GPRS Architecture and its components are covered extensively.
The slides give a little information about gprs and also gets into deeper explanation of its architecture.
The document discusses IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless LANs. It describes the formation of the IEEE 802.11 working group in 1990 to develop wireless LAN MAC and physical specifications. It then summarizes key IEEE 802.11 standards including 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and more recent standards. It provides an overview of IEEE 802.11 architecture including the basic service set, extended service set, and distribution system. It also discusses services provided at the MAC layer such as reliable data delivery, access control, and security.
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture including:
1. GSM uses a cellular network architecture with base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, and databases to manage subscriber identity and location.
2. The network allows for voice calls and data services including SMS, and provides security through subscriber authentication and encryption.
3. GSM is a global standard that enabled international roaming and continues to evolve to support higher data rates through technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and their role in the Internet of Things. It defines sensor networks and their architecture, including sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly to a base station. It outlines challenges for sensor networks like fault tolerance, scalability, and quality of service. It also describes how sensor networks can be integrated into the Internet of Things through different approaches, with the first using a single gateway and later approaches using hybrid networks and access points. Applications of sensor networks in IoT include wearable devices collecting biometric data and communicating it to servers.
The document discusses different channel assignment strategies for wireless networks, including fixed channel assignment where each cell is predetermined channels and dynamic channel assignment where channels are allocated on request based on factors like channel occupancy. It also describes a partially overlapping channel (FPOC) assignment strategy that aims to increase capacity while minimizing interference through intelligent channel allocation between neighboring nodes.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
The document discusses CDMA2000, a 3G cellular technology that provides an evolutionary upgrade path from 2G CDMA. It spreads signals across 1.25MHz of spectrum to transmit uniquely encoded signals simultaneously. CDMA2000 supports high-speed packet data through standards like 1X EV-DO that enable up to 2.4Mbps speeds. While it offers advantages like efficient spectrum use and support for advanced services, disadvantages include potential channel pollution from multiple signals and limited international roaming without multimode devices.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
GPRS Architecture and its components are covered extensively.
The slides give a little information about gprs and also gets into deeper explanation of its architecture.
The document discusses IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless LANs. It describes the formation of the IEEE 802.11 working group in 1990 to develop wireless LAN MAC and physical specifications. It then summarizes key IEEE 802.11 standards including 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and more recent standards. It provides an overview of IEEE 802.11 architecture including the basic service set, extended service set, and distribution system. It also discusses services provided at the MAC layer such as reliable data delivery, access control, and security.
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture including:
1. GSM uses a cellular network architecture with base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, and databases to manage subscriber identity and location.
2. The network allows for voice calls and data services including SMS, and provides security through subscriber authentication and encryption.
3. GSM is a global standard that enabled international roaming and continues to evolve to support higher data rates through technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and their role in the Internet of Things. It defines sensor networks and their architecture, including sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly to a base station. It outlines challenges for sensor networks like fault tolerance, scalability, and quality of service. It also describes how sensor networks can be integrated into the Internet of Things through different approaches, with the first using a single gateway and later approaches using hybrid networks and access points. Applications of sensor networks in IoT include wearable devices collecting biometric data and communicating it to servers.
The document discusses different channel assignment strategies for wireless networks, including fixed channel assignment where each cell is predetermined channels and dynamic channel assignment where channels are allocated on request based on factors like channel occupancy. It also describes a partially overlapping channel (FPOC) assignment strategy that aims to increase capacity while minimizing interference through intelligent channel allocation between neighboring nodes.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
The document discusses CDMA2000, a 3G cellular technology that provides an evolutionary upgrade path from 2G CDMA. It spreads signals across 1.25MHz of spectrum to transmit uniquely encoded signals simultaneously. CDMA2000 supports high-speed packet data through standards like 1X EV-DO that enable up to 2.4Mbps speeds. While it offers advantages like efficient spectrum use and support for advanced services, disadvantages include potential channel pollution from multiple signals and limited international roaming without multimode devices.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
Proactive routing protocol
Each node maintain a routing table.
Sequence number is used to update the topology information
Update can be done based on event driven or periodic
Observations
May be energy expensive due to high mobility of the nodes
Delay can be minimized, as path to destination is already known to all nodes.
This document discusses handoff in mobile communication networks. It begins with defining handoff as the transition of signal transmission from one base station to an adjacent one as a user moves. It then discusses various handoff strategies such as prioritizing handoff calls over new calls, monitoring signal strength to avoid unnecessary handoffs, and reserving guard channels for handoff requests. The document also covers types of handoffs, how handoff is handled differently in 1G and 2G cellular systems, challenges like cell dragging, and concepts like umbrella cells to minimize handoffs for high-speed users.
This document discusses mobility management (MM) in GPRS and UMTS networks. It describes the different MM states in GPRS (IDLE, STANDBY, READY) and UMTS (PMM-DETACHED, PMM-IDLE, PMM-CONNECTED). The MM contexts maintained by the MS, SGSN, and HLR/AUC are also outlined. Periodic and normal location update procedures performed by the MS to update its location are explained.
Naveen Kumar's document discusses small-scale fading in mobile wireless channels. It describes the effects of multipath propagation, Doppler shifts from mobility, and how these cause rapid fluctuations in signal strength over small distances and time periods. It also defines several key parameters that characterize mobile multipath channels, including coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, coherence time, delay spread, and excess delay spread. These parameters quantify the time-dispersive and time-varying nature of wireless channels.
Mobile Network Layer protocols and mechanisms allow nodes to change their point of attachment to different networks while maintaining ongoing communication. Key concepts include:
- Mobile IP adds mobility support to IP, allowing nodes to use the same IP address even when changing networks. It relies on home agents and care-of addresses.
- Registration allows mobile nodes to inform their home agent of their current location when visiting foreign networks. Tunneling and encapsulation techniques are used to forward packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- Various routing protocols like DSDV have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks which have no fixed infrastructure and dynamic topologies.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
This document discusses different radio propagation models for both indoor and outdoor environments. It provides examples of common outdoor propagation models including the Longley-Rice model and Hata model. It also discusses indoor propagation models and key factors that influence indoor radio signals, such as building layout and construction materials. Common indoor path loss models include the log-distance path loss model and ITU indoor attenuation model. Radio propagation is influenced by factors like distance, environment, and signal penetration through buildings.
A wireless local area network (WLAN) uses radio frequency technology to transmit and receive data over the air, providing mobility and flexibility as an extension or alternative to wired networks. Key advantages of WLANs include productivity, convenience, lower installation costs and mobility. However, WLANs also have disadvantages such as higher costs for wireless network cards and access points, susceptibility to environmental interference, and lower bandwidth capacity compared to wired networks. Common applications of WLANs include use in corporate, education, medical and temporary settings.
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
This document defines and compares two types of wireless local loop (WLL) technologies: Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS). LMDS operates above 20 GHz and provides high-speed broadband, while MMDS operates between 2.1-2.7 GHz and provides lower bandwidth but stronger signals over longer distances. Both can provide voice, data and video services as alternatives to wired local loops. Key differences are that LMDS supports higher data rates over shorter ranges while MMDS has a larger cell size and is more suitable for large networks.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and propagation models. It begins by introducing how radio channels are random and time-varying. It then covers the free space propagation model and how received power decreases with distance. Reflection, diffraction, and scattering are described as the main propagation mechanisms. The two-ray ground reflection model is presented to model propagation over large distances. Diffraction is explained using the knife-edge diffraction model. Fresnel zones and diffraction gain are also defined.
Concepts of & cell sectoring and micro cellKundan Kumar
The document discusses concepts related to cellular network sectoring and microcells. It explains that cells can have square or hexagonal shapes, with hexagons providing equidistant antennas. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different cells by controlling base station power to limit interference. Common frequency reuse patterns include reuse factors of 1, 3, 7, etc. Capacity can be increased through methods like frequency borrowing, cell splitting, cell sectoring, and microcells which use smaller cell sizes.
The document provides information on the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 3G. It discusses the key components and architecture of cellular systems including base stations, mobile switching centers and their connection to the public switched telephone network. It also compares the differences between wireless and wired networks, and describes some of the limitations of early wireless networking. Finally, it covers topics like traffic routing, circuit switching, packet switching and the X.25 protocol.
Mobile radio propagation models are derived using empirical and analytical methods to account for all known and unknown propagation factors. Signal strength must be strong enough for quality but not too strong to cause interference. Fading can disrupt signals and cause errors. Path loss models predict received signal level as a function of distance and are used to estimate signal-to-noise ratio. Path loss includes propagation, absorption, diffraction, and other losses. Large-scale models describe mean path loss over hundreds of meters while small-scale models characterize rapid fluctuations over small distances.
S.VIJAYALAKSHMI M.SC(CS) discusses Media Access Control and multiple access protocols. The main task of MAC protocols is to minimize collisions and utilize bandwidth by determining when nodes can access the shared channel, what to do when the channel is busy, and how to handle collisions. Early protocols like Aloha and slotted Aloha were inefficient at high loads due to many collisions. CSMA protocols reduce collisions by having nodes listen first before transmitting, but collisions are still possible due to propagation delays.
Handovers, also called handoffs, allow mobile users to maintain connectivity as they move between different cells. They involve transferring control of a call or data session from one cell to another. There are different types of handovers in GSM including intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers. Factors like transmitted power, received power, area and shape of cells, and user mobility affect the handover process.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses how GSM uses a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to maximize channel usage. It also describes the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operation and support subsystem. Additionally, it covers functions like frequency reuse, handovers, short message service, speech coding, and call routing in GSM networks.
This document discusses handoff management in wireless networks. It covers handoff basics, detection, assignment and examples of handoff in GSM networks. It also discusses handoff requirements and goals such as latency, scalability and quality of service. Advanced issues covered include handoff failure, different types of radio link transfers during handoff, and differences between hard and soft handoff.
Wi-Fi uses radio waves to transmit data through the air according to the IEEE 802.11 standards. It allows computers and other devices to connect to the internet and each other wirelessly. The 802.11 standards include 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac which provide different speeds and capabilities. Wi-Fi networks use access points, wireless cards, and security protocols like WEP, WPA, and WPA2 to transmit data securely between devices over short ranges.
The document discusses IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards. It describes the two basic network architectures - infrastructure-based and ad-hoc networks. It also discusses infrastructure-based networks in more detail, including the components of access points, basic service sets, extended service sets, and the distribution system. It covers challenges like overlapping coverage and network boundaries.
Proactive routing protocol
Each node maintain a routing table.
Sequence number is used to update the topology information
Update can be done based on event driven or periodic
Observations
May be energy expensive due to high mobility of the nodes
Delay can be minimized, as path to destination is already known to all nodes.
This document discusses handoff in mobile communication networks. It begins with defining handoff as the transition of signal transmission from one base station to an adjacent one as a user moves. It then discusses various handoff strategies such as prioritizing handoff calls over new calls, monitoring signal strength to avoid unnecessary handoffs, and reserving guard channels for handoff requests. The document also covers types of handoffs, how handoff is handled differently in 1G and 2G cellular systems, challenges like cell dragging, and concepts like umbrella cells to minimize handoffs for high-speed users.
This document discusses mobility management (MM) in GPRS and UMTS networks. It describes the different MM states in GPRS (IDLE, STANDBY, READY) and UMTS (PMM-DETACHED, PMM-IDLE, PMM-CONNECTED). The MM contexts maintained by the MS, SGSN, and HLR/AUC are also outlined. Periodic and normal location update procedures performed by the MS to update its location are explained.
Naveen Kumar's document discusses small-scale fading in mobile wireless channels. It describes the effects of multipath propagation, Doppler shifts from mobility, and how these cause rapid fluctuations in signal strength over small distances and time periods. It also defines several key parameters that characterize mobile multipath channels, including coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, coherence time, delay spread, and excess delay spread. These parameters quantify the time-dispersive and time-varying nature of wireless channels.
Mobile Network Layer protocols and mechanisms allow nodes to change their point of attachment to different networks while maintaining ongoing communication. Key concepts include:
- Mobile IP adds mobility support to IP, allowing nodes to use the same IP address even when changing networks. It relies on home agents and care-of addresses.
- Registration allows mobile nodes to inform their home agent of their current location when visiting foreign networks. Tunneling and encapsulation techniques are used to forward packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- Various routing protocols like DSDV have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks which have no fixed infrastructure and dynamic topologies.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
This document discusses different radio propagation models for both indoor and outdoor environments. It provides examples of common outdoor propagation models including the Longley-Rice model and Hata model. It also discusses indoor propagation models and key factors that influence indoor radio signals, such as building layout and construction materials. Common indoor path loss models include the log-distance path loss model and ITU indoor attenuation model. Radio propagation is influenced by factors like distance, environment, and signal penetration through buildings.
A wireless local area network (WLAN) uses radio frequency technology to transmit and receive data over the air, providing mobility and flexibility as an extension or alternative to wired networks. Key advantages of WLANs include productivity, convenience, lower installation costs and mobility. However, WLANs also have disadvantages such as higher costs for wireless network cards and access points, susceptibility to environmental interference, and lower bandwidth capacity compared to wired networks. Common applications of WLANs include use in corporate, education, medical and temporary settings.
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
This document defines and compares two types of wireless local loop (WLL) technologies: Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS). LMDS operates above 20 GHz and provides high-speed broadband, while MMDS operates between 2.1-2.7 GHz and provides lower bandwidth but stronger signals over longer distances. Both can provide voice, data and video services as alternatives to wired local loops. Key differences are that LMDS supports higher data rates over shorter ranges while MMDS has a larger cell size and is more suitable for large networks.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and propagation models. It begins by introducing how radio channels are random and time-varying. It then covers the free space propagation model and how received power decreases with distance. Reflection, diffraction, and scattering are described as the main propagation mechanisms. The two-ray ground reflection model is presented to model propagation over large distances. Diffraction is explained using the knife-edge diffraction model. Fresnel zones and diffraction gain are also defined.
Concepts of & cell sectoring and micro cellKundan Kumar
The document discusses concepts related to cellular network sectoring and microcells. It explains that cells can have square or hexagonal shapes, with hexagons providing equidistant antennas. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different cells by controlling base station power to limit interference. Common frequency reuse patterns include reuse factors of 1, 3, 7, etc. Capacity can be increased through methods like frequency borrowing, cell splitting, cell sectoring, and microcells which use smaller cell sizes.
The document provides information on the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 3G. It discusses the key components and architecture of cellular systems including base stations, mobile switching centers and their connection to the public switched telephone network. It also compares the differences between wireless and wired networks, and describes some of the limitations of early wireless networking. Finally, it covers topics like traffic routing, circuit switching, packet switching and the X.25 protocol.
Mobile radio propagation models are derived using empirical and analytical methods to account for all known and unknown propagation factors. Signal strength must be strong enough for quality but not too strong to cause interference. Fading can disrupt signals and cause errors. Path loss models predict received signal level as a function of distance and are used to estimate signal-to-noise ratio. Path loss includes propagation, absorption, diffraction, and other losses. Large-scale models describe mean path loss over hundreds of meters while small-scale models characterize rapid fluctuations over small distances.
S.VIJAYALAKSHMI M.SC(CS) discusses Media Access Control and multiple access protocols. The main task of MAC protocols is to minimize collisions and utilize bandwidth by determining when nodes can access the shared channel, what to do when the channel is busy, and how to handle collisions. Early protocols like Aloha and slotted Aloha were inefficient at high loads due to many collisions. CSMA protocols reduce collisions by having nodes listen first before transmitting, but collisions are still possible due to propagation delays.
Handovers, also called handoffs, allow mobile users to maintain connectivity as they move between different cells. They involve transferring control of a call or data session from one cell to another. There are different types of handovers in GSM including intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers. Factors like transmitted power, received power, area and shape of cells, and user mobility affect the handover process.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses how GSM uses a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to maximize channel usage. It also describes the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operation and support subsystem. Additionally, it covers functions like frequency reuse, handovers, short message service, speech coding, and call routing in GSM networks.
This document discusses handoff management in wireless networks. It covers handoff basics, detection, assignment and examples of handoff in GSM networks. It also discusses handoff requirements and goals such as latency, scalability and quality of service. Advanced issues covered include handoff failure, different types of radio link transfers during handoff, and differences between hard and soft handoff.
Wi-Fi uses radio waves to transmit data through the air according to the IEEE 802.11 standards. It allows computers and other devices to connect to the internet and each other wirelessly. The 802.11 standards include 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac which provide different speeds and capabilities. Wi-Fi networks use access points, wireless cards, and security protocols like WEP, WPA, and WPA2 to transmit data securely between devices over short ranges.
The document discusses IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards. It describes the two basic network architectures - infrastructure-based and ad-hoc networks. It also discusses infrastructure-based networks in more detail, including the components of access points, basic service sets, extended service sets, and the distribution system. It covers challenges like overlapping coverage and network boundaries.
Computer Communication Networks-Wireless LANKrishna Nanda
Wireless LANs allow hosts to connect to a network without being physically connected via cables. They use radio waves to transmit data through the air. Some key differences between wired and wireless LANs include the mobility of hosts in wireless LANs and the use of access points to connect wireless LANs to wired networks. Wireless LANs also face challenges from signal attenuation, interference, and multipath propagation that wired LANs do not. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines the specifications for wireless LANs, including using basic service sets and extended service sets to connect multiple wireless networks, and employing carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance for medium access control.
Here are the solutions to the examples:
Example 21.5:
Let f(x) = x^3 - 3x^2 + 2x. Then,
f'(x) = 3x^2 - 6x + 2.
Example 21.6:
Let f(x) = 5x - 3. Then,
f'(x) = 5.
Example 21.7:
Let f(x) = sqrt(x). Then,
f'(x) = 1/(2sqrt(x)).
Here are the solutions to the examples:
Example 21.5:
Let f(x) = x^3 - 3x^2 + 2x. Then,
f'(x) = 3x^2 - 6x + 2.
Example 21.6:
Let f(x) = 5x - 3. Then,
f'(x) = 5.
Example 21.7:
Let f(x) = sqrt(x). Then,
f'(x) = 1/(2sqrt(x)).
The document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs) and Bluetooth wireless technology standards. It provides an overview of WLANs including the IEEE 802.11 standard, wireless network architectures, services provided, and advantages and disadvantages compared to wired networks. It also summarizes Bluetooth including its introduction and key features, network topology of piconets and scatternets, and Bluetooth protocol stack.
The document discusses wide area networks (WANs) and remote connectivity. It defines WANs and their essential components. It describes various WAN topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh and tiered. It also discusses several WAN transmission methods like PSTN, ISDN, T-carriers, DSL, cable, and SONET. The document concludes with an overview of remote connectivity options like dial-up networking, remote control, terminal services, web portals and virtual private networks.
This document provides a summary of basic wireless networking concepts for new users. It discusses the need for wireless networks and their benefits over wired networks. It then covers fundamental wireless topics like wireless topologies, regulatory bodies, wireless network components, and wireless network types. It also addresses wireless design concepts such as ad-hoc vs infrastructure networks and wireless access point types. The document aims to give new wireless users a high-level understanding of wireless fundamentals and common industry terminology.
This document discusses various configurations and technologies for wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes single-cell and multi-cell configurations, and applications for cross-building interconnects and ad hoc networking. Key requirements for WLANs are also outlined. The main technologies discussed are infrared (IR) LANs, spread spectrum LANs using the IEEE 802.11 standard, and narrowband microwave LANs. Specific topics covered include infrastructure and configurations, services, medium access control, and priority schemes using different interframe spaces.
The document discusses 802.11 wireless LAN technologies. It describes how an access point acts as a bridge between the wired and wireless networks, and how wireless connectivity is provided through antennae on the access point. It also discusses the different 802.11 standards including 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g, and how they operate on different frequency bands and support different data rates. Finally, it summarizes the differences between repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches, and how they operate at different layers of the OSI model.
802.11 wireless LAN provides wireless network connectivity using access points that act as bridges between the wireless and wired networks. Access points are connected to the wired network and have antennas to provide wireless connectivity. The range of wireless connectivity depends on structural barriers and the access point antenna's RF gain. To cover larger areas, multiple access points with 20-30% overlap may be installed.
Performance Analysis of WiMAX Networks with Relay Stationidescitation
IEEE 802.16 is a Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
network and thus it is considered to be an alternative solution
to wired broadband technologies. Relay station plays a
promising role of extending the range of Base station for long
distances in WiMAX networks. Relay station is suitable to
areas with limited infrastructure such as rural, hilly and lakes,
where it is difficult to install many Base stations with each
having wired connections and it is also suitable to those phases
where obstacles made the coverage limited. The Relay station
is placed in the network connectivity from Base stations and
extends the coverage of a single Base station. In this paper the
performance analysis of WiMAX technology including Relay
station has been done. This paper also focuses on increasing
number of nodes and distance from base station to the
performance of WiMAX networks.
802.11 wireless LANs provide network connectivity over wireless media using access points that act as bridges between wireless and wired networks. Access points are connected to the wired network and have antennas to provide wireless connectivity. The range of wireless connectivity depends on structural hindrances and the access point's antenna gain. Multiple access points with overlapping ranges can service larger areas. Common 802.11 standards include 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g.
This document provides an overview of wireless networks. It describes different types of wireless networks including WLANs for local area connectivity, WMANs for metropolitan area networks, WPANs for personal area networks, and WWANs for wide area networks. It also discusses the IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless LAN technology and the protocols, frequency ranges, and devices associated with different standards such as 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n. Additionally, it covers wireless network architectures including basic service sets, extended service sets, and distribution systems.
The document discusses the need to clarify the definition of ESS Mesh. It reviews related concepts like BSS, DS, ESS and WDS based on IEEE 802.11 specifications. It recognizes that previous discussion may have incorrectly focused on WDS Mesh instead of ESS Mesh. Key questions are raised on how to properly define the relationship between WDS Mesh and ESS Mesh, and what exactly ESS Mesh means in terms of interconnecting ESSs, DSs and BSSs in a mesh configuration.
The document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs) and the mobile internet. It describes the IEEE 802.11 communication protocol used in WLANs and the development of WiFi. It also discusses wireless network configurations including independent basic service sets, distributed systems, and extended service sets. The layers of the IEEE 802.11 protocol are described along with the Wireless Application Protocol used for wireless internet access.
Wireless networking refers to any networking that does not involve cables. It uses radio waves to transmit signals and comes in various types depending on range and speed. The main types are WLAN, WMAN and WWAN. Wireless networks use technologies like WiFi, Bluetooth and WiMAX and standards set by bodies like IEEE, IETF and WiFi Alliance. They have topologies involving access points, stations and wireless bridges or repeaters to extend coverage. Wireless security uses encryption protocols to protect data in transit.
This document analyzes the performance of Wi-Fi networks under three conditions: no fading, flat fading, and dispersive fading. It simulates these conditions using an IEEE 802.11a WLAN physical layer model in Matlab. The simulation measures packet error rate and bit rate as the signal-to-noise ratio and maximum Doppler shift are varied. With no fading, there is no packet error and bit rate increases with SNR. Under flat and dispersive fading, packet error and bit rates are affected differently based on the maximum Doppler shift. The best performance occurs under flat fading with a lower maximum Doppler shift of 100Hz.
Similar to IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services (20)
This document provides an overview of the this and static keywords in Java. It defines the this keyword as a reference variable that refers to the current object and lists six common uses. The static keyword is used for memory management and can be applied to variables, methods, blocks, and nested classes. Static variables and methods belong to the class rather than objects. The document includes examples and further explanation of static variables, methods, and blocks.
This Presentation is useful to make PPT on the topic "Servlet and Servlet Life Cycle" in Advanced Java. This Presentation is also useful to study this topic.
Dhrumil I. Panchal's document discusses Chomsky Normal Form (CNF) for context free grammars. It defines CNF as productions that are either of the form A->BC, where A, B, C are nonterminals, or A->a, where A is a nonterminal and a is a terminal. It provides the four steps to convert a context free grammar to CNF: 1) eliminate epsilon productions, 2) eliminate unit productions, 3) restrict productions to single terminals or pairs of nonterminals, and 4) shorten strings of nonterminals to length two. An example grammar is converted step-by-step to CNF.
Different Software Testing Types and CMM StandardDhrumil Panchal
This document discusses software engineering concepts including the CMM standard and different types of testing. It defines the five levels of the CMM standard for process maturity. It also describes various types of testing such as unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. For each type of testing it provides details about the goals, steps, and techniques involved.
This document provides information about Dhrumil I. Panchal, a 6th semester computer engineering student at seminar on web design issues. It discusses key topics in web design like display resolution, look and feel, and page layout and linking. Specifically, it notes the importance of display resolution in web design and provides options for addressing different resolutions. It also defines look and feel as the overall visual appearance of a website, including themes, typography, graphics, structure and navigation. Finally, it describes how page layout and linking are used to structure information and connect pages within a website.
Traditional Problems Associated with Computer CrimeDhrumil Panchal
Dhrumil I. Panchal's document discusses traditional problems associated with computer crime from a law enforcement perspective. Some key challenges include physical and jurisdictional concerns due to the intangible nature of digital evidence across borders, a lack of communication between law enforcement agencies, inconsistent laws and community standards, and the low cost and high benefit to perpetrators of computer crimes. Additionally, law enforcement faces resource constraints like limited budgets that impact their ability to acquire necessary training, personnel, hardware, software, and laboratories to effectively investigate computer crimes and compete with private cybersecurity industry.
This Presentation is useful to study about GSM means Global System for Mobile Communication. This Presentation is also useful to make PPT on this topic.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Fourier series. It discusses that Fourier series can be used to approximate periodic functions by decomposing them into their constituent trigonometric components. Applications mentioned include representing any waveform as a sum of sines and cosines, such as analyzing voice recordings. Fourier series are also used in signal processing, approximation theory, control theory, and solving partial differential equations. The document further explains half range Fourier series that can be used for functions defined over half a period rather than a full period. An example is also provided.
Development of Chatbot Using AI/ML Technologiesmaisnampibarel
The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing have significantly transformed human-computer interactions. This thesis presents the design, development, and evaluation of an intelligent chatbot capable of engaging in natural and meaningful conversations with users. The chatbot leverages state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, including transformer-based architectures, to understand and generate human-like responses.
Key contributions of this research include the implementation of a context- aware conversational model that can maintain coherent dialogue over extended interactions. The chatbot's performance is evaluated through both automated metrics and user studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in various applications such as customer service, mental health support, and educational assistance. Additionally, ethical considerations and potential biases in chatbot responses are examined to ensure the responsible deployment of this technology.
The findings of this thesis highlight the potential of intelligent chatbots to enhance user experience and provide valuable insights for future developments in conversational AI.
OCS Training Institute is pleased to co-operate with
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A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure dimensions with high accuracy. It can measure internal and external dimensions, as well as depths.
Here is a detailed description of its parts and how to use it.
In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.
Literature Reivew of Student Center DesignPriyankaKarn3
It was back in 2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown Period when we were introduced to an Online learning system and had to carry out our Design studio work. The students of the Institute of Engineering, Purwanchal Campus, Dharan did the literature study and research. The team was of Prakash Roka Magar, Priyanka Karn (me), Riwaz Upreti, Sandip Seth, and Ujjwal Dev from the Department of Architecture. It was just a scratch draft made out of the initial phase of study just after the topic was introduced. It was one of the best teams I had worked with, shared lots of memories, and learned a lot.
Unblocking The Main Thread - Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesSinan KOZAK
In the realm of Android development, the main thread is our stage, but too often, it becomes a battleground where performance issues arise, leading to ANRS, frozen frames, and sluggish Uls. As we strive for excellence in user experience, understanding and optimizing the main thread becomes essential to prevent these common perforrmance bottlenecks. We have strategies and best practices for keeping the main thread uncluttered. We'll examine the root causes of performance issues and techniques for monitoring and improving main thread health as wel as app performance. In this talk, participants will walk away with practical knowledge on enhancing app performance by mastering the main thread. We'll share proven approaches to eliminate real-life ANRS and frozen frames to build apps that deliver butter smooth experience.
A brand new catalog for the 2024 edition of IWISS. We have enriched our product range and have more innovations in electrician tools, plumbing tools, wire rope tools and banding tools. Let's explore together!
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN
Introduction and Definition
History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
Types of Information Design
Identifying audience
Defining the audience and their needs
Inclusivity and Visual impairment
Case study.
5. IEEE 802.11 SERVICES
IEEE 802.11 defines nine services that need to
be provided by the wireless LAN to provide
functionality equivalent to that which is
inherent to wired LANs.
Table lists the services and indicates two ways
of categorizing them.
6. IEEE 802.11 SERVICES
No. Service Provider Used to Support
1 Association Distribution system MSDU delivery
2 Authentication Station LAN access and security
3 Deauthentication Station LAN access and security
4 Disassociation Distribution system MSDU delivery
5 Distribution Distribution system MSDU delivery
6 Integration Distribution system MSDU delivery
7 MSDU delivery Station MSDU delivery
8 Privacy Station LAN access and security
9 Reassocation Distribution system MSDU delivery
7. IEEE 802.11 SERVICES
1. The service provider can be either the station or the DS.
Station services are implemented in every 802.11
station, including AP stations. Distribution services are
provided between BSSs; these services may be
implemented in an AP or in another special-purpose
device attached to the distribution system.
2. Three of the services are used to control IEEE 802.11
LAN access and confidentiality. Six of the services are
used to support delivery of MAC service data units
(MSDUs) between stations. The MSDU is a block of data
passed down from the MAC user to the MAC layer;
typically this is a LLC PDU. If the MSDU is too large to be
transmitted in a single MAC frame, it may be
fragmented and transmitted in a series of MAC frames.
8. DISTRIBUTION OF MESSAGES WITHIN A DS
The two services involved with the distribution of messages
within a DS are distribution and integration.
1. Distribution is the primary service used by stations to
exchange MAC frames when the frame must traverse the DS
to get from a station in one BSS to a station in another BSS.
If the two stations that are communicating are within the
same BSS, then the distribution service logically goes
through the single AP of that BSS.
2. The integration service enables transfer of data between a
station on an IEEE 802.11 LAN and a station on an integrated
IEEE 802.x LAN. The term integrated refers to a wired LAN
that is physically connected to the DS and whose stations
may be logically connected to an IEEE 802.11 LAN via the
integration service. The integration service takes care of any
address translation and media conversion logic required for
the exchange of data.
9. ASSOCIATION-RELATED SERVICES
The primary purpose of the MAC layer is to transfer MSDUs between
MAC entities; this purpose is fulfilled by the distribution service. For
that service to function, it requires information about stations within
the ESS that is provided by the association-related services.
The standard defines three transition types, based on mobility:
1. No transition: A station of this type is either stationary or moves only
within the direct communication range of the communicating stations
of a single BSS.
2. BSS transition: This is defined as a station movement from one BSS to
another BSS within the same ESS. In this case, delivery of data to the
station requires that the addressing capability be able to recognize the
new location of the station.
3. ESS transition: This is defined as a station movement from a BSS in
one ESS to a BSS within another ESS. This case is supported only in the
sense that the station can move. Maintenance of upper-layer
connections supported by 802.11 cannot be guaranteed. In fact,
disruption of service is likely to occur.
10. To deliver a message within a DS, the distribution
service needs to know where the destination
station is located.
Specifically, the DS needs to know the identity of
the AP to which the message should be delivered in
order for that message to reach the destination
station.
To meet this requirement, a station must maintain
an association with the AP within its current BSS.
Three services relate to this requirement.
11. Association: Establishes an initial association between a
station and an AP. Before a station can transmit or receive
frames on a wireless LAN, its identity and address must be
known. For this purpose, a station must establish an
association with an AP within a particular BSS. The AP can then
communicate this information to other APs within the ESS to
facilitate routing and delivery of addressed frames.
Reassociation: Enables an established association to be
transferred from one AP to another, allowing a mobile station
to move from one BSS to another.
Disassociation: A notification from either a station or an AP
that an existing association is terminated. A station should give
this notification before leaving an ESS or shutting down.
However, the MAC management facility protects itself against
stations that disappear without notification.
12. REFERENCES
Inspiration from Prof. Nitin Patel, Prof. Rashmin
Prajapati and Prof. Tejas Bhatt
Notes of MCWC
Textbook of MCWC
Images from Google Images