This document discusses functions in C++. It defines a function as a block of code that performs a specific task and can be reused. The key points made are:
- Functions allow for modular and reusable code. They group statements and give them a name to be called from other parts of a program.
- The document demonstrates simple functions in C++ through examples, including defining, declaring, calling, passing arguments to, and returning values from functions.
- Other function concepts covered include function overloading, recursion, inline functions, default arguments, scope and storage class, and global vs local variables.
Function overloading in C++ allows defining multiple functions with the same name as long as they have different parameters. This enables functions to perform different tasks based on the types of arguments passed. An example demonstrates defining multiple area() functions, one taking a radius and the other taking length and breadth. Inline functions in C++ avoid function call overhead by expanding the function code at the call site instead of jumping to another location. Demonstrated with an inline mul() and div() example.
1. Arrays declared with a fixed size limit the program size, while dynamically allocated arrays using heap memory allow the size to be determined at runtime.
2. The heap segment is used for dynamic memory allocation using functions like malloc() and new to request memory from the operating system as needed.
3. Deallocation of dynamically allocated memory is required using free() and delete to avoid memory leaks and ensure memory is returned to the operating system.
This document discusses different conditional structures in C++ including if, if-else, switch and goto statements. It provides the syntax and examples of each. The if statement executes code if a condition is true, if-else adds an else block for when the condition is false. Switch allows choosing between multiple options. Goto directly transfers control to a labeled line of code.
The document discusses C++ functions. It explains that functions allow code to be reused by grouping common operations into reusable blocks of code called functions. Functions have three parts: a prototype that declares the function, a definition that implements it, and calls that execute the function. Functions can take parameters as input and return a value. Grouping common code into well-named functions makes a program more organized and maintainable.
This document discusses the structure of a C++ program. It begins by defining software and the different types. It then discusses key concepts in C++ like classes, objects, functions, and headers. It provides examples of a class declaration with private and public sections, member functions, and a main function. It also discusses practical training resources available for learning C++ including e-learning websites, e-assignments, e-content, and mobile apps.
This document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It defines library functions, user-defined functions, and the key elements of functions like prototypes, arguments, parameters, return values. It categorizes functions based on whether they have arguments and return values. The document also explains how functions are called, either by value where changes are not reflected back or by reference where the original values are changed.
The document presents information about functions in the C programming language. It discusses what a C function is, the different types of C functions including library functions and user-defined functions. It provides examples of how to declare, define, call and pass arguments to C functions. Key points covered include how functions allow dividing a large program into smaller subprograms, the ability to call functions multiple times, and how functions improve readability, debugging and reusability of code. An example program demonstrates a simple C function that calculates the square of a number.
Virtual functions allow functions to be overridden in derived classes. The virtual keyword before a function in the base class specifies that the function can be overridden. When a virtual function is called using a base class pointer, the version from the most derived class will be executed due to late binding. This allows runtime polymorphism where the function call is resolved based on the actual object type rather than the pointer variable type.
The document discusses inline functions in C++. Inline functions allow code from a function to be pasted directly into the call site rather than executing a function call. This avoids overhead from calling and returning from functions. Good candidates for inline are small, simple functions called frequently. The document provides an example of a function defined with the inline keyword and the optimizations a compiler may perform after inlining. It also compares inline functions to macros and discusses where inline functions are best used.
Classes allow users to bundle data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Data members store data within each object, while member functions implement behaviors. Classes support access specifiers like public and private to control access to members. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory for data members. Member functions can access object data members and are called on objects using dot notation. Friend functions allow non-member functions to access private members of classes.
Introduction to control structure in C Programming Language include decision making (if statement, if..else statement, if...else if...else statement, nested if...else statement, switch...case statement), Loop(for loop, while loop, do while loop, nested loop) and using keyword(break, continue and goto)
The document discusses the different types of operators in C++, including unary, binary, ternary, arithmetic, logical, comparison, assignment, bitwise, and special operators like scope resolution (::), endl, and setw. It provides examples of how each operator is used, such as increment/decrement for unary, addition/subtraction for binary, conditional operator ?: for ternary, and manipulating bits with bitwise operators. The document also explains how scope resolution allows accessing global variables from inner blocks and how endl and setw are used for formatting output displays.
The document discusses C functions, including their definition, types, uses, and implementation. It notes that C functions allow large programs to be broken down into smaller, reusable blocks of code. There are two types of functions - library functions and user-defined functions. Functions are declared with a return type, name, and parameters. They are defined with a body of code between curly braces. Functions can be called within a program and allow code to be executed modularly and reused. Parameters can be passed by value or by reference. Functions can return values or not, and may or may not accept parameters. Overall, functions are a fundamental building block of C that improve code organization, reusability, and maintenance.
This document discusses exception handling in C++. It defines an exception as an event that occurs during program execution that disrupts normal flow, like divide by zero errors. Exception handling allows the program to maintain normal flow even after errors by catching and handling exceptions. It describes the key parts of exception handling as finding problems, throwing exceptions, catching exceptions, and handling exceptions. The document provides examples of using try, catch, and throw blocks to handle exceptions in C++ code.
This document discusses pure virtual functions and abstract classes. It provides an introduction and schedule, then covers rules for virtual functions, pure virtual functions, virtual base classes, virtual destructors, abstract classes, and limitations of virtual functions. It also discusses the difference between early binding and late binding.
The document contains information about Tarandeep Kaur, including her name, section, and roll number. It then lists and describes various topics related to functions in C++, including definition of functions, function calling, function prototypes, void functions, local vs global variables, function overloading, and recursion. Examples are provided to illustrate function calling, passing arguments, return values, and differences between call by value and call by reference.
The document discusses functions in C++. It covers standard and user-defined functions, value-returning and void functions, formal and actual parameters, and how to define, declare, and call functions. It also discusses scope of identifiers, value vs reference parameters, function overloading, and functions with default parameters.
The document discusses different types of functions in C++ including:
1) Main functions are mandatory while other programs define additional functions. Functions are declared with a return type, name, and parameters.
2) Functions are defined with a syntax including the return type, name, parameters, and body. Functions can be called within other functions or the main function by passing values.
3) Inline functions have their code placed at the call site at compile time to avoid function call overhead. They are defined using the inline keyword before the return type for small, single line functions.
4) Functions can have default arguments which are values provided in the declaration that are used if not passed to the function. They must
Function overloading allows defining multiple functions with the same name but different parameters. It is used to improve consistency, readability, and compile-time binding. Functions are overloaded by defining multiple implementations that differ in the number and/or type of arguments passed. While enhancing usability, overloading can sometimes cause ambiguity.
This document provides an overview of functions in programming. Functions allow code to be reused by defining sub-parts of a program that can be called repeatedly. Functions are analogous to employees that perform specific tasks and can do so whenever needed. Functions take parameters as input, perform operations, and may return a value. The document provides examples of function syntax and practice problems for writing functions to perform mathematical operations and conversions.
1. Inline functions are small functions whose code is inserted at the call site instead of generating a function call. This avoids overhead of function calls but increases code size.
2. Function overloading allows different functions to have the same name but different parameters. The compiler determines which version to call based on argument types.
3. C++ classes allow defining data types that bundle together data members and member functions that can access them. Classes support data hiding and inheritance.
The document discusses C++ functions. It defines what a function is and describes the different types of C++ functions including standard and user-defined functions. It explains the structure of C++ functions including the function header, signature, and body. It provides examples of defining, declaring, implementing and calling functions. It also discusses topics like function parameters, scope of variables, inline functions, and building libraries.
This document discusses C++ function and operator overloading. Overloading occurs when the same name is used for functions or operators that have different signatures. Signatures are distinguished by parameter types and types are used to determine the best match. Overloading is resolved at compile-time based on arguments passed, while overriding is resolved at run-time based on object type. The document provides examples of overloading functions and operators and discusses issues like symmetry, precedence, and whether functions should be members or non-members.
This document summarizes an article from the Winter/Spring 2015 issue of Family Lawyer Magazine. The article discusses how to determine if a law firm's website is optimized for smartphones. It notes that smartphone use is increasing, with over half of all website visits now coming from smartphones. The article provides tips for law firms, including using responsive design so the website automatically adjusts to different screen sizes, keeping pages lightweight with minimal images and text, and testing the site on various devices. It emphasizes the importance of prioritizing mobility so prospective clients can easily access information from their smartphones.
Este documento trata sobre el problema del alcoholismo en los adolescentes de la ciudad de Caracas. Explica que el consumo excesivo de alcohol entre los jóvenes se ha incrementado rápidamente en los últimos 5 años y representa un grave problema de salud pública, ya que causa deterioro en las nuevas generaciones. Argumenta que es importante que la familia, el Estado y los medios de comunicación trabajen juntos en campañas de prevención y concientización sobre los peligros del alcoholismo dirigidas a los adolescentes.
The document analyzes the wine industry in Bolivia and identifies bottlenecks preventing wine exports. It provides a history of wine production in Bolivia and discusses current grape varieties, regions of production, exports, quality standards, and the supply chain. Key bottlenecks identified include a lack of export experience and expertise, limited grape varieties and quality for exports, dependency on imports, and a lack of coordination between industry stakeholders. The document also evaluates market opportunities for Bolivian wines in countries like the UK, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Poland.
Microsharing Im Unternehmen: Wie Dokumentieren und Lernen Teil der täglichen ...
Vortrag von Dirk Röhrborn auf dem Forum eLearning & Knowledge Management auf der Cebit 2009 über Microsharing und wie dieser Ansatz die Kommunikation im Unternehmen verändert.
NIBE is among top mba colleges in bangalore , india . College offers different courses like mba , bca, bbm and bcom . Its vision is to give efficient professionals to the management sector
This document provides an overview of visual cryptography, including its introduction, types, implementation methods, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Visual cryptography allows visual information like pictures and text to be encrypted in a way that can be decrypted by the human visual system. It was pioneered in 1994 and works by splitting an image into shares such that stacking a sufficient number of shares reveals the original image. The document discusses various visual cryptography schemes and their properties.
ProCor conducted a survey of its subscribers to obtain feedback and determine how to better disseminate its cardiovascular health content globally. The survey received 97 responses. Most respondents were physicians or public health professionals doing work with a global focus, particularly in Africa. Respondents expressed interest in additional topics like lifestyle modification, diabetes, and strategies for primary prevention. They also showed interest in expanding delivery methods to include social media and smartphone applications. The conclusion was that ProCor's audience is receptive to growth, expansion into new topics, and alternative formats for content delivery.
Este documento proporciona consejos y recomendaciones para administrar y optimizar una página de Facebook para empresas. Algunas de las sugerencias clave incluyen elegir un nombre y URL atractivos para la página, diseñar una portada llamativa, ordenar las publicaciones para maximizar el engagement, y publicar contenido valioso a un ritmo constante pero no excesivo para mantener a los fans comprometidos.
Este documento trata sobre la disciplina y los conflictos en el aula desde una perspectiva teórica y práctica. Primero, explora conceptos clave como la disciplina, la autoridad del docente y la socialización. Luego, analiza teorías educativas relevantes y propone un plan de trabajo centrado en el proyecto "Aula de convivencia" para mejorar la disciplina. Finalmente, incluye anexos sobre temas como la posmodernidad y tablas ilustrativas. El objetivo general es dar una visión general del tema y ofrecer e
The document discusses functions in C++. It defines a function as a block of code that performs a specific task. There are two types of functions: built-in functions provided by the language and user-defined functions created by the programmer. The components of a function include the function header, body, parameters, return type, local variables, and return statement. Functions can pass arguments either by value or by reference. The document provides examples of built-in and user-defined functions as well as examples demonstrating call by value and call by reference.
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. A function performs a specific task and can accept input parameters and return an output. Functions make code more modular and easier to maintain. Functions are defined with a name, parameters, and body. They can be called from other parts of the code to execute their task. Parameters allow functions to accept input values, while return values allow functions to return output to the calling code. Functions can be called by passing arguments by value or reference. The document provides examples and explanations of different types of functions in C++ like inline functions, functions with default arguments, and global vs local variables.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines what a function is, how functions are declared and defined, how to pass arguments to functions, and different ways to call functions. It provides examples of using functions to calculate factorials, Fibonacci series, find the highest common factor and lowest common multiple of two numbers, and sum the digits of a number recursively. Various ways of implementing functions using loops, recursion, and by passing arguments are demonstrated through code examples.
It tells about functions in C++,Types,Use,prototype,declaration,Arguments etc
function with
A function with no parameter and no return value
A function with parameter and no return value
A function with parameter and return value
A function without parameter and return value
Call by value and address
The document discusses passing objects as arguments to functions in C++. It can be done in two ways - by value using a copy of the object or by reference passing the address. The sample program demonstrates passing two height objects to a sum function that adds their feet and inches values. The function receives the objects by value, performs the calculation, and outputs the total height.
The document discusses various control structures used in programming, including sequence, repetition (loops), and selection (branching). It covers common loop and conditional statements like while, for, if/else, switch/case. Control structures allow programs to execute instructions in different orders depending on conditions or to repeat steps multiple times. Keywords like break and continue change the normal flow of loops.
The document discusses functions in C programming. The key points are:
1. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions allow code reusability and modularity.
2. main() is the starting point of a C program where execution begins. User-defined functions are called from main() or other functions.
3. Functions can take arguments and return values. There are different ways functions can be defined based on these criteria.
4. Variables used within a function have local scope while global variables can be accessed from anywhere. Pointers allow passing arguments by reference.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines a function as a self-contained block of code that performs a specific task. Functions make code more modular and reusable. There are two types of functions: standard/library functions and user-defined functions. Functions can take input parameters and return values. Functions are an essential part of program structure in C as they help organize code and logic.
Function overloading in C++ allows defining multiple functions with the same name as long as they have different parameters. This enables functions to perform different tasks based on the types of arguments passed. An example demonstrates defining multiple area() functions, one taking a radius and the other taking length and breadth. Inline functions in C++ avoid function call overhead by expanding the function code at the call site instead of jumping to another location. Demonstrated with an inline mul() and div() example.
1. Arrays declared with a fixed size limit the program size, while dynamically allocated arrays using heap memory allow the size to be determined at runtime.
2. The heap segment is used for dynamic memory allocation using functions like malloc() and new to request memory from the operating system as needed.
3. Deallocation of dynamically allocated memory is required using free() and delete to avoid memory leaks and ensure memory is returned to the operating system.
This document discusses different conditional structures in C++ including if, if-else, switch and goto statements. It provides the syntax and examples of each. The if statement executes code if a condition is true, if-else adds an else block for when the condition is false. Switch allows choosing between multiple options. Goto directly transfers control to a labeled line of code.
The document discusses C++ functions. It explains that functions allow code to be reused by grouping common operations into reusable blocks of code called functions. Functions have three parts: a prototype that declares the function, a definition that implements it, and calls that execute the function. Functions can take parameters as input and return a value. Grouping common code into well-named functions makes a program more organized and maintainable.
This document discusses the structure of a C++ program. It begins by defining software and the different types. It then discusses key concepts in C++ like classes, objects, functions, and headers. It provides examples of a class declaration with private and public sections, member functions, and a main function. It also discusses practical training resources available for learning C++ including e-learning websites, e-assignments, e-content, and mobile apps.
This document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It defines library functions, user-defined functions, and the key elements of functions like prototypes, arguments, parameters, return values. It categorizes functions based on whether they have arguments and return values. The document also explains how functions are called, either by value where changes are not reflected back or by reference where the original values are changed.
The document presents information about functions in the C programming language. It discusses what a C function is, the different types of C functions including library functions and user-defined functions. It provides examples of how to declare, define, call and pass arguments to C functions. Key points covered include how functions allow dividing a large program into smaller subprograms, the ability to call functions multiple times, and how functions improve readability, debugging and reusability of code. An example program demonstrates a simple C function that calculates the square of a number.
Virtual functions allow functions to be overridden in derived classes. The virtual keyword before a function in the base class specifies that the function can be overridden. When a virtual function is called using a base class pointer, the version from the most derived class will be executed due to late binding. This allows runtime polymorphism where the function call is resolved based on the actual object type rather than the pointer variable type.
The document discusses inline functions in C++. Inline functions allow code from a function to be pasted directly into the call site rather than executing a function call. This avoids overhead from calling and returning from functions. Good candidates for inline are small, simple functions called frequently. The document provides an example of a function defined with the inline keyword and the optimizations a compiler may perform after inlining. It also compares inline functions to macros and discusses where inline functions are best used.
Classes allow users to bundle data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Data members store data within each object, while member functions implement behaviors. Classes support access specifiers like public and private to control access to members. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory for data members. Member functions can access object data members and are called on objects using dot notation. Friend functions allow non-member functions to access private members of classes.
Introduction to control structure in C Programming Language include decision making (if statement, if..else statement, if...else if...else statement, nested if...else statement, switch...case statement), Loop(for loop, while loop, do while loop, nested loop) and using keyword(break, continue and goto)
The document discusses the different types of operators in C++, including unary, binary, ternary, arithmetic, logical, comparison, assignment, bitwise, and special operators like scope resolution (::), endl, and setw. It provides examples of how each operator is used, such as increment/decrement for unary, addition/subtraction for binary, conditional operator ?: for ternary, and manipulating bits with bitwise operators. The document also explains how scope resolution allows accessing global variables from inner blocks and how endl and setw are used for formatting output displays.
The document discusses C functions, including their definition, types, uses, and implementation. It notes that C functions allow large programs to be broken down into smaller, reusable blocks of code. There are two types of functions - library functions and user-defined functions. Functions are declared with a return type, name, and parameters. They are defined with a body of code between curly braces. Functions can be called within a program and allow code to be executed modularly and reused. Parameters can be passed by value or by reference. Functions can return values or not, and may or may not accept parameters. Overall, functions are a fundamental building block of C that improve code organization, reusability, and maintenance.
This document discusses exception handling in C++. It defines an exception as an event that occurs during program execution that disrupts normal flow, like divide by zero errors. Exception handling allows the program to maintain normal flow even after errors by catching and handling exceptions. It describes the key parts of exception handling as finding problems, throwing exceptions, catching exceptions, and handling exceptions. The document provides examples of using try, catch, and throw blocks to handle exceptions in C++ code.
Pure virtual function and abstract classAmit Trivedi
This document discusses pure virtual functions and abstract classes. It provides an introduction and schedule, then covers rules for virtual functions, pure virtual functions, virtual base classes, virtual destructors, abstract classes, and limitations of virtual functions. It also discusses the difference between early binding and late binding.
The document contains information about Tarandeep Kaur, including her name, section, and roll number. It then lists and describes various topics related to functions in C++, including definition of functions, function calling, function prototypes, void functions, local vs global variables, function overloading, and recursion. Examples are provided to illustrate function calling, passing arguments, return values, and differences between call by value and call by reference.
The document discusses functions in C++. It covers standard and user-defined functions, value-returning and void functions, formal and actual parameters, and how to define, declare, and call functions. It also discusses scope of identifiers, value vs reference parameters, function overloading, and functions with default parameters.
The document discusses different types of functions in C++ including:
1) Main functions are mandatory while other programs define additional functions. Functions are declared with a return type, name, and parameters.
2) Functions are defined with a syntax including the return type, name, parameters, and body. Functions can be called within other functions or the main function by passing values.
3) Inline functions have their code placed at the call site at compile time to avoid function call overhead. They are defined using the inline keyword before the return type for small, single line functions.
4) Functions can have default arguments which are values provided in the declaration that are used if not passed to the function. They must
Function overloading allows defining multiple functions with the same name but different parameters. It is used to improve consistency, readability, and compile-time binding. Functions are overloaded by defining multiple implementations that differ in the number and/or type of arguments passed. While enhancing usability, overloading can sometimes cause ambiguity.
This document provides an overview of functions in programming. Functions allow code to be reused by defining sub-parts of a program that can be called repeatedly. Functions are analogous to employees that perform specific tasks and can do so whenever needed. Functions take parameters as input, perform operations, and may return a value. The document provides examples of function syntax and practice problems for writing functions to perform mathematical operations and conversions.
1. Inline functions are small functions whose code is inserted at the call site instead of generating a function call. This avoids overhead of function calls but increases code size.
2. Function overloading allows different functions to have the same name but different parameters. The compiler determines which version to call based on argument types.
3. C++ classes allow defining data types that bundle together data members and member functions that can access them. Classes support data hiding and inheritance.
C++ functions presentation by DHEERAJ KATARIADheeraj Kataria
The document discusses C++ functions. It defines what a function is and describes the different types of C++ functions including standard and user-defined functions. It explains the structure of C++ functions including the function header, signature, and body. It provides examples of defining, declaring, implementing and calling functions. It also discusses topics like function parameters, scope of variables, inline functions, and building libraries.
This document discusses C++ function and operator overloading. Overloading occurs when the same name is used for functions or operators that have different signatures. Signatures are distinguished by parameter types and types are used to determine the best match. Overloading is resolved at compile-time based on arguments passed, while overriding is resolved at run-time based on object type. The document provides examples of overloading functions and operators and discusses issues like symmetry, precedence, and whether functions should be members or non-members.
This document summarizes an article from the Winter/Spring 2015 issue of Family Lawyer Magazine. The article discusses how to determine if a law firm's website is optimized for smartphones. It notes that smartphone use is increasing, with over half of all website visits now coming from smartphones. The article provides tips for law firms, including using responsive design so the website automatically adjusts to different screen sizes, keeping pages lightweight with minimal images and text, and testing the site on various devices. It emphasizes the importance of prioritizing mobility so prospective clients can easily access information from their smartphones.
Este documento trata sobre el problema del alcoholismo en los adolescentes de la ciudad de Caracas. Explica que el consumo excesivo de alcohol entre los jóvenes se ha incrementado rápidamente en los últimos 5 años y representa un grave problema de salud pública, ya que causa deterioro en las nuevas generaciones. Argumenta que es importante que la familia, el Estado y los medios de comunicación trabajen juntos en campañas de prevención y concientización sobre los peligros del alcoholismo dirigidas a los adolescentes.
The document analyzes the wine industry in Bolivia and identifies bottlenecks preventing wine exports. It provides a history of wine production in Bolivia and discusses current grape varieties, regions of production, exports, quality standards, and the supply chain. Key bottlenecks identified include a lack of export experience and expertise, limited grape varieties and quality for exports, dependency on imports, and a lack of coordination between industry stakeholders. The document also evaluates market opportunities for Bolivian wines in countries like the UK, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Poland.
Microsharing Im Unternehmen: Wie Dokumentieren und Lernen Teil der täglichen ...Communardo GmbH
Vortrag von Dirk Röhrborn auf dem Forum eLearning & Knowledge Management auf der Cebit 2009 über Microsharing und wie dieser Ansatz die Kommunikation im Unternehmen verändert.
NIBE is among top mba colleges in bangalore , india . College offers different courses like mba , bca, bbm and bcom . Its vision is to give efficient professionals to the management sector
This document provides an overview of visual cryptography, including its introduction, types, implementation methods, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Visual cryptography allows visual information like pictures and text to be encrypted in a way that can be decrypted by the human visual system. It was pioneered in 1994 and works by splitting an image into shares such that stacking a sufficient number of shares reveals the original image. The document discusses various visual cryptography schemes and their properties.
ProCor conducted a survey of its subscribers to obtain feedback and determine how to better disseminate its cardiovascular health content globally. The survey received 97 responses. Most respondents were physicians or public health professionals doing work with a global focus, particularly in Africa. Respondents expressed interest in additional topics like lifestyle modification, diabetes, and strategies for primary prevention. They also showed interest in expanding delivery methods to include social media and smartphone applications. The conclusion was that ProCor's audience is receptive to growth, expansion into new topics, and alternative formats for content delivery.
Este documento proporciona consejos y recomendaciones para administrar y optimizar una página de Facebook para empresas. Algunas de las sugerencias clave incluyen elegir un nombre y URL atractivos para la página, diseñar una portada llamativa, ordenar las publicaciones para maximizar el engagement, y publicar contenido valioso a un ritmo constante pero no excesivo para mantener a los fans comprometidos.
Este documento trata sobre la disciplina y los conflictos en el aula desde una perspectiva teórica y práctica. Primero, explora conceptos clave como la disciplina, la autoridad del docente y la socialización. Luego, analiza teorías educativas relevantes y propone un plan de trabajo centrado en el proyecto "Aula de convivencia" para mejorar la disciplina. Finalmente, incluye anexos sobre temas como la posmodernidad y tablas ilustrativas. El objetivo general es dar una visión general del tema y ofrecer e
The document discusses functions in C++. It defines a function as a block of code that performs a specific task. There are two types of functions: built-in functions provided by the language and user-defined functions created by the programmer. The components of a function include the function header, body, parameters, return type, local variables, and return statement. Functions can pass arguments either by value or by reference. The document provides examples of built-in and user-defined functions as well as examples demonstrating call by value and call by reference.
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. A function performs a specific task and can accept input parameters and return an output. Functions make code more modular and easier to maintain. Functions are defined with a name, parameters, and body. They can be called from other parts of the code to execute their task. Parameters allow functions to accept input values, while return values allow functions to return output to the calling code. Functions can be called by passing arguments by value or reference. The document provides examples and explanations of different types of functions in C++ like inline functions, functions with default arguments, and global vs local variables.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines what a function is, how functions are declared and defined, how to pass arguments to functions, and different ways to call functions. It provides examples of using functions to calculate factorials, Fibonacci series, find the highest common factor and lowest common multiple of two numbers, and sum the digits of a number recursively. Various ways of implementing functions using loops, recursion, and by passing arguments are demonstrated through code examples.
It tells about functions in C++,Types,Use,prototype,declaration,Arguments etc
function with
A function with no parameter and no return value
A function with parameter and no return value
A function with parameter and return value
A function without parameter and return value
Call by value and address
The document discusses passing objects as arguments to functions in C++. It can be done in two ways - by value using a copy of the object or by reference passing the address. The sample program demonstrates passing two height objects to a sum function that adds their feet and inches values. The function receives the objects by value, performs the calculation, and outputs the total height.
This document discusses functions in C++. It covers:
- The definition of a function as a subprogram that can act on data and return a value.
- Functions come in two varieties: user-defined and built-in.
- Functions must be declared before use with a prototype specifying the return type and parameters.
- A function is defined by providing the body of code that performs the task.
- Functions can interact through calls where parameters are passed by value or by reference.
The document provides an overview of functions in C++. It discusses the basic concepts of functions including declaring, defining, and calling functions. It covers function components like parameters and arguments. It explains passing parameters by value and reference. It also discusses different types of functions like built-in functions, user-defined functions, and functions with default arguments. Additionally, it covers concepts like scope of variables, return statement, recursion, and automatic vs static variables. The document is intended to teach the fundamentals of functions as building blocks of C++ programs.
The document provides an overview of functions in C++. It discusses the basic concepts of functions including declaring, defining, and calling functions. It covers different types of functions such as built-in functions, user-defined functions, and functions that return values. The key components of a function like the prototype, definition, parameters, arguments, and return statement are explained. It also describes different ways of passing parameters to functions, including call by value and call by reference. Functions allow breaking down programs into smaller, reusable components, making the code more readable, maintainable and reducing errors.
Functions in C allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. A function performs a specific task and can optionally return a value. Functions make code easier to understand, share, and isolate errors. There are different types of functions including standard library functions and user-defined functions. Functions communicate through passing arguments, returning values, and pointers. Recursion involves a function calling itself to solve smaller instances of a problem.
Basic Introduction to programming functions, Contents include.
- Definition of function
- Structure of function
- Function calling
- Function Prototyping
- Scope of the function
- Input parameters to a function
- Returning from the function
- Types of function calling
The document is a report on the topic of computer programming and utilization prepared by group C. It discusses functions, including the definition of a function, function examples, benefits of functions, function prototypes, function arguments, and recursion. It provides examples of math library functions, global and local variables, and external variables. It also includes examples of recursive functions to calculate factorials and the Fibonacci series recursively.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as mini-programs that can take in inputs, execute statements, and return outputs. Functions allow programmers to break large tasks into smaller, reusable parts. The key aspects of functions covered include: defining functions with return types and parameters; calling functions and passing arguments; return values; function prototypes; recursion; and examples of calculating factorials and acceleration using functions.
This document provides an overview of C++ programming concepts including control statements, decision making constructs, loops, arrays, functions, user-defined data types like structures and unions, and enumerations. It discusses various control structures like if/else, for/while loops, and break/continue statements. It also covers functions, including inline functions and function overloading. Finally, it summarizes structures, unions, and enumerations - specifically how structures group related variables, unions share memory, and enumerations assign limited values to variables.
The document discusses functions in C++, including how they can be used to break programs into modular and reusable parts. Functions allow for passing of data between caller and callee functions through arguments. There are different ways functions can handle arguments, including call by value, call by address, and call by reference.
slide1: the content of functons
slide2: Introduction to function
slide3:function advantages
slide4 -5: types of functions
slide6: elements of user defined functions
Object oriented programming system with C++msharshitha03s
This document provides an overview of C++ control statements, functions, and storage classes. It discusses various loops like while, for, and do-while loops. It also covers decision making statements such as if-else, if-else-if-else, switch statements, and unconditional statements like break, continue, and goto. The document then discusses functions, recursion, and inline functions. Finally, it summarizes different storage classes in C++ like auto, register, static, external, and mutable and provides examples of each.
A large program can be divided into smaller subprograms or functions. Functions make a program easier to write, read, update and debug by dividing it into self-contained tasks. Functions allow code to be reused and are called by the main program. Functions may accept arguments from the main program and return values to the main program. This allows two-way communication between functions and the main program.
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
How to Add Colour Kanban Records in Odoo 17 NotebookCeline George
In Odoo 17, you can enhance the visual appearance of your Kanban view by adding color-coded records using the Notebook feature. This allows you to categorize and distinguish between different types of records based on specific criteria. By adding colors, you can quickly identify and prioritize tasks or items, improving organization and efficiency within your workflow.
Delegation Inheritance in Odoo 17 and Its Use CasesCeline George
There are 3 types of inheritance in odoo Classical, Extension, and Delegation. Delegation inheritance is used to sink other models to our custom model. And there is no change in the views. This slide will discuss delegation inheritance and its use cases in odoo 17.
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
Ardra Nakshatra (आर्द्रा): Understanding its Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
Ardra Nakshatra, the sixth Nakshatra in Vedic astrology, spans from 6°40' to 20° in the Gemini zodiac sign. Governed by Rahu, the north lunar node, Ardra translates to "the moist one" or "the star of sorrow." Symbolized by a teardrop, it represents the transformational power of storms, bringing both destruction and renewal.
About Astro Pathshala
Astro Pathshala is a renowned astrology institute offering comprehensive astrology courses and personalized astrological consultations for over 20 years. Founded by Gurudev Sunil Vashist ji, Astro Pathshala has been a beacon of knowledge and guidance in the field of Vedic astrology. With a team of experienced astrologers, the institute provides in-depth courses that cover various aspects of astrology, including Nakshatras, planetary influences, and remedies. Whether you are a beginner seeking to learn astrology or someone looking for expert astrological advice, Astro Pathshala is dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges and unlock your full potential through the ancient wisdom of Vedic astrology.
For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.
2. Function
A function groups a number of program statements into
a unit and gives it a name.
This unit can then be invoked from other parts of the
program.
Advantages of using functions
Conceptual organization of a program.
Reduced program size.
Code reusability.
Easy to maintain and debug.
6. The Function Declaration
Just as you can’t use a variable without first telling the compiler what
it is, you also can’t use a function without telling the compiler about it.
There are two ways to do this.
Declare the function before it is called, and defined it somewhere else.
Declared and define it before it’s called.
Syntax:
void starline();
The declaration tells the compiler that at some later point we plan to
present a function called starline.
Function declarations are also called prototypes , since they provide
a model or blueprint for the function.
7. The Function Declaration
A function can return a value of any basic type (like int,
float, char etc) or any user defined type (Class or
Structure).
The keyword void specifies that the function has no
return value
A function can accept any number/type of arguments
(also called parameters list).
The empty parentheses indicate that it takes no
arguments.
8. Calling the Function
The following statement will call the function starline().
starline();
This is all we need to call the function: the function name,
followed by parentheses.
The syntax of the call is very similar to that of the
declaration, except that the return type is not used.
The call is terminated by a semicolon.
Executing the call statement causes the function to execute;
i.e.,
control is transferred to the function,
the statements in the function definition are executed,
The control returns to the statement following the function call.
9. The Function Definition
The function definition contains the actual code for the
function.
The definition consists of a line called the declarator,
followed by the function body .
The function body is composed of the statements that make
up the function, delimited by braces.
The declarator must agree with the declaration: It must use
the same function name, have the same argument types in
the same order (if there are arguments), and have the same
return type.
Notice that the declarator is not terminated by a semicolon.
12. Comparison with Library
Functions
Library functions are inbuilt functions which are grouped together
and placed in common place called library.
Each library function performs a specific task.
We have already used some of the library functions, such as
ch = getch();
Where are the declaration and definition of this library function?
The declaration is in the header file specified at the beginning of
the program.
The definition (compiled into executable code) is in a library file
that’s linked automatically to your program when you build it.
Note that the getch() function returns a character and its does not
accept any arguments.
13. Eliminating the Declaration
The second approach to inserting a function into a
program is to eliminate the function declaration and
place the function definition (the function itself) in the
listing before the first call to the function.
15. Passing Arguments to
Functions
An argument is a piece of data (an int value, for
example) passed from a program to the function.
Arguments allow a function to operate with different
values, or even to do different things, depending on the
requirements of the program calling it.
18. The function declaration looks like
void starLine(char ch, int n);
The items in the parentheses are the data types of the arguments
that will be sent to the function.
These are called parameters.
In a function call, specific values—constants in this case—are
inserted in the appropriate place in the parentheses. These are
called arguments:
starLine(‘=‘, 30);
The values supplied in the call must be of the types specified in
the declaration: the first argument must be of type char and the
second argument must be of type int.
The types in the declaration and the definition must also agree.
19. Passing Variables
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void repchar(char, int);
int main()
{
char chin;
int nin;
cout << "Enter a character: ";
cin >> chin;
cout << "Enter number of times to repeat it: ";
cin >> nin;
repchar(chin, nin);
return 0;
}
void repchar(char ch, int n) //function declarator
{
for(int j=0; j<n; j++) //function body
cout << ch;
cout << endl;
}
21. Passing arguments to a
function
There are two ways to pass arguments to a function.
Passing by value
Passing by reference
22. Passing by Value
In passing by value, function creates a new variable for
each of the parameter.
The parameters are initialized with the values of the
arguments.
When the function finishes its execution, these
variables are deleted from the memory.
If you change the value of a parameter, the original
value remains unchanged.
24. Returning Values from
Functions
When a function completes its execution, it can return a
single value to the calling program.
Usually this return value consists of an answer to the
problem the function has solved.
When a function returns a value, the data type of this
value must be specified.
When a function returns a value, the value from the
variable in the called function is copied to the one
assigned to the function call into the variable in the
calling function.
25. Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
float lbstokg(float); //declaration
int main()
{
float lbs, kgs;
cout << "nEnter your weight in pounds: ";
cin >> lbs;
kgs = lbstokg(lbs);
cout << "Your weight in kilograms is " << kgs << endl;
return 0;
}
float lbstokg(float pounds)
{
float kilograms = 0.453592 * pounds;
return kilograms;
}
28. Eliminating Unnecessary
Variables
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
float lbstokg(float); //declaration
int main()
{
float lbs;
cout << “nEnter your weight in pounds: “;
cin >> lbs;
cout << “Your weight in kilograms is “ << lbstokg(lbs);
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
float lbstokg(float pounds)
{
return 0.453592 * pounds;
}
29. Pass by reference
A reference provides an alias — i.e., a different name — for
a variable.
One of the most important uses for references is in passing
arguments to functions.
Passing arguments by reference uses a different
mechanism. Instead of a value being passed to the function,
a reference to the original variable, in the calling program, is
passed.
An important advantage of passing by reference is that the
function can access the actual variables in the calling
program
30. Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
void intfrac(float, float&, float&); //declaration
float number, intpart, fracpart; //float variables
do {
cout << “nEnter a real number: “; //number from user
cin >> number;
intfrac(number, intpart, fracpart); //find int and frac
cout << “Integer part is “ << intpart //print them
<< “, fraction part is “ << fracpart << endl;
} while( number != 0.0 ); //exit loop on 0.0
return 0;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------
void intfrac(float n, float& intp, float& fracp)
{
long temp = static_cast<long>(n); //convert to long,
intp = static_cast<float>(temp); //back to float
fracp = n - intp; //subtract integer part
}
35. Function Overloading
An overloaded function appears to perform different
activities depending on the kind of data sent to it.
Overloading is like the joke about the famous
scientist who insisted that the thermos bottle was
the greatest invention of all time. Why? “It’s a
miracle device,” he said. “It keeps hot things hot,
but cold things it keeps cold. How does it know?”
36. Overloaded Functions
Two functions with same name but different
number/type of arguments are called overloaded
functions.
Example (different type of arguments)
int sum (int x, int y);
float sum (float x, float y);
Example (different number of arguments)
double inchToMeter (int feet, double inches);
double inchToMeter (double feet);
37. Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void repchar(); //declarations
void repchar(char);
void repchar(char, int);
int main()
{
repchar();
repchar(‘=’);
repchar(‘+’, 30);
return 0;
}
void repchar()
{
for(int j=0; j<45; j++)
cout << ‘*’; // always prints asterisk
cout << endl;
}
void repchar(char ch)
{
for(int j=0; j<45; j++)
cout << ch;
cout << endl;
}
void repchar(char ch, int n)
{
for(int j=0; j<n; j++)
cout << ch;
cout << endl;
}
This program prints out three lines of characters. Here’s the output:
*********************************************
=============================================
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
39. Recursion
A function can call itself, and this is called recursion.
when used correctly this technique can be surprisingly
powerful.
40. Example: Factorial
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
unsigned long factfunc(unsigned long); //declaration
int main()
{
int n; //number entered by user
unsigned long fact; //factorial
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> n;
fact = factfunc(n);
cout << "Factorial of " << n << " is " << fact << endl;
return 0;
}
unsigned long factfunc(unsigned long n)
{
if(n > 1)
return n * factfunc(n-1); //self call
else
return 1;
}
41. Inline Functions
Functions save memory space because all the calls to the function
cause the same code to be executed; the function body need not
be duplicated in memory.
When the compiler sees a function call, it normally generates a
jump to the function.
At the end of the function it jumps back to the instruction following
the call.
While this sequence of events may save memory space, it takes
some extra time.
To save execution time in short functions, you may elect to put the
code in the function body directly inline with the code in the calling
program.
43. Inline Functions
To declare a function inline, you need to specify the
keyword inline.
You should be aware that the inline keyword is actually
just a request to the compiler.
Sometimes the compiler will ignore the request and
compile the function as a normal function. It might
decide the function is too long to be inline, for instance.
44. Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
inline float lbstokg(float pounds)
{
return 0.453592 * pounds;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------
int main()
{
float lbs;
cout << "nEnter your weight in pounds: ";
cin >> lbs;
cout << "Your weight in kilograms is " << lbstokg(lbs)
<< endl;
return 0;
}
45. Default Arguments
A function can be called without specifying all its
arguments.
For this to work, the function declaration must provide
default values for those arguments that are not
specified.
These are called default arguments.
46. Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void repchar(char='*', int=45); //declaration with
//default arguments
int main()
{
repchar(); //prints 45 asterisks
repchar('='); //prints 45 equal signs
repchar('+', 30); //prints 30 plus signs
return 0;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------
void repchar(char ch, int n) //defaults supplied
{ // if necessary
for(int j=0; j<n; j++) //loops n times
cout << ch; //prints ch
cout << endl;
}
47. Default Arguments
Remember that missing arguments must be the trailing
arguments—those at the end of thr argument list.
You can leave out the last three arguments, but you
can’t leave out the next-to-last and then put in the last.
48. Scope and Storage Class
The scope of a variable determines which parts of the
program can access it, and its storage class determines how
long it stays in existence.
Two different kinds of scope are important here: local and
file.
Variables with local scope are visible only within a block.
Variables with file scope are visible throughout a file.
There are two storage classes: automatic and static.
Variables with storage class automatic exist during the lifetime
of the function in which they’re defined.
Variables with storage class static exist for the lifetime of the
program.
A block is basically the code between an opening brace and
a closing brace. Thus a function body is a block.
49. Local variables
Variables defined within a function body are called local
variables. A variable scope is also called visibility.
They have local scope, i.e., they can only be accessed
inside the block where they are defined.
However, they are also sometimes called automatic
variables, because they have the automatic storage class.
The time period between the creation and destruction of a
variable is called its lifetime.
The lifetime of a local variable coincides with the time when
the function in which it is defined is executing.
50. Example
void somefunc()
{
int somevar; //local variables
float othervar;
somevar = 10; //OK
othervar = 11; //OK
nextvar = 12; //illegal: not visible in somefunc()
}
void otherfunc()
{
int nextvar; //local variable
somevar = 20; //illegal: not visible in otherfunc()
othervar = 21; //illegal: not visible in otherfunc()
nextvar = 22; //OK
}
51. Global Variables
A global variable is visible to all the functions in a file.
More precisely, it is visible to all those functions that follow
the variable’s definition in the listing.
While local variables are defined within functions, global
variables are defined outside of any function.
Usually you want global variables to be visible to all
functions, so you put their declarations at the beginning of
the listing.
Global variables are also sometimes called external
variables, since they are defined external to any function.
53. Global Variables: Initialization
If a global variable is initialized, it takes place when the
program is first loaded.
If a global variable is not initialized explicitly by the
program, then it is initialized automatically to 0 when it
is created.
This is unlike local variables, which are not initialized
and probably contain random or garbage values when
they are created
54. Lifetime and Visibility
Global variables have storage class static, which
means they exist for the life of the program
Memory space is set aside for them when the program
begins, and continues to exist until the program ends.
You don’t need to use the keyword static when
declaring global variables; they are given this storage
class automatically.
Global variables are visible in the file in which they are
defined, starting at the point where they are defined.
55. Static Local Variables
A static local variable has the visibility of an automatic local
variable (that is, inside the function containing it).
However, its lifetime is the same as that of a global variable,
except that it doesn’t come into existence until the first call to
the function containing it.
Thereafter it remains in existence for the life of the program.
Static local variables are used when it’s necessary for a
function to remember a value when it is not being executed;
that is, between calls to the function.
56. Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
float getavg(float); //declaration
int main()
{
float data=1, avg;
while( data != 0 )
{
cout << “Enter a number: “;
cin >> data;
avg = getavg(data);
cout << “New average is “ << avg << endl;
}
return 0;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------
float getavg(float newdata)
{
static float total = 0; //static variables are initialized
static int count = 0; // only once per program
count++; //increment count
total += newdata; //add new data to total
return total / count; //return the new average
}
57. Static variables
Initialization: When static variables are initialized, as
total and count are in getavg() , the initialization takes
place only once—the first time their function is called.
They are not reinitialized on subsequent calls to the
function, as ordinary local variables are.
Storage: local variables and function arguments are
stored on the stack, while global and static variables
are stored on the heap.