The human eye can see 12 exposures of light, while cameras typically only capture 5 exposures set by the user or auto mode, missing details in shadows and highlights. To capture the full range of exposures, the document recommends taking multiple photos of the same scene at different exposures and combining them, either through dedicated HDR software or layering in Photoshop, to produce an image with the same range of tones and details visible to the human eye.