Heat exchangers are devices that transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids at different temperatures. The document discusses several types of heat exchangers including shell and tube, plate, air cooled, and spiral. It covers their basic designs, components, functions, applications, maintenance requirements, and classifications such as counterflow or parallel flow configurations. Selection of heat exchangers depends on factors like temperature ranges, pressure limits, flow capacities, and materials required.
This document provides information about heat exchangers, including:
- Heat exchangers transfer energy between fluids at different temperatures through conduction, convection and radiation.
- They have advantages like being economical, having high efficiency and being easy to modify.
- Heat exchangers can be classified by their flow configuration, transfer process, construction and heat transfer mechanism.
- Common types include shell and tube, plate, double pipe, and condensers, evaporators and boilers.
- Maintenance includes hydrotesting to detect leaks and plugging leaking tubes temporarily or permanently.
Heat exchangers transfer heat from one medium to another. They are classified by flow configuration and construction. Key flow configurations are parallel, counter, and cross flow. Main construction types are shell and tube, and plate heat exchangers. Heat transfer is calculated using methods like log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and number of transfer units (NTU). Standards like TEMA provide guidelines for shell and tube heat exchanger design and components.
This document compares different methods for designing a shell and tube heat exchanger, including a manual design, HTRI software, and Aspen Exchanger Design and Rating (EDR). It first provides background on heat exchangers and describes the constraints that must be met in a heat exchanger design, including thermal and hydraulic evaluations. It then presents an example design case and shows the initial geometry selection. Finally, it discusses using HTRI and Aspen EDR software for simulation, rating, and designing shell and tube heat exchangers, noting both programs iterate to find a design meeting constraints.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on thermosyphon reboilers and their operational characteristics. It begins with an introduction to reboilers and thermosyphon reboilers. It then discusses the working principles and types of thermosyphon reboilers, including vertical and horizontal designs. The document reviews the operational characteristics of thermosyphon reboilers and how they are influenced by factors like temperature difference, operating pressure, and pipe diameter. It also compares advantages and disadvantages of vertical and horizontal designs. Finally, it discusses common industrial applications of thermosyphon reboilers and concludes with a summary of key points and references.
This document provides information on fired heaters, including methods of heat transfer, combustion, types of fired heaters, furnace parts, problems that can occur, and introduces several heaters at a refinery. It discusses the three main methods of heat transfer as conduction, convection, and radiation. Fired heaters use combustion of fuel to generate heat that is transferred to process fluids through tubes. Box and cylindrical designs are described. Key furnace parts and issues like overfiring, vibration, and inefficiency are outlined. Example heaters at the refinery include crude, vacuum, visbreaker, and hydrotreating unit heaters.
This document provides an overview of the functional design of two types of heat exchangers: shell and tube heat exchangers and plate heat exchangers. It discusses the key components, design considerations, and step-by-step design procedures for shell and tube heat exchangers. These include determining the heat transfer area, number of tubes, tube dimensions, baffle design, and accounting for pressure drops and fouling factors. It also introduces plate heat exchangers and discusses their mechanical characteristics and design methods at a high level.
applications of the principles of heat transfer to design of heat exchangersKathiresan Nadar
This file contain a very good description for the processes design of heat ex changer. the file courtesy is Prof. Anand Patwardhan ICT Mumbai (Deemed University)
This document provides an introduction to heat exchangers, including their classification, types, components, and design considerations. Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between fluids or between fluids and solids. Common types include shell and tube, plate and frame, air cooled, and spiral designs. Key components of shell and tube heat exchangers are the shell, tubes, tubesheet, baffles, and nozzles. Tube layout, pitch, pass arrangements, and baffle design impact heat transfer and pressure drop. Bypass and leakage streams must be minimized for optimal performance.
Heat exchangers allow the transfer of heat between two fluids without direct contact. The main types are shell-and-tube, plate, air-cooled, and spiral. Shell-and-tube exchangers consist of tubes in a shell and are the most common, used across many industries. Plate exchangers use corrugated plates clamped together with gaskets to direct fluid flow. Spiral and air-cooled exchangers provide alternatives for applications where fouling is a problem.
Heat exchangers transfer heat from one fluid to another. There are two main types: tube-and-shell and plate. Tube-and-shell consists of tubes in a shell where fluids flow inside and outside the tubes. Plate heat exchangers use plates to separate fluids which flow between plates in alternating channels. Heat exchangers can operate in parallel, counter, or cross flow configurations. Performance tests determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and identify any fouling issues.
The document discusses different types of open and closed feedwater heaters. It describes spray, tray, and spray/tray type deaerators, as well as a "Stork" deaerator that has no vent condenser. It also discusses horizontal and vertical closed feedwater heaters, which can have condensing, desuperheating, and drain cooler zones. Materials used include mild steel, stainless steel, and brass.
HEAT EXCHANGERS. Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at different temperature while keeping them from mixing with each other.
2. Double Pipe Heat Exchangers
3. A typical double pipe heat exchanger basically consists of a tube or pipe fixed concentrically inside a larger pipe or tube They are used when flow rates of the fluids and the heat duty are small (less than 5 kW) These are simple to construct, but may require a lot of physical space to achieve the desired heat transfer area.
4. Double-pipe exchangers is the generic term covering a range of jacketed 'U' tube exchangers normally operating in countercurrent flow of two types which is true double pipes and multitubular hairpins. One fluid flows through the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space between the two pipes. Two types of flow arrangement: Parallel flow Counter flow
5. • The fluids may be separated by a plane wall but more commonly by a concentric tube (double pipe) arrangement shown in fig. If both the fluids move in the same direction, the arrangement is called a parallel flow type. In the counter flow arrangement the fluids move in parallel but opposite directions. In a double pipe heat exchanger, either the hot or cold fluid occupies the annular space and the other fluid moves through the inner pipe. The method of solving the problem using logarithmic mean temperature difference is typical and more iteration must be done. So it takes more time for the problem to solve. Therefore another method is practiced for solving this type of problems. This method is known as Effectiveness and Number of Transfer Units or simply ε-NTU method.“Effectiveness of heat exchangers is defined as actual heat transfer rate by maximum possible heat transfer rate”.The LMTD method may be applied to design problems for which the fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures, as well as a desired outlet temperature, are prescribed.
6. Application of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Pasteurization or sterilization of food and bioproducts Condensers and evaporators of air conditioners Radiators for internal combustion engines Charge air coolers and intercoolers for cooling supercharged engine intake air of diesel engines.
Refrigerators and heat pumps transfer heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature medium. They differ only in their objectives - refrigerators remove heat (cooling), while heat pumps supply heat.
The vapor-compression cycle is the most common refrigeration cycle. It involves four main components: evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. Heat is absorbed in the evaporator and rejected in the condenser. The compressor raises the refrigerant pressure and temperature between these components.
The performance of vapor-compression refrigeration systems depends on factors like evaporator/condenser temperatures and pressures. Actual cycles are less efficient than ideal cycles due to irreversibilities like heat transfer across a temperature
Subcooling is cooling liquid refrigerant below its saturation temperature at constant pressure in the condenser, which keeps it fully liquid and improves cycle efficiency. Superheating heats the vapor in the evaporator so it enters the compressor as a vapor rather than liquid-vapor mixture, but increases compressor work and reduces capacity. Both processes impact the refrigeration cycle efficiency and capacity.
Valves have different types and functions depending on the type of service. The main types are on-off valves like gate valves, plug valves, and ball valves which are used to start and stop flow. Throttling or regulating valves like globe valves and butterfly valves are used to control the flow rate. Check valves prevent backflow and include swing check valves, lift check valves, and ball check valves. Pressure relief valves like safety valves and relief valves are used to release excess pressure to protect systems. Control valves combined with actuators, controllers and sensors are used for automatic pressure control.
Liquid Piping Systems, Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping Systems, Sizing Liquid Piping Systems; Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching, Design of Piping Systems complete with In-Line or Base-Mounted Pumps
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids. There are various types including shell and tube, plate and frame, and air cooled. A shell and tube heat exchanger consists of tubes, a shell, baffles, and nozzle inlets and outlets. Proper design of the baffle cut, spacing, and orientation is important for efficient heat transfer and to prevent bypass and leakage streams from reducing effectiveness. Sealing strips are also used to block leakage paths and improve performance.
This document provides information on refrigerants including their definition, history, classification, properties, and environmental impact. It discusses early natural refrigerants and the development of artificial refrigerants over time. Refrigerants are classified based on their working principle and chemical properties. Key criteria for refrigerant selection include thermodynamic properties, environmental and safety factors, and cost. Common synthetic refrigerants discussed are CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, hydrocarbons, and inorganic refrigerants like ammonia and carbon dioxide.
This document provides an overview of shell and tube heat exchanger design. It discusses key elements of shell and tube heat exchangers including types of shells, tube layouts, baffle designs, tube materials, and basic sizing calculations. The document outlines the basic design procedure which involves identifying the problem, selecting an exchanger type, calculating initial parameters, evaluating performance and cost, and iterating the design as needed.
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two or more fluids. There are four main types classified by fluid flow: countercurrent, cocurrent, crossflow, and hybrids. Heat exchangers are also classified by construction: recuperative have separate fluid paths while regenerative use a single path. Common construction types include shell and tube, plate, and pipe in pipe. Shell and tube designs use a bundle of tubes to efficiently transfer heat. Plate heat exchangers use corrugated plates to maximize surface area. Pipe in pipe is a simple double pipe design.
1. A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between two or more fluids (liquid or gas), which are at different temperatures. Common types are shell and tube, plate, and double pipe (or hairpin) heat exchangers.
2. Heat exchangers can be classified based on their flow configuration (countercurrent, cocurrent, crossflow) or construction (recuperative, regenerative). Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of tubes bundled inside a shell. Plate heat exchangers use corrugated plates to create flow paths.
3. Heat is transferred between fluids via conduction, convection, and thermal radiation. The rate of conductive heat transfer depends on surface area,
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS-HEAT TRANSFER -CO-CURRENTNITIN ASNANI
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two or more fluids. There are four main types classified by fluid flow: countercurrent, cocurrent, crossflow, and hybrids. Heat exchangers are also classified by construction: recuperative have separate fluid paths while regenerative use a single path. Common construction types include shell and tube, plate, and pipe in pipe. Shell and tube designs use a bundle of tubes to efficiently transfer heat. Plate heat exchangers use corrugated plates to maximize surface area. Pipe in pipe is a simple double pipe design.
Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between fluids. They transfer heat from outgoing vapors and liquids to incoming fluids to reduce fuel consumption. Common applications include heating, cooling, power generation, and industrial processes. The main types are double pipe, shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, and spiral heat exchangers. Double pipe exchangers have one pipe inside another but low efficiency. Shell and tube exchangers use bundles of tubes in a shell and are robust for high pressures. Plate exchangers use parallel plates for compactness while spiral exchangers use coiled tubes. Selection depends on parameters like pressure, temperature, and space.
Heat Exchangers, Its types and classifications. functioning of each typejeevanprasad8
Heat Exchangers, Its types and classification of heat exchangers. functioning of each type of heat exchangers. counter flow, cross flow, Multiple cross flow heat exchangers. Regenerative and recupurative heat exchangers. Tubular and plate type heat exchangers.
A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat from one medium or fluid to another for the purpose of cooling or heating. There are several types of heat exchangers including double pipe, shell and tube, and plate heat exchangers. Double pipe heat exchangers involve two concentric pipes where one fluid flows inside a pipe and another fluid flows over the outside of the pipe to exchange heat. Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a shell with tubes inside where one fluid flows through the tubes and another fluid flows over the tubes in the shell. Plate heat exchangers use metal plates with fluids flowing between alternate plates to efficiently transfer heat between the two fluids. Heat exchangers are widely used in industrial processes
This document provides an overview of different types of heat exchangers. It begins with an introduction to heat exchangers and their basic functions. It then describes several common types of heat exchangers including recuperators, regenerators, plate heat exchangers, shell and tube heat exchangers, and fin tube heat exchangers. It also discusses potential problems with heat exchangers such as fouling and corrosion and provides some precautions and considerations for heat exchanger design and cost.
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two or more fluids. There are several types including double pipe, shell and tube, plate, and spiral heat exchangers. Double pipe heat exchangers consist of one fluid passing through an inner tube while the other fluid passes in the outer tube. Shell and tube heat exchangers have one fluid passing through tubes inside a shell while the other fluid passes over the tubes. Plate heat exchangers use thin plates with precision cut channels to efficiently transfer heat between fluids. Spiral heat exchangers coil one tube around another in a counter-flow arrangement to optimize heat transfer in a compact design. Heat exchangers are widely used in industries like manufacturing, power plants, and buildings.
CPD - PHE's Principles _ Applications(1) - High Res.pdfTickle Community
This document provides an overview of plate heat exchangers, including their principles and applications. It discusses the types of plate heat exchangers, heat transfer principles, turbulent vs laminar flow, co-current vs counter-current flow, and pressure drop. Applications covered include sizing plate heat exchangers, packaged plate heat exchangers for domestic hot water generation, instantaneous and semi-instantaneous systems, and service and maintenance considerations.
The evaporator is a key component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It receives low-pressure refrigerant from the expansion valve and uses it to absorb heat from the surrounding air or liquid. There are several types of evaporators classified based on their design and heat transfer method, including bare tube, finned tube, plate, shell and tube, and shell and coil evaporators. Each type has advantages and disadvantages for different applications in areas like air conditioning, food freezing, and industrial cooling.
This document discusses heat exchangers, which allow the transfer of heat between two fluids without direct contact. It describes several types of heat exchangers including double pipe heat exchangers, which involve two concentric pipes, and shell and tube heat exchangers, which involve tubes inside a cylindrical shell. Shell and tube heat exchangers are widely used and involve tubes, tube sheets, baffles, and multiple passes to increase heat transfer. The document also discusses applications and advantages and disadvantages of different heat exchanger designs.
Heat exchangers transfer heat between two or more fluids and are widely used in applications like refrigeration, air conditioning, and chemical processing. There are various types of heat exchangers including shell and tube, which consists of tubes bundled together inside a cylindrical shell. Heat is transferred as fluids flow through the tubes and over the tubes in the shell. Selection of a heat exchanger depends on factors like process requirements, operating conditions, maintenance needs, and cost effectiveness.
Heat exchangers transfer heat between two or more fluids. There are four main factors that affect heat transfer: materials, fluids, temperature difference, and contamination. Common types of heat exchangers include double pipe, shell and tube, kettle, air coolers, plate, and calandria. Key features of different heat exchanger types like shell and tube, double pipe, and air coolers are described.
This presentation summarizes heat exchangers, specifically double pipe heat exchangers and shell and tube heat exchangers. It provides an overview of how heat exchangers work and the key components of double pipe and shell and tube heat exchangers. Advantages of double pipe heat exchangers include their simple construction and ability to handle small heat transfer areas. Shell and tube heat exchangers are more complex but allow for greater heat transfer capacity and easier tube maintenance compared to double pipe heat exchangers.
This document discusses heat exchangers, including their types, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It describes the main types of heat exchangers as shell and tube, double pipe, plate type, and finned tube. Shell and tube exchangers are the most widely used due to their lower cost compared to plate exchangers, though plate exchangers offer higher heat transfer efficiency. Heat exchangers are commonly used in chemical, petrochemical, food, pharmaceutical, fertilizer, textile, and power industries to transfer heat between process streams.
This document discusses heat exchangers, including their types, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It describes the main types of heat exchangers as shell and tube, double pipe, plate type, and finned tube. Shell and tube heat exchangers are the most widely used due to their lower cost compared to plate type and ability to handle higher pressures than double pipe. Plate type heat exchangers offer higher efficiency but higher initial cost. Heat exchangers are commonly used in chemical, petrochemical, food, and other industrial processes to transfer heat between fluids.
A tube heat exchanger consists of a shell containing a bundle of tubes, with one fluid flowing through the tubes and another fluid flowing over the tubes to facilitate heat transfer. There are several types of heat exchangers that vary in their design and construction, but all aim to efficiently transfer heat from one fluid to another.
This document discusses different types of modern heat exchangers, including shell and tube, plate, spiral, plate and shell, plate fin, and microchannel heat exchangers. It describes the basic components and functions of shell and tube heat exchangers. It also outlines key advantages and disadvantages of different heat exchanger types, such as their operating pressures and temperatures, efficiency, size, maintenance requirements, and materials. The document emphasizes that heat exchanger design must optimize minimizing pressure drop, maximizing thermal performance, and minimizing entropy generation.
The document discusses high pressure boilers. It begins with an introduction and classification of boilers, focusing on high pressure boilers which operate above 80 bars. Examples of high pressure boilers are provided like Lamont, Benson, and Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Their key features include forced circulation, small diameter tubes, and higher efficiencies. Boiler mountings, feedwater systems, draught systems, chimney design, and heat balance sheets are also summarized.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on refrigeration prepared by five mechanical engineering students for the 2023-24 academic year. It discusses refrigerators and heat pumps, the vapor compression refrigeration cycle, factors affecting the coefficient of performance, selecting refrigerants, and features of actual vapor compression systems compared to ideal cycles. The presentation covers key concepts in refrigeration systems through diagrams, definitions, and explanations of processes.
This document provides an overview of management concepts including definitions of management, the nature and purpose of management, levels and types of managers, managerial roles and skills, and the social responsibility of managers. It also discusses the evolution of management thought from classical to modern perspectives. Some key points covered include definitions of management as the process of getting work done through others, the functions of management such as planning and organizing, and different managerial roles like figurehead and leader. The document also addresses the characteristics of successful managers and their skills at different levels.
Directing.pptndjdbdkdkebrmdjd jk kenrjrjfjfiPrashantKuwar
The document discusses the concept of directing as a function of management. It defines directing as guiding subordinate staff to complete tasks as planned in order to achieve organizational goals. The key elements of directing include supervision, leadership, motivation, and communication. Effective directing guides and inspires employees, provides oversight of their work, and uses incentives to encourage performance and discipline.
This document presents information about a proposed new mode of transportation called Hyperloop. Hyperloop involves capsules that carry passengers and goods through low pressure tubes at speeds exceeding 700 miles per hour. It is being developed as a faster alternative to current transportation like roads, water, rail and air which are seen as slow and sometimes risky or expensive. The key components of Hyperloop include the steel tube, capsules/pods with air compressors and bearings, linear induction motors for propulsion, and solar power. It is claimed that Hyperloop could reduce travel time between cities like San Francisco to Los Angeles or Mumbai to Chennai. While very fast, it aims to be safer, cheaper and more sustainable than existing options. Some challenges
Non-conventional machining processes such as ultrasonic machining, electrical discharge machining, and laser beam machining remove metal through non-contact methods like melting, vaporization, or chemical reactions rather than traditional chip formation. They are used for difficult materials and complex profiles. Abrasive jet machining works by mixing an abrasive powder with compressed air or gas and directing it at high speeds through a nozzle to remove material from the workpiece.
ppt of machine learning and materials slide ppt showing mechanical machinePrashantKuwar
Non-conventional machining processes remove material without chip formation through melting, evaporation, or brittle fracture. They are used for difficult profiles and hard materials. There are several types of non-traditional machining classified as mechanical, thermal, chemical/electrochemical, or other. Mechanical processes like ultrasonic and waterjet machining use abrasives suspended in fluid. Thermal processes melt or vaporize material using heat sources like plasma or electrons. Chemical/electrochemical dissolution removes material using chemical or electrochemical reactions.
The document provides an overview of management concepts including definitions of management, the functions of management, levels of management, types of managers, managerial roles and skills, social responsibility of managers, and the evolution of management thought. It specifically discusses Frederick Taylor's scientific management approach which aimed to define the most efficient way to perform tasks through systematic analysis and establish standards for tasks, supervision, and worker motivation.
This document provides information about high pressure boilers. It begins with defining a boiler and listing their applications. It then discusses various classifications of boilers based on different factors like tube orientation and circulation method. High pressure boilers that operate above 80 bars of pressure are specifically focused on, outlining their key features. Examples of high pressure boilers like Lamont, Benson, and Babcock & Wilcox boilers are described. The document also discusses boiler mountings, feed water treatment, draught systems, chimney design, and concludes with an explanation of a boiler heat balance sheet.
A lathe is a machine that removes metal from a workpiece to shape it. It holds the workpiece firmly and rotates it at high speed while a cutting tool is fed into it. The main components of a lathe are the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, and feed mechanisms. There are several types of lathes classified based on their drive mechanism and purpose, including speed lathes, engine lathes, bench lathes, toolroom lathes, capstan and turret lathes, and automatic lathes. Lathes perform operations like turning, facing, drilling, boring, threading, and knurling using tools held in the tool post or turret. Workpieces are secured using chucks,
The document discusses different types of lathe machines and their operations. It describes 7 types of lathes - speed lathe, engine lathe, bench lathe, tool room lathe, capstan and turret lathe, automatic lathe, and special purpose lathes. It also explains lathe operations like turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading and knurling. Additionally, it covers lathe accessories such as centers, chucks, faceplates, mandrels and rests that are used for holding and supporting workpieces.
This document outlines the scheme and syllabus for a BSC-PHY&CHEM-22102 subject. It includes details on assessment components and their weightings. The theory component is worth 100 marks and includes an online exam worth 70 marks. Practical assessment (PA) is worth 30 marks. The syllabus covers 3 units - Units and Measurements (5 marks), Electricity, Magnetism, and Semiconductors (16 marks), and Heat and Optics (14 marks). Key concepts in the first unit include the necessity of measurement, definitions of units and physical quantities, and the International System of Units (SI).
This document describes different types of beams based on their end support, cross-section shape, equilibrium condition, and geometry. Beams can be simply supported, continuous, overhanging, cantilever, fixed, or trussed based on their end support. Their cross-section can be I-beams, T-beams, or C-beams. Based on equilibrium, beams are either statically determinate or indeterminate. A beam's geometry can be straight, curved, or tapered.
This document provides information about stresses and deflections in thin cylindrical shells. It discusses the following key points:
- Thin cylindrical shells have constant hoop and longitudinal stresses over the thickness, while thick shells have variable stresses.
- The hoop stress in a thin cylindrical shell subjected to internal pressure is equal to pressure times internal diameter divided by 2 times thickness.
- The longitudinal stress is equal to pressure times internal diameter divided by 4 times thickness.
- The circumferential and longitudinal strains in a thin cylindrical shell can be calculated from the hoop and longitudinal stresses. This leads to changes in the internal diameter and length of the shell.
Shell and tube heat exchangers are widely used in process industries due to their large heat transfer area to volume ratio and mechanical durability. They consist of tubes bundled together in a shell, with one fluid flowing inside the tubes and another on the shell side. Baffles are used to direct shell side flow across the tubes, improving heat transfer. Kern's method allows simple calculation of shell side heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop through use of fictitious flow parameters. Design of shell and tube heat exchangers involves allocation of fluids, initial geometry guesses, and thermal and hydraulic analysis of both tube and shell sides.
WhatsApp: +852 56142185
Buy a fake University of Washington diploma. Get a fake UW diploma. Get a fake University of Washington degree. UW degree.
Skype: adolph.863
QQ/WeChat: 648998850
Email: buydocument1@gmail.com
https://www.buydocument.net
https://www.buyfastdegree.com
https://www.getadiploma9.com
https://www.diploma999.com
If we're running two pumps, why aren't we getting twice as much flow? v.17Brian Gongol
A single pump operating at a time is easy to figure out. Adding a second pump (or more) makes things a bit more complicated. That complication can deliver a whole lot of additional flow -- or it can become an exercise in futility.
I am Dr. T.D. Shashikala, an Associate Professor in the Electronics and Communication Engineering Department at University BDT College of Engineering, Davanagere, Karnataka. I have been teaching here since 1997. I prepared this manual for the VTU MTech course in Digital Communication and Networking, focusing on the Advanced Digital Signal Processing Lab (22LDN12). Based on, 1.Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications by John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis, Discrete-Time Signal Processing by Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer, 3.Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists" by Steven W. Smith. 4.Understanding Digital Signal Processing by Richard G. Lyons. 5.Wavelet Transforms and Time-Frequency Signal Analysis" by Lokenath Debnath . 6. MathWorks (MATLAB) - MATLAB Documentation
Presentation slide on DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOBILE CONTROLLED DRAINAGE.pptxEr. Kushal Ghimire
To address increased waste dumping in drains, a low-cost drainage cleaning robot controlled via a mobile app is designed to reduce human intervention and improve automation. Connected via Bluetooth, the robot’s chain circulates, moving a mesh with a lifter to carry solid waste to a bin. This project aims to clear clogs, ensure free water flow, and transform society into a cleaner, healthier environment, reducing disease spread from direct sewage contact. It’s especially effective during heavy rains with high water and garbage flow.
2. Heat Exchanger is ……
A device that is used to transfer thermal energy
(enthalpy) between two or more fluids, between a solid
surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and
a fluid,
at different temperatures
and in thermal contact.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
3. HEAT EXCHANGERS FUNCTIONS
• Heating / Cooling / Evaporation
• Cooling of lubricants
• Heating of boiler feed water
• Condensing steam for re-use
• Preheating
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
5. Classification on the basis of
Direction of Flow
HEAT EXCHANGERS
COUNTERFLOW PARALLEL FLOW CROSS FLOW HYBRID FLOW
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
6. CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of Fluid Type:
• Gas to Gas
• Gas to Liquid (evaporator, condenser)
• Liquid to liquid
On the basis of Flow Pattern:
• Single Pass
• Multi Pass
On the basis of Shape & Geometry:
Shell & Tube
Double Pipe
Plate type
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
7. DIVISION OF TUBULAR TYPE HEAT
EXCHANGERS
TUBULAR
SHELL
&TUBE
FURNACES TUBE IN PLATE ELEC HEATED
AIR
COOLED
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
8. Selection
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
High/low pressure limits
Thermal performance
Temperature ranges
Product mix (liquid/liquid, particulates or
high-solids liquid)
Pressure drops across the exchanger
Fluid flow capacity
Cost
Cleanability, maintenance and repair
Materials required for construction
Ability and ease of future expansion
10. SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
• A Shell and tube heat
exchanger is the most
common type of heat
exchanger used in oil
refineries and other large
chemical process plants. As
its name implies, this type
of heat exchanger consists
of a shell (a large vessel)
with a bundle of tubes
inside it.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
11. SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
12. TYPES OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
13. TYPES OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
14. TYPES OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
15. TUBE LAYOUT PATTERNS
TRIANGULAR
Accommodates more tubes
Produces high Turbulence
Limited to Clean Shell side Services
SQUARE
Where cleaning is required
It produces low turbulence
Accommodates low No of tubes
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
16. HEAT EXCHANGER
COMPONENTS
Channel partition plates.
• For exchangers with multiple tube passes,
the channels are fitted with flat metal plates
which divide the head into separate
compartments.
Shell baffles. -Use
• Shell cross baffles support the tubes at
intervals
– Prevent sag and vibration.
– Force the shell side fluid back and forth
across the bundle.
• Type:Segmental single cut baffles are the
most common
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
17. Presentation on Heat Exchangers
Shell baffles. -Type
• Longitudinal Flow Baffles (used in a two-
pass shell)
• Impingement Baffles (used for
protecting bundle when entrance
velocity is high)
• Orifice Baffles
• Single segmental
• Double segmental
• Disk and doughnut baffles
18. HEAT EXCHANGER
COMPONENTS
Tie rods.
• Tie rods are circular metal rods screwed into the stationary tube sheet and
secured at the farthest baffle by lock nuts.
• Tie rods and spacers hold the tube bundle together in the correct position.
• The No of tie rods depends on shell diameter as specified by TEMA.
Shell barrel.
• TEMA specifies minimum barrel thicknesses depending on diameter,
material and class.
• Most barrels larger than 450 mm internal diameter are fabricated from
rolled and welded plate.
• The shell barrel must be straight and true as a tightly fitting tube bundle
must be inserted.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
21. Rear End Head Types
M-Type
Fixed Tubesheet
S-Type
Floating Head
T-Type
Pull-Through
Floating Head
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
22. 1-Channel cover
2-Stationary head channel
3-Channel flange
4-Pass partition plate
5- Tube sheet
6-Shell flange
7-Tube
8-Shell
9-Baffles
10-Floating head backing device
11-Floating tube sheet
12-Floating head
13-Floating head flange
14-Stationary head bonnet
15-Heat exchanger support
16-Shell expansion joint
Components
Shell
fluid in
Tube
fluid out
Shell-fluid
nozzle
Tube
fluid in
Shell
fluid out
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
23. HEAT EXCHANGER
COMPONENTS
Tube sheets.
• Normally 100 mm thick plate is used for Tube sheets.
• Forged discs & Clad plate used for thicker tube sheets for high
integrity service.
• Tube to tube sheet joint is commonly done Expansion of tube ends.
• explosive expansion can also be employed for tube to tube sheet
joints.
• Tube to tube sheet joint can be welded.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
24. Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger Application
• Cooling of hydraulic fluid.
• Cooling of engine oils.
• Cool or heat swimming pool water or charged
air.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
25. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
• It is also known as concentric tube heat exchanger
• In this heat exchanger the fluid to be cooled or heated
passes through the tube 2(green) and the other fluid is
passed through tube 1 (red)to absorb or release the heat.
• Advantages: Cheap for both design and maintenance.
• Disadvantages: Low efficiency and requires large space.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
28. Air Cooled Heat Exchanger
• “An Air Cooled Heat Exchanger (or Air Fin
Cooler) is a device for rejecting heat from a
fluid directly to ambient air”
• The obvious advantage of an AFC is that it
does not require water, which means that
plants requiring large cooling capacities need
not be located near a supply of cooling water.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
29. Air Cooled Heat Exchanger
Advantages:
• Air Piping system is not required
• Larger limit of air supply volume
• No fouling/scaling outside the tubes
• More economical
• Easy maintenance
• No possibility of contamination of or from process flow
• In case of electrical malfunction, 30%- 40% cooling is
done by Natural Draft
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
30. Air Cooled Heat Exchanger
Disadvantages:
• Cooling level is limited by ambient temperature
• More electrical equipment needed
• Higher Initial Costs
• Leakage is more dangerous (Fire hazard)
• More sensitive to rains
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
32. Air Cooled Heat Exchanger-Component
An AFC consists of the following components:
• One or more bundles of heat transfer surface.
• An air-moving device, such as a fan or stack.
• Unless it is natural draft, a driver and power
transmission to mechanically rotate the fan.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
33. Air Cooled Heat Exchanger-Component
• A support structure high enough to allow air to
enter beneath the AFC at a reasonable rate.
• Optional header and fan maintenance walkways
with ladders.
• Optional louvers for process outlet temperature
control.
• Optional variable pitch fan hub for temperature
control and power savings.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
36. • It is composed of multiple, thin, slightly separated plates that have
very large surface areas and fluid flow passages for heat transfer.
• The plates are often spaced by rubber sealing gaskets which are
cemented into a section around the edge of the plates. The plates
are pressed to form troughs at right angles to the direction of flow
of the liquid which runs through the channels in the heat exchanger.
These troughs are arranged so that they interlink with the other
plates which forms the channel with gaps of 1.3–1.5 mm between
the plates.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
Plate Heat Exchanger
39. WORKING OF PLATE TYPE HEAT
EXCHANGER
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
40. COMPARISON OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
PLATE TYPE
• Corrugated plates mounted
and fasten together.
• Used for low temperature
and pressure.
• Larger surface area.
• Handles Non contaminated
fluids.
• Cooling media can be any
non corrosive fluid
TUBULAR TYPE
• SS or CS Tubes in side a SS or
CS Shell or other tubular
arrangement.
• Used for high temperature
and pressure.
• Low surface area.
• Suitable for handling
contaminated fluids.
• Cooling media can be any
fluid
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
41. Spiral Heat Exchanger
• A spiral heat exchanger (SHE), may refer to
a helical (coiled) tube configuration
• Efficient use of space.
• They can be easily cleaned.
• A Spiral Heat Exchangers (or SHE) is a coiled tube
arrangement, with two channels coiled one around
the another. These two channels operate in a
counter-flow arrangement, offering excellent turn
down ratios, while optimizing flow patterns which in
turn, enhance heat transfer.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
43. Spiral Heat Exchanger Application
• Pasteurization
• Recuperates (Exhaust and Air Handling Systems)
• Sludge Treatment (Thermal depolymerisation)
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
44. Special Type
• Packinox:
• Welded plat type
• Use for clean service
• Give high heat transfer
co-efficient
• Required special
attention
• Costly
• Texas tower
• Vertical shell and tube
heat exchanger
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
45. MAINTENANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
Five major steps are involved in cleaning a
small exchanger in shop:
1) Disassembly
2) Cleaning, Testing for Leaks
3) inspection & repair
4) Reassembly
5) Final Testing
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
46. MAINTENANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
Testing for Leaky Tubes:
• For detection of leaky tubes, exchanger is isolated & head cover is
removed to expose the tube sheet.
• Generally, shell is filled with water & test pressure is applied for a
certain time. In case of leakage, pressure drops & water comes out
through leaky tubes.
• Plugs are inserted in leaky tubes and welded.
• Plugging of 10% tubes is allowable.
• After plugging, exchanger is again pressure tested.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
47. CLEANING OF EXCHANGER
• Mechanical Cleaning
– Shell side (water jetting / Manual Scrapping)
– Tube side (Water jetting)
• Scale Cutters / brushes
• Lances for tube cleaning
• Chemical Cleaning
– Carbon Tetra Chloride is used to dissolve scales
which can not be scrapped Mechanically
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
48. PROBLEMS IN HEAT EXCHANGERS
1.FOULING
“ Formation of scale on the heat transfer surfaces in the heat
exchanger is called FOULLING “
EFFECTS:
• Reduction in heat transfer.
• Reduction in volume flow.
• Decrease in efficiency of exchanger.
• Increase in differential pressure
SOLUTION:
• Chemical injection
• Exchanger cleaning- Hydrojetting, Steaming, chemical washing
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
49. PROBLEMS IN HEAT EXCHANGERS
2.Tube Leaks
EFFECTS:
• Reduction in heat transfer.
• Contamination in product
• Decrease in efficiency of exchanger.
SOLUTION:
• Tube replacement or Tube plugging
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
50. PROBLEMS IN HEAT EXCHANGERS
3.Corrosion
EFFECTS:
• Thickness Reduction of tubes and shell
• Tube choking
• Increase in differential pressure
• Decrease in efficiency of exchanger.
SOLUTION:
• Tube replacement
• Surface coating
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
51. PROBLEMS IN HEAT EXCHANGERS
4.Thermal Shock
EFFECTS:
• Tube Sheet flange leak
• Tube leak
• Damage in expansion bellows
SOLUTION:
• Follow up SOPs
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
52. TESTING METHODS
• HYDROTEST
– Water is used as testing media.
– Test pressure is 1.5 times design pressure.
• PNEUMATIC
– Air is used as a testing media.
– Test pressure is 1.25 times design pressure.
• GAS TEST
– Any gas other then Air is used e.g. Nitrogen.
Presentation on Heat Exchangers
53. Things to be monitored….
• Inlet and outlet temperature of hot and cold
fluid
• Fluid velocity
• Approach temperature
• LMTD (log mean temperature deference)
• Differential Pressure
• External leakages
• Visual inspection for uneven expansion and
abnormal sound
Presentation on Heat Exchangers