Fold and faults

This slide will give you complete information about formation, classification, textures, structures and engineering importance of Sedimentary rocks.

Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where blocks of rock have moved in relation to each other. Movement can range from centimeters to kilometers depending on stresses and rock resistance. Faults are classified based on the movement and orientation of the hanging wall and foot wall blocks, including normal faults where the hanging wall moves down, reverse faults where it moves up, and strike-slip faults where the blocks move parallel to each other. Common fault types include normal, reverse, thrust, vertical, horst, graben, dip, strike, parallel, and step faults.

Unconformities represent gaps or missing time in the geologic record due to non-deposition or erosion. There are several types of unconformities that can form, such as angular unconformities, disconformities, and nonconformities. Unconformities are important as they provide information about periods of geologic activity, like folding or erosion of the land, and help place boundaries on geologic timescales. They can be identified in the field based on features like a lack of parallel bedding above and below the contact, presence of erosion surfaces, and fossils of widely different ages across the boundary.

The rock cycle describes how rocks change form over long periods of time through various physical processes. There are three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and each can change into another through the processes of cooling, weathering and erosion, compaction and cementation, heat and pressure (metamorphism), and melting. The rock cycle begins with molten rock that cools to form igneous rock. Erosion produces sediment that is buried and compacted into sedimentary rock. Further burial and heat causes metamorphism into metamorphic rock, which at high heat and pressure can melt back into magma to restart the cycle.

This document provides an introduction and overview of igneous rocks. It defines igneous rocks as those formed by the solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rocks are classified based on whether they solidified below ground as intrusive rocks or above ground as extrusive rocks. Some common igneous rocks are described, including granite, gabbro, basalt, dolerite, and diorite. Their typical compositions and properties are outlined.

UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION, WHY GEOLOGY ???, GEOLOGY, Main and Allied Branch of Geology, Physical Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Structural Geology, Historical Geology, Palaeontology Economic Geology, Engineering Geology, Mining Geology Geo physics, Geo Hydrology, Geo Chemistry, Scope of Geology Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering, General Geology Geological Agents, Exogenous Geological Agents, Endogenous Geological Agents, Weathering of Rocks, Mechanical, Weathering, Chemical weathering, Biological Weathering, Earth Structure, Atmosphere, Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere, Earth Interior Structure, Lithosphere, Crust, Mantle Core, Tectonic Plates, Types of Plate Boundaries, Plates collide = convergent boundary, Plates separate = divergent boundary Plates slide past one another = transform boundary.

Petrology is the study of rocks and their origins, compositions, textures, and structures. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks formed from cooled magma, sedimentary rocks formed from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks formed from existing rocks subjected to heat and pressure. Rocks are constantly changing between these types through geological processes in the rock cycle, powered by Earth's interior heat and the energy from the sun. Igneous rocks can become sedimentary rocks through weathering and erosion then become metamorphic rocks through burial and increased heat and pressure, and metamorphic rocks can melt to form new magma and igneous rocks.

This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as the change in rocks due to increases in temperature and pressure. There are different types of metamorphism including contact, regional, and cataclastic metamorphism. Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and results in strongly foliated rocks like slates, schists and gneisses. The document describes the different grades of metamorphism from low to high and the typical minerals formed. It also discusses structures in metamorphic rocks like foliation and banding. In conclusion, different metamorphic rocks like slates, schists and gneisses have various economic uses as building materials.

This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically reactive fluids. Metamorphism progresses incrementally and involves the growth of new minerals and deformation of existing ones. Metamorphism occurs in various settings like contact, regional, and burial metamorphism. Factors like heat, pressure, and fluids drive changes in mineralogy and texture. Metamorphic grade is indicated by index minerals and results in foliated and non-foliated rock types.

1. The document discusses sea-floor spreading, which is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other. 2. Evidence that supports sea-floor spreading includes magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean floor and samples from ocean crust that show it is younger near ridges and older further away. 3. Oceanic crust is basaltic rock that forms at ridges and is then recycled in subduction zones, making it generally younger than continental crust which does not undergo this recycling process.

A map is a representation of Earth's surface that shows spatial relationships between objects by depicting their distance, direction, and size relative to each other on a flat surface. Maps convey information about a specific area and indicate its position relative to other parts of Earth. A geological map specifically shows the distribution and types of rocks and soils in an area. Geological maps are important tools used by geologists to understand Earth's structure and history, locate resources, and identify natural hazards.

Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture. Energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.

Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes when exposed to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Physical weathering breaks rocks without changing their chemical composition through processes like frost wedging and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation. The products of weathering accumulate as soil and are further eroded by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Erosion transports eroded material which is eventually deposited elsewhere, usually in bodies of water, based on factors like particle size, shape, density, and transport velocity.

A fault is a break or fracture between two blocks of rocks in response to stress. One block has moved relative to the other block. The surface along which the blocks move is called a fault plane. Faulting produced the earthquakes. Thus earthquakes may occur because: a) Rocks are initially broken to produce a fault. b) Movement or re-activation of an already existing fault.

Weathering breaks down rocks and minerals near Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering physically breaks rocks into smaller pieces through frost wedging, thermal expansion and contraction, exfoliation, and abrasion by wind, water, or plant growth. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through dissolving, oxidation, and hydrolysis. Erosion transports weathered materials from their source through agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity, depositing sediments that form new rock layers over time.

The document provides an overview of geology and various geological concepts through definitions and explanations. It discusses the structure of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. It then covers plate tectonics, the geological time scale, minerals, rocks including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, faults, folds, coal formation and some key geological terms. Diagrams and images are provided to illustrate geological features and concepts.

Joints form when rock fractures due to stresses exceeding its brittle strength. They typically occur in sets of parallel fractures. Joints are classified by their formation process, such as sheeting joints which form as lava cools, or by their geometry, such as bedding joints which are parallel to stratification. Factors like bed thickness and lithology influence the spacing between joints. Joints are important in fields like engineering and hydrology, as they can impact rock strength and allow fluid flow.

This presentation is based on structural geology.. and it is for the people who are related to civil engineering..

This document provides an overview of structural geology concepts including folds, faults, strike, dip, and fold classification. It discusses that structural geology studies secondary rock structures like folds and faults, and defines key terms like outcrop, strike, and dip. It also categorizes and describes various types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical/asymmetrical, plunging/non-plunging, open/closed, and provides examples of overturned folds, chevron folds, and domes/basins. The document outlines causes of folding including tectonic forces and effects such as characteristic topographic features. It concludes with a description of faults and their significance for construction projects.

This presentation slide very helpful for Understanding Geological Feature or Earth Science few impotent topics.

This document discusses various geological structures including folds, faults, joints, unconformities, and methods to characterize rock mass quality. It describes key terms like dip, strike, anticline, syncline, and classifications of different fold types. Fault types like normal, thrust, and strike-slip faults are outlined. Engineering considerations of these structures are mentioned regarding their suitability for construction projects and impacts. Methods like Rock Quality Designation (RQD) and Rock Structure Rating (RSR) to evaluate rock mass quality are also summarized.

Folds are bends or curvatures that develop in rocks due to stresses. They can take many shapes depending on factors like force magnitude and direction. Folds develop slowly over geological time as rocks adjust to changing stress fields. They are classified based on whether the strata bend up (anticlines) or down (synclines). Additional classifications consider the position of the axial plane and relative dipping of the limbs. Complex fold types include overturned, recumbent, and box folds. Folds form over a range of scales from small individual structures to large regional folding.

What are folds? •Parts of the folds •Classification of folds •Classification on the basis of axial planes •Classification on the basis of curvature(by Ramsay) •Classification on the basis of plunge •Engineering considerations

1. Structural geology is the study of secondary geological structures like folds, faults, joints that form in rocks after their initial formation. 2. Folds form as a result of stresses that cause bending or undulations of layered rocks. Folds can be classified based on their geometry and orientation. 3. Faults form when rocks fracture and move relative to each other along a fracture surface due to stresses. Faults are classified based on the type and direction of movement between rock blocks. 4. Joints form when rocks fracture but there is no relative movement between the fractured pieces. Joints often form extensive fracture systems.

This presentation slide very helpful for Understanding Geological Feature or Earth Science few impotent topics.

This lecture includes the brief description of types of fractures especially shear. contractional and tension fractures. Classification of faults

Rocks can deform when stresses exceed their strength. The three main types of deformation are elastic, ductile and brittle. Stress leads to strain, with tension causing stretching, compression causing thickening, and shear causing blocks to move past each other. How rocks deform depends on factors like temperature, pressure, strain rate and mineral composition. Deformation results in structures like faults, folds, joints and breccias providing evidence of past stresses. Mountains form through processes like folding, faulting and uplift associated with plate tectonics.

Structural geology is the study of rock structures and deformations within the Earth's crust. There are several types of rock structures that provide evidence of past deformation, including folds, faults, joints, and foliations. Folds occur when rock layers are bent, and there are different types such as anticlines, synclines, tight folds, overfolds, recumbent folds, and nappe folds. Understanding rock structures provides insight into the stress fields and tectonic processes that shaped the geological past.

This document provides an overview of structural geology and folds. It defines structural geology as the study of geological structures like folds, faults, unconformities and joints. Folds occur when rock layers bend due to compressive forces, and come in different forms like anticlines and synclines. The key parts of a fold are identified as the crest, trough, limbs, hinge and axial plane. Folds can be classified based on their symmetry, plunge, bed thickness changes and other characteristics. Examples of different fold types include symmetrical, asymmetrical, isoclinal, overturned and plunging folds. Considerations for engineering projects involving folded rock formations are also outlined.

Folds are undulations or bends in rock layers caused by compressional forces. Key elements of folds include the wavelength, amplitude, hinge point, hinge line, and limbs. Folds can be classified based on their shape, orientation, and other geometric properties. Folds form as a result of tectonic and non-tectonic processes and can be recognized based on field observations like bedding repetition patterns and thickness variations.

The document discusses various geological structures including outcrops, rock deformation, folds, faults, and joints. It defines key terms like strike and dip which are used to describe the orientation of deformed rocks. It explains different types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, overturned folds, and plunging folds. It also describes various types of faults including normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and transform faults. Additionally, it discusses joints as fractures in rocks where there is no relative displacement and classifies joints based on their orientation. In summary, the document provides an overview of structural geology and the terminology used to describe deformed rocks and geological structures.

This powerpoint presentation gives some basic information regarding structural geology,folds,joints,faults etc.

Folds and faults are common geological structures that form in rocks. Folds occur when horizontal rock layers are bent upwards or downwards due to compressive forces, forming anticlines or synclines. Folds can be symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on the uniformity of compressive forces. Faults form when adjacent rock blocks are displaced along fractures due to shearing forces. The main types of faults are normal faults, reverse faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique-slip faults which cause the hanging wall to drop down, rise up, slide laterally, or experience a combination of movements respectively. Both folds and faults are primarily formed through tectonic forces within the Earth.

This document summarizes a presentation on the study of deformed rocks and geological folds. It defines key terms like anticline and syncline folds, describes different types of folds like symmetrical, asymmetrical, and recumbent folds. It explains how rocks deform under stress, the different types of strain (elastic, ductile, and brittle), and how geological structures relate to stress and strength. Methods for identifying folds in the field are also summarized, including directly observing folds and measuring the attitude of hinges and axial planes.

This document provides an overview of geological structures and the forces that cause them. It discusses stress, strain and rock strength, and how rocks deform through elastic, plastic and brittle mechanisms. The main types of stresses are described as tensional, compressional and shear. Geological structures include folds, fractures, joints and faults, which form through buckling or fracturing of rocks in response to these stresses. Specific fold types like anticlines and synclines are defined. Fractures include joints and faults, with joints involving no displacement and faults involving relative displacement of rock layers.

This document discusses various geological structures including folds, faults, and joints. It defines folds as bent rock layers, and describes key parts of folds such as the crest, trough, limbs, and axial plane. It also categorizes different types of folds based on their symmetry, plunge, and other characteristics. The document then defines faults as fractures with displacement, and explains fault terminology including the fault plane, footwall, hanging wall, and types of movement. Finally, it briefly introduces joints as fractures found in rocks.

The document discusses structural geology and rock structures. It defines structural geology as the study of rock deformation and structures like folds, faults, and joints. It describes primary structures that form during rock formation and secondary structures that form later from tectonic forces. Common rock structures are described like bedding, cleavage, and folds. Folds are classified by their shape, orientation, and interlimb angle. Methods to measure the attitude and recognize folds in the field are provided. Causes of folding and faults are also discussed along with their engineering significance.

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