The document discusses various components of weather including:
1. Uneven heating of the Earth's atmosphere by the sun causes air movements and reactions that produce the wide variety of weather conditions.
2. Key weather variables such as temperature, air pressure, moisture, wind speed and direction are measured using instruments like thermometers, barometers, and anemometers.
3. Moisture in the atmosphere exists as water vapor, liquid droplets, or ice crystals, and the amount of moisture the air can hold depends on temperature. Changes in temperature and moisture can lead to precipitation.
This document discusses various weather elements such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, air pressure, and wind. It defines these elements and describes the instruments used to measure them. For temperature, it explains how factors such as latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and cloud cover can influence temperatures in different locations. It also provides examples to illustrate these effects. For rainfall, it distinguishes between convective and relief rainfall and includes diagrams to explain their formation. The document is intended to build understanding of key weather concepts.
This document discusses various aspects of water in the atmosphere and how it relates to meteorology. It covers the water cycle and how water changes state between solid, liquid, and gas through processes like melting, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation. It also defines key humidity terms like relative humidity, saturation, and dew point. Relative humidity depends on both the air temperature and its water vapor content compared to the maximum it can hold at a given temperature.
The document discusses moisture and humidity, including:
1) The different states of water and the latent heat involved in phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas.
2) Factors that determine the amount of water vapor the air can hold, such as temperature.
3) Relative humidity and how it is calculated based on temperature and mixing ratio.
4) Mechanisms that cause air to rise and condense to form clouds, such as orographic lifting and convection.
Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in an air-water mixture to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. It can be measured using various devices, including resistive, capacitive, crystal, thermal, gravimetric, and optical hygrometers. Resistive hygrometers measure changes in the electrical resistance of moisture-absorbing materials as humidity varies. Capacitive hygrometers detect changes in capacitance of a polymer film. Crystal hygrometers measure changes in mass of a hygroscopic crystal as it absorbs water from the air.
This document discusses relative humidity and how it is measured. Relative humidity is a percentage that measures the actual amount of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the air can hold at that temperature. It is impacted by temperature, as warmer air can hold more water vapor than cooler air. Relative humidity is measured using a psychrometer, which uses the difference in temperature readings between a wet bulb and dry bulb thermometer.
This document discusses water and moisture in the atmosphere. It covers the global distribution of water, properties of water including its phases and heat properties. It also discusses concepts of humidity including relative humidity and specific humidity. Atmospheric stability is influenced by environmental and adiabatic lapse rates. Clouds and fog form when rising air parcels become saturated.
Water vapor is the most important gas in the atmosphere and is the source of all condensation and precipitation. The water cycle begins with evaporation and includes condensation, precipitation, and water running off or sinking into the ground. Clouds are classified based on their height and form, with cirrus, cumulus and stratus being the main cloud types located in the high, middle and low levels of the atmosphere respectively. For precipitation to form, cloud droplets must grow substantially through processes like collision-coalescence in warm clouds and the Bergeron process in cold clouds. The type of precipitation reaching the surface depends on the temperature profile in the lower atmosphere.
The document discusses atmospheric humidity and related concepts. It defines humidity as the amount of water vapor in the air, and notes that humidity varies due to evaporation and condensation. Instruments like psychrometers are used to measure humidity by determining the difference between wet and dry bulb temperatures. The document also examines vapor pressure, dew point, relative humidity, and other terms, and how humidity levels fluctuate over time due to factors like temperature changes and the seasons.
This document discusses the factors that determine the stability or instability of the atmosphere. It explains that a stable atmosphere occurs when a rising air parcel cools more rapidly than the surrounding environment, causing it to sink back down. An unstable atmosphere happens when a rising parcel cools more slowly than the environment, allowing it to continue ascending. Specifically, stability depends on how the environmental lapse rate compares to the dry and saturated adiabatic lapse rates of a rising air parcel.
The document summarizes key concepts about the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It describes the three states of water, processes like evaporation and condensation, cloud formation mechanisms including convection and orographic lifting, different cloud types classified by height and shape, and various forms of precipitation including rain, snow, hail and acid rain. Diagrams illustrate concepts like the water cycle, adiabatic processes, cloud classification and hailstone formation.
The document discusses absolute and relative humidity. Absolute humidity is a direct measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor relative to the air's temperature, since warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air. For the same amount of water vapor, cooler air will have a higher relative humidity and warmer air will have a lower relative humidity.
This document defines several key terms related to humidity:
- Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in a gas. It can be expressed in terms of absolute humidity, relative humidity, and dewpoint.
- Absolute humidity is the actual amount of water vapor per liter of gas, measured in mg/L. Relative humidity expresses the amount of water vapor as a percentage of the maximum the gas can hold at a given temperature. Dewpoint is the temperature at which the gas reaches 100% relative humidity.
- The maximum amount of water vapor a gas can hold depends on temperature - the warmer the gas, the more water vapor it can hold before reaching saturation.
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. There are three main types of humidity: absolute, relative, and specific. Absolute humidity is a direct measure of the mass of water in a given volume of air. Relative humidity compares the actual water content of the air to the maximum amount the air can hold at a given temperature. Specific humidity measures the ratio of water vapor to total air mass. Relative humidity is affected by temperature and the amount of water in the air. High humidity can impact climate, plants, animals, human comfort, and more. The most humid areas tend to be near the equator and coastal regions.
This document discusses weather and climate elements such as temperature, relative humidity, clouds, and factors that affect them. It defines weather as short-term atmospheric conditions while climate refers to average conditions over 30 years. Temperature is influenced by latitude, altitude, cloud cover, and distance from the sea. Relative humidity depends on the amount of water vapor in the air and temperature. Clouds form through the process of evaporation and condensation as water vapor rises and cools in the atmosphere.
The document discusses the water cycle and atmospheric processes involving water. It describes the different states of water and the processes of changing between states, such as melting, evaporation, and condensation. It also discusses humidity, cloud formation mechanisms like lifting and cooling of air, cloud classification, how precipitation forms within clouds, and the different forms of precipitation like rain, snow, hail, and sleet.
1) Water exists in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms. Water vapor accounts for around 4% of the atmosphere and plays an important role in determining weather through condensation and precipitation.
2) The amount of water vapor present in air is known as humidity, which is measured in terms of absolute or relative humidity. Evaporation from oceans and other water bodies adds water vapor to the atmosphere.
3) When air reaches its dew point temperature, water vapor condenses to form precipitation like rain, snow, sleet or hail which then falls to the Earth's surface through processes like convectional, orographic or frontal rainfall. The distribution of rainfall varies globally depending on factors like
This document discusses various concepts related to atmospheric humidity and cloud formation. It defines specific humidity, relative humidity, dew point, and how temperature affects the air's capacity to hold moisture. It explains the different types of atmospheric stability and instability, including stable, conditionally unstable, and absolutely unstable air. The document also covers cloud development processes like convection, collision and coalescence, ice crystal growth, and precipitation formation. Finally, it describes the characteristics and formation of different cloud types like cirrus, cumulus, stratus and nimbostratus clouds.
The document describes the temperature changes that occur when air rises up the windward side of a 3000m mountain located on the coast in mid-latitudes. As the air rises and cools at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 10°C per 1000m, it reaches the lifting condensation level of 2000m where condensation begins and the rate of cooling decreases to the saturated adiabatic lapse rate of 5°C per 1000m. At the top of the mountain, the air temperature is 1°C. As the air subsides on the leeward side, its temperature increases according to the dry adiabatic lapse rate, making that side warmer and drier than the windward side
1) An air mass is a large body of air that maintains similar temperature and humidity characteristics over a large area. Air masses form over land or water surfaces and take on the characteristics of the surface below.
2) When air masses move into new areas, they bring their characteristic temperature and moisture, changing the local weather. Where air masses meet, fronts form that can produce clouds and storms as one air mass pushes the air in another upward.
3) Different types of fronts include cold fronts, warm fronts, and stationary fronts. Cold fronts typically bring brief heavy storms and then clear, cooler air as warmer air is rapidly pushed up. Warm fronts bring gradual changes with cloudy skies and steady precipitation as warmer air slowly
The document defines key terms related to weather and climate such as weather, climate, season, temperature, humidity, air pressure, and winds. It describes how weather is the short term atmospheric conditions of a place while climate refers to average conditions over a longer period. Seasons result from the Earth's revolution and axis tilt. Temperature, precipitation, air pressure, winds, and visibility are the main elements that determine weather and climate in a given place. Factors like heat, air pressure, winds, and moisture interact to cause weather. Major wind systems like the doldrums, trade winds, horse latitudes, and prevailing westerlies result from differences in heating and the Coriolis effect.
The document defines key terms related to weather and climate such as weather, climate, season, temperature, humidity, air pressure, and winds. It describes how weather is the short term atmospheric conditions of a place while climate refers to average conditions over a longer period of 30 years. The main elements that determine weather and climate are temperature, precipitation, air pressure, winds, and visibility. Weather occurs due to interacting factors like heat, air pressure, winds, and moisture. Major wind systems on Earth like the doldrums, trade winds, horse latitudes, and prevailing westerlies are caused by differences in heating and pressure.
1. The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including how solar radiation drives global climate and local weather patterns.
2. It explains different climate types based on factors like latitude, proximity to bodies of water, and elevation. Humid climates receive more precipitation than potential evapotranspiration while arid climates experience the opposite.
3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
Climate feedbacksWe talked briefly about the positivWilheminaRossi174
Climate �feedbacks�
We talked briefly about the positive feedback processes of climate
change in previous lectures. What is “feedback”?
Feedback is a concept that explains the interaction of the climate
system that alters changes in climate. When the rate of climate change
is amplified (either by warming or cooling), the process is called
“positive feedback”. The upper figure demonstrates the basic way that
these feedbacks operate.
On the other hand, when the rate of climate change is suppressed, then
the process is called “negative feedback” (lower figure).
Primary Climate System Feedbacks
• Radiation feedback (hotter planet radiates
more energy out to space, E=sT4)
• Snow/ice-albedo feedback
• Water Vapor feedback
• Cloud feedback (high versus low clouds)
So, climate feedbacks are a loop of cause and effect; positive (amplifier) and
negative feedbacks (stabilizer). Some feedback processes are more
complicated than others. Here are a few important feedbacks that affect our
climate system.
Temperatureà radiation feedback
Energy emitted = σT4
éTemperature
éradiation to
space
éCO2
êTemperature
The temperature of the Earth is increasing due to a rise in greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere. Thus, how will the climate feedback system change with this
temperature increase?
First, increases in temperature will alter radiation feedback because the energy
emitted from a blackbody is proportionate to its temperature to the fourth (σT4).
Feedback process: Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere – increasing
temperature – increasing associated energy radiation to space – decreasing
temperature
Thus, increasing CO2 is a negative feedback process in the long term. However,
this feedback process in the climate system is far more complex. This is not the
only feedback loop that we know of.
Snow/sea ice albedo feedback
Melting of snow/sea ice directly affects the
albedo of the Earth (less ice = decrease in albedo)
Measuring Earth’s Albedo
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php
?id=84499
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84499
Also, we have seen how
recent warming has
been impacting the
arctic sea ice (see the
following two slides)
Polar amplification!
Global temperature departures from average
during January through May 2020, compared
with a 1951-1980 average. (Berkeley Earth).
Greater climate change observed near the pole responds to changes in the
radiation balance (e.g. intensified greenhouse effect). This phenomenon is
known as “polar amplification”.
Melting sea ice in the Arctic decreases the Earth’s albedo. Changes in albedo are
likely contributing to significant temperature increases in the northern
hemisphere. The increase in surface temperature is observed mainly in the
higher latitude in the northern hemisphere, where most sea ice is, and where
there is a greater continental distribution (more continent is located in the
northern hemisph ...
This document discusses air pressure and moisture. It defines air pressure as the force of air pressing down on Earth's surface, which depends on air density. Factors that affect air pressure include temperature, water vapor, and elevation. As elevation increases, air becomes less dense and pressure decreases. Air pressure is measured using barometers like mercury or aneroid barometers. Relative humidity describes the amount of water vapor in air compared to the maximum it could hold at a given temperature, and is measured using a psychrometer. Higher relative humidity means slower evaporation.
The document provides an overview of weather and climate concepts. It discusses the water cycle, factors that affect weather like the sun, atmosphere, oceans, and how weather occurs in the troposphere. It also defines climate as the long-term patterns over large areas, and describes the three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical. Storms like thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Earth's climate system and its components. It discusses the five major parts that make up the climate system: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then examines several key aspects of the climate system in more detail, including the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, and how they interact and influence climate and weather patterns globally. Specific topics covered include atmospheric composition, ocean circulation, atmospheric lapse rates, and the importance of understanding stability in the atmosphere.
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. It is measured by relative humidity and dew point temperature. Condensation occurs when warm, moist air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense into liquid water droplets. The main types of precipitation are rain, snow, sleet, hail, and drizzle, which occur via different meteorological processes like convection, orographic lifting, and frontal lifting. Thunderstorms occur when upward motion within clouds causes water droplets to collide and become electrified.
The document discusses hydrological losses and factors affecting evaporation. It defines different types of hydrological losses including interception, depression storage, evaporation, transpiration, and infiltration. It then discusses various meteorological parameters that influence the evaporation process such as temperature, humidity, wind, radiation, and atmospheric pressure. Temperature affects evaporation rate but not always proportionally. Humidity and vapor pressure influence the vapor pressure deficit which governs evaporation rate. Wind helps carry away moisture and accelerates evaporation up to a critical speed. The nature of the evaporating surface like soil moisture levels also impacts evaporation rate.
This document provides an overview of the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It discusses the three states of water, the processes of evaporation, condensation, and sublimation. It describes how temperature and pressure affect the amount of water vapor air can hold. Cloud formation results from air rising and cooling, releasing water as condensation. Precipitation forms as cloud droplets grow very large. The document also discusses atmospheric stability and various mechanisms that cause air to rise and form clouds.
This document provides an overview of the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It discusses the three states of water, the processes of evaporation, condensation, and sublimation. It describes how temperature and pressure affect the amount of water vapor air can hold. Cloud formation results from air rising and cooling, releasing water as condensation. Precipitation forms as cloud droplets grow very large. The document also discusses atmospheric stability and various mechanisms that cause air to rise and form clouds.
The document discusses several key physical properties of water and the water cycle:
1) Water has a unique molecular structure that allows it to exist in solid, liquid, and gas forms on Earth. It takes a significant amount of energy to change between these phases due to hydrogen bonding between molecules.
2) The vapor pressure of water increases with temperature, as warmer air can hold more water vapor. When air reaches saturation, the rate that molecules enter and leave liquid water is equal.
3) Relative humidity compares the actual vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure, ranging from 0-100%. Dew point temperature indicates the water content of air.
This document discusses various aspects of the water cycle and atmospheric water. It describes how snow, ice, rain, clouds, and water vapor influence weather and the atmosphere. It provides details on evaporation, transpiration, condensation, cloud formation, precipitation, humidity variables, and atmospheric stability. The key points are:
- Atmospheric water amounts to 3100 cubic miles and the earth's average annual rainfall is about 100 cm.
- Water turnover time in the atmosphere is approximately 10 days.
- Clouds form when rising air parcels reach their dew point due to cooling and condensation occurs.
- Atmospheric stability determines whether air parcels can rise to form clouds or remain stable.
This document summarizes key concepts about solar and terrestrial radiation, including:
- Solar radiation is energy from the sun, while terrestrial radiation is energy reflected back from Earth.
- Radiation can be direct, diffuse after scattering, or reflected. Some is absorbed by the atmosphere or Earth's surface.
- The reflectivity of surfaces like snow, sand, forests and grasslands affects how much radiation is reflected.
- Daily temperature cycles are driven by variations in net radiation from changes in solar insolation over 24 hours.
The document discusses the key components and layers of the Earth's atmosphere. It notes that the atmosphere begins at the planet's surface and extends upwards approximately 1,000 km. It is composed primarily of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases like argon and carbon dioxide. The atmosphere protects the Earth from the sun's rays and weather phenomena occur in its lower layers. It then provides more details on the specific atmospheric layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
DID YOU KNOWAs you might expect, the most humid cities in the U.docxduketjoy27252
DID YOU KNOW?
As you might expect, the most humid cities in the United States are located near the ocean in regions that experience frequent onshore breezes.The record belongs to Quiilayute, Washington, with an average relative humidity of 83 percent. However, many coastal cities in Oregon,Texas, Louisiana, and Florida also have average relative humidities that exceed 75 percent. Coastal cities in the Northeast tend to be somewhat less humid because they often experience air masses that originate over the drier, continental interior.
A different type of hygrometer is used in remote-sensing instrument packages such as radiosondes that transmit upper-air observations back to ground stations. The electric hygrometer contains an electrical conductor coated with a moisture-absorbing chemical. It works on the principle that the passage of current varies as the relative humidity varies.
GEOq^
•-it Earth's Dynamic Atmosphere sIWSe Moisture and Cloud Formation
Up to this point, we have considered basic properties of water vapor and how its variability is measured. This section examines some of the important roles that water vapor plays in weather, especially in the formation of clouds.
Fog and Dew versus Cloud Formation
Recall that condensation occurs when water vapor changes to a liquid. Condensation may form dew, fog, or clouds. Although these three forms are different, all require that air reach saturation. As indicated earlier, saturation occurs either when sufficient water vapor is added to the air or, more commonly, when the air is cooled to its dew point.
Near Earth's surface, heat is readily exchanged between the ground and the air above. During evening hours, the surface radiates heat away, and the surface and adjacent air cool rapidly. This "radiation cooling" accounts for the formation of dew and some types of fog. Thus, surface cooling that occurs after sunset accounts for some condensation. However, cloud formation often takes place during the warmest part of the day. Some other mechanism must operate aloft that cools air sufficiently to generate clouds.
Adiabatic Temperature Changes
The process that is responsible for most cloud formation is easily demonstrated if you have ever pumped up a bicycle tire and noticed that the pump barrel became quite warm. The heat you felt was the consequence of the work you did on the air to compress it. When energy is used to compress air, the motion of the gas molecules increases and, therefore, the temperature of the air rises. Conversely, air that is allowed to escape from a bicycle tire expands and cools because the expanding air pushes (does work on) the surrounding air and must cool by an amount equivalent to the energy expended.
You have probably experienced the cooling effect of a propellant gas expanding as you applied hair spray or spray deodorant. As the compressed gas in the aerosol can is released, it quickly expands and cools. This drop in temperature occurs even though he.
This document provides an overview of the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It discusses the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It describes properties of air like composition, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity. It explains concepts of weather and climate, factors that influence weather like pressure, temperature, wind, and precipitation. It also outlines the Earth's climate zones of cold, hot, and temperate, and identifies nine climate types based on temperature and precipitation patterns. Climographs are introduced as a way to graphically represent annual temperature and precipitation data to identify a location's climate.
Weather is affected by temperature, humidity, air pressure, and wind. These factors are interrelated. A change in one can impact the others. Temperature and air pressure have an inverse relationship - higher temperatures mean lower air pressures as the air expands. Higher temperatures also mean higher humidity as warm air holds more water vapor. Relative humidity decreases with increasing temperature. Wind blows from high to low pressure as air moves to equalize differences. Global wind patterns are caused by uneven heating and pressure differences.
The document summarizes biodiversity data collection from Seneca Lake State Park. It describes sampling locations including the park manager's home and a "natural" area. Photos were taken of insect species including what appears to be a caterpillar. Plant species and line counts were also collected. The data will be pooled with other groups for analysis.
The document provides 117 tips for passing the Earth Science Regents exam, focusing on understanding key concepts, using reference materials effectively, managing time, and test-taking strategies. Some of the main tips include reviewing introductory paragraphs and diagrams before questions, using reference tables to help answer questions, drawing diagrams to visualize concepts, and skipping hard questions to return to later if time allows.
The document provides an overview of the beach and stream sanitary survey team project. It introduces the team members and their roles, describes the various grants funding the project, and outlines the plans for beach sampling, stream surveys, and weather station setup. Beach sampling will begin in June and continue through August, while stream surveys can start immediately. Training sessions will be scheduled to ensure everyone understands the sampling protocols.
The document discusses key components of the water cycle and climate systems on Earth. It describes how water circulates between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through processes like precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and runoff. It also explains how climate is influenced by factors like latitude, elevation, proximity to large bodies of water, orographic effects of mountains, and ocean currents. The water and energy cycles driven by these hydrologic and atmospheric processes are essential to maintaining Earth's habitability.
The document discusses different types of weathering that break down rock into sediment particles. It describes physical weathering processes like abrasion, frost wedging, and exfoliation that crack or break rocks without chemical changes. Chemical weathering involves chemical reactions that alter the rock's composition, such as carbonation, oxidation, hydration, and reactions with plant acids or acid rain. Weathering produces sediments, dissolved minerals, soil, and drives erosion. The rate of weathering depends on climate, rock type, exposure, and particle size.
The document provides an overview of astronomy and the progression of models of the universe. It discusses early geocentric models with Earth at the center, Copernicus' heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center, and Kepler's model showing elliptical orbits. Newton later explained gravitational forces and inertia keeping planets in orbit. The effects of Earth's rotation and revolution are described, including day/night cycles and the seasons.
The document discusses the relationship between humans and the environment. It defines environmental science as the study of Earth's environments and how human activities impact them. It notes that all life influences the global environment through processes like consuming resources and polluting. Environmental changes can impact human health, so understanding these connections is important.
Ardra Nakshatra (आर्द्रा): Understanding its Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
Ardra Nakshatra, the sixth Nakshatra in Vedic astrology, spans from 6°40' to 20° in the Gemini zodiac sign. Governed by Rahu, the north lunar node, Ardra translates to "the moist one" or "the star of sorrow." Symbolized by a teardrop, it represents the transformational power of storms, bringing both destruction and renewal.
About Astro Pathshala
Astro Pathshala is a renowned astrology institute offering comprehensive astrology courses and personalized astrological consultations for over 20 years. Founded by Gurudev Sunil Vashist ji, Astro Pathshala has been a beacon of knowledge and guidance in the field of Vedic astrology. With a team of experienced astrologers, the institute provides in-depth courses that cover various aspects of astrology, including Nakshatras, planetary influences, and remedies. Whether you are a beginner seeking to learn astrology or someone looking for expert astrological advice, Astro Pathshala is dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges and unlock your full potential through the ancient wisdom of Vedic astrology.
For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
AI Risk Management: ISO/IEC 42001, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 23894PECB
As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
• insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
• framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
1. Meteorology Weather = the condition of the atmospheric variables, such as temperature, air pressure, wind, and water vapor, at a particular location for a relatively short period of time.
2. Components of Weather What do you need to know today? There are many different causes of weather in the atmosphere. 2. Many different atmospheric processes affect New York State.
3. A. Earth’s Energy Energy from the SUN – INcoming SOLAr radiaTION a. Through the seasons, it heats our world, some parts more and some less Indirect Rays Direct Rays
4. Solar Electromagnetic Spectrum The solar electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light, as well as X-rays, ultraviolet rays and infrared rays.
5. Factors Affecting Insolation – Duration (TIME –How Long) Direct result of TILT & parallelism in orbit distribute energy from vertical to oblique rays Tilt (inclination) spreads concentration of energy over broader area
6. Causes of Weather b. This UNEVEN HEATING causes earth’s atmosphere to react and become a gigantic engine that produces an infinite variety of WEATHER .
7. A. Weather/Atmospheric Variables Temperature Air Pressure Moisture Conditions ( Precipitation & Humidity ) Wind (Speed & Direction)
11. Weather Instruments Thermometer – measures air temperature Note: In the USA we still use degrees Fahrenheit – the rest of the world measures in o Celsius
12. B. Atmosphere = The envelope of air (mixture of gases) that surrounds Earth. Composition of the lower atmosphere (troposphere): 1. Nitrogen = 78% used by bacteria in soil to make nitrates 2. Oxygen = 21% used by humans and animals for respiration 3. Argon = 0.84% 4. Carbon Dioxide = 0.03% used by green plants to make food
13. B. Atmosphere 5. Others = 0.01% which include: Helium, Hydrogen, Ozone, Krypton, neon and xenon 6. Also: water vapor, dust particles and pollution
14. Bill Nye The Science Guy Atmosphere Part 1 Atmosphere Part 2 Complete the worksheet in the note packet while you watch!
15. B. Atmosphere 1. Composition vs. Altitude Layers of the Atmosphere (Reference Tables Pg 14 )
17. B. Atmosphere 2. Atmosphere and Solar Energy 6% reflected from atmospheric scattering (aerosols) 20% reflected by clouds 4% Reradiation: Reflected by Earth’s surface 3% Absorbed by clouds 51% Absorbed by Earth’s surface 16% Absorbed by atmosphere
19. C. Temperature and Heat 1. Heat Transfer CONDUCTION – Transfer of heat within solids atoms are closely packed.
20. C. Temperature and Heat 1. Heat Transfer CONVECTION – Transfer of heat in liquid or gas results from differences in density
21. RADIATION : The emission or giving off of energy HEAT
22. 2. Measuring Temperature Heat in the atmosphere is recorded as a temperature reading and can then be plotted on a map to see a picture of change. Reference Table Page 13 If you need to convert temp. – use the ESRT ISOTHERMS are lines that connect points of equal temperature. Showing temperature distribution in this way making patterns easier to see.
23. Isotherms on Synoptic Weather Map Why do the isotherms seem to run E – W across the map?
24. 3. Factors that Effect the Amount/Rate of Heating Duration and Angle of Insolation
25. 3. Factors that Effect the Amount/Rate of Heating LAND vs. WATER Land heats up and cools faster than water
26. 3. Factors that Effect the Amount/Rate of Heating Color DARK vs. LIGHT Darker colors tend to absorb more insolation than they reflect. Surfaces with lighter colors tend to reflect more insolation than they absorb.
27. 3. Factors that Effect the Amount/Rate of Heating TEXTURE Smooth vs. Rough A surface which has a rough or uneven surface will absorb more insolation.
28. A surface which is smooth will reflect more than it will absorb
29. D. MOISTURE 1. Changes in State Evaporation – The change in state from liquid to a gas, such as liquid water into water vapor, also called vaporization. It requires 2260 Joules of energy (heat) to convert 1 gram of liquid water to gas. Evaporation is a cooling process since it absorbs heat from the environment
30. D. MOISTURE 1. Changes in State Condensation – The changing of a gas or vapor to a liquid. Water molecules LOSE or release energy equivalent to what was absorbed during evaporation. Condensation in the atmosphere results in the formation of clouds and dew/fog/frost.
31. D. MOISTURE 1. Changes in State Melting – Changing of a solid to a liquid It requires 334 Joules of energy/heat to convert 1gram of ice to liquid water. Melting is a heating process. Freezing – Changing of a liquid to a solid Water molecules Lose energy equivalent to what was absorbed during melting.
32. D. MOISTURE 1. Changes in State e. Phase Change Diagram
33. D. MOISTURE 1. Changes in State Sublimation – The change of state from a solid directly to a gas with no liquid state in between. Examples: Moth Balls and dry ice Deposition – gas changing directly to a solid Ex. Frost
34. Use your review book – page 118 and the ESRT to complete your worksheet
35. D. MOISTURE 2. Moisture in the Atmosphere The primary source of moisture for the atmosphere are the OCEANS . Other sources include: Lakes, Rivers, streams Transpiration Moisture in the atmosphere exists in all three states/phases. Gas – known as water vapor Liquid – tiny droplets suspended in the air that form clouds Solid – tiny crystals suspended in the air that form clouds
36. D. MOISTURE 2. Moisture in the Atmosphere HUMIDITY is the general term used to describe the amount of water vapor in the air Temperature determines the amount of water vapor the air can hold.
37. D. MOISTURE 2. Moisture in the Atmosphere As air temperature INCREASES , the amount of water vapor the air can hold INCREASES .
38. D. MOISTURE 2. Moisture in the Atmosphere Saturation – 100% humidity in the atmosphere (precipitation results) At 35 0 C, a cubic meter of air can hold 35 g/m3 of water vapor.
39. Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation Temperature – As temperature increases, evaporation increases Rate of evaporation Temperature
40. Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation Wind – As wind increases, evaporation increases Surface Area – As surface area increases, evaporation increases
41. Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation Humidity – As humidity goes UP , evaporation rates go DOWN Rate of Evaporation Humidity
42. 2. Dew Point Temperature The temperature to which air must be cooled to reach saturation. And Condense…….and make clouds! When the dew point is close to the current air temperature then humidity is high.
43. 2. Dew Point Temperature The drier the air, the faster/more evaporation will occur resulting in greater/more cooling. In turn, the difference in temperature between the dry bulb and wet bulb will be greater/more .
44. 2. Dew Point Temperature The more humid the air, the LESS evaporation will occur resulting in LESS cooling of the wet bulb thermometer. In turn, the difference in temperature between the dry bulb and wet bulb will be LESS At saturation (100% humidity), the temperature difference between the dry bulb and wet bulb would be zero and precipitation will usually occur! .
45. 3. Relative Humidity Maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at a given temperature. The actual amount of water vapor in the air is the absolute humidity. Relative humidity tells "how full" the air is with water. It is expressed in %. 100% is full and can't hold any more. It is saturated . Warm Air = higher humidity (wet) Cold Air = low humidity (dry)
46. 3. Relative Humidity Changing Air Temperature 1. If temperature increases and moisture in the air remains the same, relative humidity will decrease.
47. 3. Relative Humidity Time of Day: 1. Highest Relative Humidity = coolest time of day ~ 5:00 am 2. Lowest Relative Humidity = warmest time of day ~ 3:00 pm
48. 3. Relative Humidity Changing Absolute Humidity Temperature Relative Humidity 1. If moisture content of the air increases and temperature stays the same , relative humidity will increase .
49. It’s easy; if….. You have ½ a brain Pay attention Do your practice! Using the ESRT to determine Dew Point & Relative Humidity Handy Dandy Earth Science Reference Tables Page 12
50. The “Dry Bulb” Don’t let it fool you. It is just a thermometer. It measures the air temperature. Duh! 20 °C
51. The “Wet Bulb” Has a little wet booty tied to the bottom. Gets cool when water evaporates. 12 °C Wet Booty
52. A Dry Day… A lot of moisture will evaporate. The wet bulb will be a lot cooler than the dry bulb. 20 °C Difference between wet bulb & dry bulb is 12 °C. 8 °C 20 °C 14 °C 12 °C
53. A Humid Day… A little bit of moisture will evaporate. The wet bulb will not be much cooler than the dry bulb. 14 °C 20 °C Difference between wet bulb & dry bulb is 6 °C.
54. Page 12 of your Handy Dandy Earth Science Reference Tables Warning #1: Be sure to READ the correct chart: DPT or RH Warning #2: Dew Point Temperature IS NOT “Difference between wet bulb and dry bulb”. Warning #3: The wet bulb temp IS NOT the DPT.
63. 10 °C 14 °C 14-10=4 Dew Point = 6°C The Dew Point Chart works the same way
64. Try These. 57% 17 °C 86% 4 °C 57% 4 °C Now do the worksheet for homework on the next page of your notes 8 °C 12 °C 5 °C 6 °C 20 °C 26°C DPT R Humidity Wet Bulb Dry Bulb
67. Clouds Adiabatic Cooling - As air rises , the atmospheric pressure surrounding the parcel of air decreases. Therefore, the parcel of air expands as it rises.
68. Clouds As it expands, it becomes cooler . When the temperature of this parcel of air falls to its dew point temperature , the water vapor in the air condenses and a cloud appears in the sky.
69. Components of Weather E. Air Pressure What is pressure? The weight of a column of air – this creates air pressure HIGH LOW High pressure is cold air sinking (More Dense) Low pressure is warm air rising (Less dense)
71. E. Air Pressure Air pressure acts equally in all directions ; it also exists within any object containing air like a building, the human body and “empty” bottles. When you mess with the pressure – “bad” things happen!~ CRUSH!
72. 2. Changes in Atmospheric Pressure Factors/Variables that cause atmospheric pressure to change: Temperature Moisture Altitude Effect of temperature on air pressure: As air temperature increases ; (air molecules move further apart/become less dense) – the air pressure decreases
73. 2. Changes in Atmospheric Pressure c. Effect of moisture on air pressure: As humidity increases , air pressure decreases – because when water vapor molecules enter the air, they replace heavier air molecules
74. 2. Changes in Atmospheric Pressure Effect of altitude on air pressure As altitude increases , air pressure decreases (less air is above and air is less dense
75. 3. Mapping An Air Pressure Field Isobars are lines that connect points of equal air pressure. Showing air pressure distribution in this way makes patterns easier to see. On U.S. Weather Bureau maps, the interval between isobars is 4 mb .
76. 3. Mapping An Air Pressure Field On weather maps, barometric pressure is represented by a three-digit number to the upper right of a circle; this circle represents a city on the map. 053
77. 3. Mapping An Air Pressure Field Rules to follow to determine the value of this number: A decimal point is omitted between the last 2 digits on the right. The number 9 or 10 is omitted in front of this number. If the original number is above 500, place a 9 in front. If it is below500, place a 10 in front. (Hint: use whichever will give a result closest to 1000 mb) Example: 053 – 1005.3
83. Or……Cyclones Winds move Counterclockwise and IN towards the center Therefore – once they get to the middle, there is nowhere to go but UP
84. Wind The horizontal movement of air parallel to Earth’s surface. All wind deflects to the RIGHT in the Northern Hemisphere!
85. How is Wind Formed? Sun heats ground Ground heats air Air rises and cools in the atmosphere As air cools it can no longer rise Cold air sinks WIND moves between high and low pressure LOW HIGH
86. A. What Makes the Wind Blow? Uneven heating at Earth’s surface Examples: Land vs. water Poles vs. equator Dark forest vs. snow field
88. B. Wind Direction and Speed Winds are named for the direction that they come FROM
89. Wind Direction and Speed Winds always blow from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure.
90. 2. Wind is represented by this symbol at a weather station : The direction of the line always points to the center of the circle (in this case pointing east) and indicates the direction in which the wind is blowing at this location. Each “feather” represents the wind speed – Whole feather = 10 knots Half feather = 5 knots feather
93. Now You Try It 15kts 45kts 25kts 20kts 30kts 40kts 35kts
94. B. Wind Speed and Direction The speed of the wind is determined by the difference in air pressure. Pressure gradient – difference in air pressure ÷ distance between cities. As the pressure gradient increases (isobars are very close together), wind speed increases .
96. Coriolis Effect The coriolis effect – Earth’s rotation on it’s axis causes winds to be deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
99. Global Winds The unequal distribution of Insolation causes unequal heating of the Earth which causes differences in pressure which result in winds. Cooler air, being more dense , sinks toward Earth due to gravity, causing warmer, less dense air to rise
100. Global Winds Earth’s rotation causes the Coriolis Effect which results in the three (or six) cell circulation of winds as illustrated in your notes. Earth Science Reference Table pg 14
101. Components of Weather F. Air Masses What is an Air Mass? An air mass is a large body of air in the troposphere moving in a particular direction, with the same temperature , pressure and humidity throughout.
103. 1. Source Region = Place on Earth where an air mass forms 2. Types of Air Masses Tropical – originates in the tropics (low latitudes). Characterized by warm air . Polar – originates in polar regions (high latitudes). It is characterized by cold air . Arctic – originates in ice covered arctic regions (winter only). It is very cold and dry.
104. Types of Air Masses Continental – think LAND. It is dry . e. Maritime – think SEA. It is wet . 3. Air masses are a combination of temperature and moisture conditions. It’s right here in ESRT Pg 13
105. 4. Fronts – the interface between 2 different air masses Types of Fronts Cold Warm Stationary Occluded ESRT pg 13 – What it looks like on a weather map!
106. Warm Front Cold Front Occluded Front Stationary Front: Warm and Cold air meet head on and neither gives way. Low pressure usually “track” along a stationary front bringing heavy, steady precipitation Thunderstorms, lightning, tornadoes Brings intense change – brief periods of stormy weather (severe) Covers wide area Wind changes “ bullies” the warm air UP quickly Lots of Clouds as air rises up precipitation Air is dense and hugs the ground Showers for long period Cold air meets warm air and mixes Cold Air –moves fast Warm air
110. Hurricanes A hurricane is a heat engine that gets its energy from warm ocean water . These storms develop from tropical depressions which form off the coast of Africa in the warm Atlantic waters. When water vapor evaporates it absorbs energy in the form of heat. As the vapor rises it cools within the tropical depression, it condenses , releasing heat which sustains the system. A tropical depression becomes a hurricane when its sustained recorded winds reach 74 mph. Although hurricane forecasting has improved over the years tremendously, the path of these storms may only be approximated.