study the effect of
variation of geometry on flow and thermal
parameters of engine .From above analysis it can be
conclude that model after modification has
advantage of improved velocity in head jacket at
10. Amit V. Paratwar, D.B Hulwan / International Journal of Engineering Research and
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Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.892-902
901 | P a g e
exhaust port due to source of flow directly coming
from sideways instead of flowing from inlet port
which has less temperature compared to previous
one. The pressure drop is increased by very small
value which does not have significant variation on
other parameters; the increased pressure drop is
mainly because of the resistance offered to flow by
restrictions in cooling jacket. Hot spot temperature
is reduced after modification mainly because the
coolant is forced to flow through exhaust side. The
possibilities of vapor formation in cylinder jacket
after modification is reduced to certain extent due to
temperature drop at hot spots this further avoids
chances of nucleate boiling of coolant at these spots.
Finally it can summarized from above
discussion that flow path of coolant across jacket
significantly affects the heat transfer analysis and
maximum temperature value of engine components
VIII. CONCLUSION
An heat transfer model is developed is
developed for modeling thermal behavior of diesel
engine cylinder heat transfer which illustrates
effects of various parameters affecting the heat
transfer .it also deals with study of temperature
distribution in various bodies of diesel engines. In
general the work of this cylinder head water jacket
satisfied the demands of cooling effects as there is a
good flow rate distribution and even pressure rate
distribution, the flow field and heat field of engine
water jacket where computed based on boundary
conditions values obtained from heat transfer model
developed .the simulated values obtained are further
tested and verified by experimentation. Based on the
above work the following points can be concluded.
In case of flow analysis the enhancement in
flow rate will strengthen the cooling effect to certain
extent but in mean while bring higher pressure loss
of flow, further it is can be stated that higher
velocity leads to higher heat transfer coefficient.
Steady state heat transfer analysis of
cylinder head and liner of engine was done using 3D
CFD software &. Model was verified using
measured temperatures. The computed values
correspond to the experimental data. The results of
computation confirmed the necessity of
incorporation of possible occurrence of local boiling
and associated steep changes in values of heat-
transfer fluxes.
Possible zones of nucleate boiling in head
and block jacket are being determined; where
maximum wall boiling heat flux is obtained at
exhaust Valve Bridge and top land of liners.
Nucleate boiling shows heat flux magnitude up to
900,000. But in present case there does not exist
area showing flux magnitude greater than 900,000
so possibility of film boiling was not present.
The modification in cooling jacket in head
and block provided necessary forces to enhance the
cooling in problematic zones so that intake, exhaust
valves and fuel injector will not be too hot to break
down. The simulation results show that temperature
values have been dropped by 7-10 K in the critical
zones.
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