1. Solanaceae is a family of flowering plants known as the nightshade family, containing over 2,500 species including important food crops like the potato, tomato, and peppers.
2. Members are found worldwide but are most abundant in the tropical regions of Latin America. They include herbs, shrubs, trees, and climbing plants. Many species contain poisonous alkaloids.
3. Economically important members are used as food (potato, tomato, peppers), medicine (belladonna, henbane), and narcotics (tobacco). Ornamental genera include petunia and datura.
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed.
This document summarizes the external and internal morphology of Equisetum (horsetail). It describes that Equisetum has underground stems called rhizomes that produce both sterile and fertile aerial branches. The sterile branches are green and photosynthetic while the fertile branches are short-lived and bear spores. The stems have scale-like leaves arranged in whorls and fibrous roots occur at rhizome nodes. Internally, the stem has ridges and grooves with photosynthetic tissue under ridges and air canals under grooves. Vascular bundles alternate with the canals and a pith cavity is in the center.
This document discusses plant inflorescences and flower structure. It defines inflorescence as the arrangement of flowers on a plant. The main types are racemose and cymose inflorescences. It then describes the parts of a flower including the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It provides details on the structure and function of each floral part like sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, ovaries, styles and stigmas. It also discusses flower symmetry, aestivation and insertion.
This document discusses different types of inflorescences (flower arrangements) in plants. It begins by defining the technical term "inflorescence" as a cluster of flowers. There are two main types of inflorescences: racemose and cymose. Racemose inflorescences have an unlimited growth axis and acropetal flower arrangement, with examples given as raceme, spike, spadix, corymb, umbel and capitulum (head). Cymose inflorescences have a limited growth axis and basipetal flower arrangement, with examples of uniparous (monochasial), biparous and polychasial cymes. Specific plant examples are
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that includes about 200 species found worldwide in shady, moist tropical and temperate areas.
2. The plant body is a gametophyte that consists of a small, dark green, lobed thallus containing chloroplasts and rhizoids.
3. Reproduction can occur vegetatively through tubers, gemmae, and persistent apices, or sexually through antheridia that produce sperm and archegonia containing eggs leading to fertilization and formation of a sporophyte.
This document provides information on the parts and structure of flowers. It discusses the four main parts of flowers - calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It describes the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals) in more detail, including their arrangements, forms, and functions. It also covers concepts such as aestivation, which is the arrangement of petals and sepals as the flower develops.
This document defines and describes the key parts and structures of flowers. It notes that flowers are modified reproductive shoots. The main parts of a flower include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Flowers can be complete or incomplete, bisexual or unisexual, and found on monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous plants. The arrangement and insertion of floral parts also varies between hypogynous, perigynous, and epigynous conditions. The calyx is composed of sepals while the corolla is made of petals, which can be arranged in various polypetalous or gamopetalous forms.
This document defines and describes the typical parts of a flower including the pedicel, receptacle, sepal, calyx, petal, corolla, pistil, stamen, anther, filament, style, stigma and ovary. It also discusses the classification of flowers based on presence or absence of floral parts, size and shape of parts, symmetry, and position of the ovary. Complete flowers have all four parts - sepal, petal, stamen and pistil - while incomplete flowers lack one or more. Perfect flowers have both stamen and pistil, imperfect have only one.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. It describes their structures, life cycles, habitats, and classification. Bryophytes are small non-vascular plants that grow in moist shady places and require water to complete their life cycles. They differ from vascular plants in lacking true roots, vascular tissue and a cuticle. Their life cycles involve an alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
The document discusses the evolution of steles, or vascular bundles, in pteridophytes. It describes the basic types as protostelic and siphonostelic. Protostelic steles have central xylem and surrounding phloem with no pith, while siphonostelic steles have a central pith. Specific protostelic types include haplostele, actinostele, and plectostele. Siphonostelic types include cladosiphonic, phyllosiphonic, ectophloic, amphiphloic, solenostele, dictyostele, and polycyclic steles. The origin of
This document summarizes the components of xylem and phloem in vascular plants. It describes that xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres which help conduct water and minerals. Tracheids and vessels are hollow tubes, while xylem parenchyma stores food and helps conduct water. Phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres. Sieve elements conduct organic food, companion cells maintain pressure gradients, and phloem fibres provide mechanical strength. Both xylem and phloem work together to conduct water, minerals and food throughout vascular plants.
Characters of Apiaceae:
Stem fistular, leaves alternate, much dissected mostly decompound, sheathing leaf base; inflorescence umbel or compound umbel occasionally simple; flowers epigynous, pentamerous, regular rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; calyx superior, pentafid or 0; corolla five, polypetalous, often inflexed; stamens 5; carpels 2; syncarpous, bicarpellary with 2 pendulous ovules; honey-disc surrounding the stigmas – stylopodium is present; fruit cremocarp; seeds endospermic and oily.
A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Plants are mostly herbs which may be annual, biennial or perennial, the herbs may be large (Bupleurum, Heracleum, Agelica) rarely shrubs with aromatic odour due to the presence of oil ducts. Pseudocarum climbs by means of its petioles which are very sensitive to contact.
This document summarizes John Hutchinson's system of classification of flowering plants from the 1950s-1970s. Some key points:
- Hutchinson developed a phylogenetic system of classification based on evolutionary principles like trees being more primitive than herbs.
- His system was published in two volumes from 1926-1934 and revised until his death in 1972.
- He divided angiosperms into dicots and monocots, further dividing dicots into woody and herbaceous groups.
- Hutchinson proposed over 100 orders and families in his system based on characteristics like plant structure, reproduction methods, and flower morphology.
This document provides information about phloem in plant anatomy. It discusses the classification, components, and types of phloem. Phloem is classified as primary or secondary, depending on how it develops. The main components of phloem are sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers. Sieve elements can be sieve cells or more advanced sieve tubes, and are the living cells of the phloem. Companion cells are specialized parenchyma cells associated with and supporting the sieve elements.
Pteridophytes are classified into 4 divisions - Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta. Psilophyta includes the most primitive whisk ferns and Lycophyta includes club mosses and spike mosses. Sphenophyta contains the single living genus Equisetum, or horse tails. Pterophyta, or ferns, is the largest and most widely distributed division containing many families and over 10,000 living species distributed worldwide. Each division contains multiple classes that further specify characteristics such as plant body structure, leaf and spore structures, and reproductive systems.
Microsporogenesis involves the formation of pollen grains in the anthers. It begins with the formation of archesporial cells that develop into primary sporogenous cells. These cells undergo mitosis and differentiate into microspore mother cells. The microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to form microspores still connected in tetrads. The tetrads separate into individual microspores which are released from the anther as mature pollen grains. Key tissues involved include the sporogenous tissue, tapetum, and anther wall layers.
This document provides information about the genus Pinus. It discusses the systematic position of Pinus, describing that it is in the division Gymnospermae, class Coniferopsida, order Coniferales, and family Pinaceae. It then discusses the geographical distribution, morphology, internal stem and leaf structure, reproduction, development of microsporangium and female cone, structure of ovule, pollination, embryology, and germination of Pinus. Key details include that Pinus is widely distributed in the Northern hemisphere, has scale and needle-like foliage leaves, and reproduces through monoecious cones that produce microspores and megaspores through meiosis.
1. Inflorescences describe the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis. There are two main types: racemose and cymose.
2. Racemose inflorescences have a main axis that grows indefinitely, producing lateral flowers. Common racemose types include racemes, panicles, spikes, spikelets, catkins, spadices, corymbs, umbels, and compound umbels.
3. Cymose inflorescences have a main axis that terminates in a flower, with older flowers at the tip and younger developing towards the base. Common cymose types include helicoid, scorpioid, and dichasial/bipar
The document describes the morphological parts of flowers including the sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, and their arrangements. It also discusses different types of inflorescences such as spikes, umbels, racemes, heads, and panicles. Examples are provided for each floral part and inflorescence structure.
The document describes the morphological parts of flowers including the sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, and their arrangements. It also discusses different types of inflorescences such as spikes, umbels, racemes, heads, and panicles. Examples are provided for each floral part and inflorescence structure.
This document summarizes key parts and structures of higher plants. It describes the main regions and functions of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Some key points include:
- Roots have distinct regions including the root cap, meristematic region, elongation region, and maturation region. Root hairs absorb water and minerals.
- Stems conduct water, minerals, and food materials. They bear nodes, internodes, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Underground stems can store food.
- Leaves originate from buds in the stem. They perform photosynthesis and have distinct structures like the lamina, petiole, veins, and types of venation.
- Flowers are the reproductive structures and have
This document describes various types of inflorescences including racemose, cymose, mixed, and special types. Racemose inflorescences include racemes, panicles, spikes, compound spikes, catkins, corymbs, and umbels. Cymose inflorescences include solitary cymes, simple cymes, monochasial cymes, dichasial cymes, and polychasial cymes. Mixed inflorescences include thyrsus and fascicles. Special inflorescences include verticillasters, hypanthodium, and cyathium. Each type is defined and an example is provided.
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants that consist of four main parts - calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil. The calyx is the collective term for sepals, the corolla for petals, and the pistil is composed of the ovary, style, and stigma. Flowers can be classified based on whether they have complete or incomplete floral parts and if they are perfect or imperfect. There are different types of inflorescences that describe how flowers cluster, such as umbels where flowers spread out from a common point, heads where florets crowd together, and catkins which are pendulous spikes bearing unisexual flowers.
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants that consist of four main parts - calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil. The calyx is the collective term for sepals, the corolla for petals, and the pistil is composed of the ovary, style, and stigma. Flowers can be classified based on whether they have complete or incomplete floral parts and if they are perfect or imperfect. There are different types of inflorescences that describe how flowers cluster, such as umbels where flowers spread out from a common point, heads where florets crowd together, and catkins which are pendulous spikes bearing unisexual flowers.
The document discusses the morphology of flowering plants. It describes the root system as either taproot or fibrous, and the regions of the root including the root cap, region of elongation and region of maturation. Stems can be modified as tubers, bulbs, rhizomes or stolons for storage and support. Leaves originate from the stem and their venation and arrangement is described. Flowers make up the inflorescence and have four whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Their symmetry and arrangement on the thalamus is also detailed.
This document summarizes the morphology and structure of flowers in angiosperm plants. It describes the basic parts of a flower including the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It also discusses flower symmetry, aestivation, placentation, and provides examples of different inflorescence types. As an example, it thoroughly outlines the characteristics of flowers in the Solanaceae family, which includes important crops like tomato, potato, and chili peppers.
This document presents information on different types of inflorescences. It discusses racemose inflorescences, where the main axis grows continually and flowers form laterally in an acropetal succession. Some examples of racemose inflorescences include racemes, spikes, spikelets, catkins, spadices, corymbs, umbels, and capitula. It also discusses cymose inflorescences, where the main axis growth is checked by the formation of the terminal flower, leading to younger flowers developing on lateral branches. Examples of cymose inflorescences include uniparous, biparous, and multiparous types. The document also briefly describes some
This document discusses different types of inflorescences, which are clusters of flowers on a plant. It describes eight main types of racemose inflorescences: raceme, panicle, corymb, spike, spadix, umbel, capitulum, and catkin. For each type, it provides details on the structure of the flower cluster and examples of plant species that exhibit that inflorescence type.
This document summarizes the parts of a flower. It discusses that a flower has four main parts: the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It describes each part in detail, including that the calyx and corolla are non-essential parts, while the androecium and gynoecium are essential reproductive parts. It also classifies flowers as complete or incomplete based on presence of parts, and discusses types of unisexual flowers.
This document summarizes the parts of a flower. It discusses that a flower has four main parts: the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It describes each part in detail, including that the calyx and corolla are non-essential parts, while the androecium and gynoecium are essential reproductive parts. It also classifies flowers as complete or incomplete based on presence of parts, and discusses types of unisexual flowers.
keep this ppt as secondary source , this ppt is used for lesson morphological of flowering plants science grade 11th , a small part from that lesson , concentrate on aestivation as well as divisions based on ovary
This document defines inflorescence as the arrangement of flowers on a plant and describes the two main types: simple and compound. Simple inflorescences are further divided into racemose and cymose types. Racemose inflorescences have flowers arranged along a main stem with lower flowers developing first. Common racemose inflorescences include racemes, spikes, spikelets, catkins, spadices, corymbs, umbels, capitula, and hypanthodia. The document provides examples like sunflowers for capitula and banyan trees for hypanthodia.
Flowers are the reproductive parts of plants,which are responsible for the production of gametes or sex cells ((non flowering plants).
A flower is modified shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral parts. A blossom propagates a branch from a bud in the axil of a little leaf-like structure called the bract. A bract is commonly green due to presence of chlorophyll and is a very small structure (non flowering plants).
Flowers are the reproductive parts of plants,which are responsible for the production of gametes or sex cells ((non flowering plants).
A flower is modified shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral parts. A blossom propagates a branch from a bud in the axil of a little leaf-like structure called the bract. A bract is commonly green due to presence of chlorophyll and is a very small structure (non flowering plants).
This document provides an overview of flower anatomy and morphology. It defines flowers as modified reproductive shoots and lists their main parts including the pedicel, bract, receptacle, perianth, calyx, corolla, hypanthium, nectary, androecium, gynoecium, and androgynophore. It describes flower attachment, cycles, sex, and variations in plant sex including monoecious, dioecious, polygamous, andromonoecious and gynomonoecious plants. It also covers flower symmetry.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of plant morphology terms. It discusses plant habitats, habits, roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences, and flower structures. It defines common plant types including herbs, shrubs, trees, vines, annuals, biennials, and perennials. It also describes different root, stem, leaf, and inflorescence structures and arrangements. The document is an informative reference for understanding plant anatomy and morphology terminology.
Similar to Morphology of flowering plants part2 (20)
Sexual and Asexual reproduction in plants with pollination and development of gametophytes and double fertilization with embryo and endosperm formation.
The document discusses the circulatory system, including its components and functions. It describes the closed circulatory system in humans, which involves the heart pumping blood through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, wastes and more throughout the body. Blood consists of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding.
Earthworms have cylindrical segmented bodies with setae that aid in locomotion. They possess closed circulatory, digestive, excretory, nervous and reproductive systems. Earthworms reproduce sexually through cross-fertilization. During mating, sperm is exchanged and deposited along with eggs in cocoons secreted by the clitellum, where fertilization occurs. Baby earthworms develop directly from eggs within the cocoons.
This document provides information on the classification and features of the frog Rana tigrina. It discusses the frog's ability to live both on land and in water, its poikilothermic nature, camouflage abilities, and habit of hibernating or aestivating during extreme temperatures. The document also summarizes the frog's morphology, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, and reproductive systems.
Morphology of flowering plants - I (root, stem & leaf)Aarif Kanadia
This document provides information on plant root morphology from Dr. Aarif. It discusses the key parts and regions of the root including the root cap, meristematic region, elongation region, root hair region, and maturation region. It describes the functions of roots and modifications such as taproots and adventitious root systems. Taproots are further divided into storage roots like conical, fusiform, and napiform roots. Adventitious roots can form prop roots, stilt roots, and climbing roots. The document also discusses underground modifications like rhizomes, tubers, corms, and bulbs which allow for food storage, perennation, and vegetative propagation.
This document discusses the structure and types of animal tissues. It begins by defining cells and their organelles. There are two main types of cells - somatic cells which make up the general body tissues, and germ cells which are involved in reproduction. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. There are four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. The document then goes into detail about each type of tissue, describing their structure and functions. It provides examples of different simple and compound epithelial and connective tissues, as well as skeletal tissues like cartilage and bone.
The kidneys and associated structures work together to excrete waste from the body and regulate water and electrolyte balance.
The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, removing wastes like urea and regulating salts. Complex tubular structures reabsorb useful substances like water, glucose and electrolytes. Additional regulation occurs in structures like the loop of Henle and collecting ducts.
Water reabsorption is controlled by antidiuretic hormone, maintaining fluid balance. The kidneys also regulate electrolyte concentrations and acid-base balance through selective reabsorption and tubular secretion. Together this excretory and regulatory system works to maintain homeostasis.
The document provides information on the kingdom Plantae, specifically focusing on algae and bryophytes.
[1] It describes the characteristics of algae, including their sizes, shapes, pigments, food storage, and modes of reproduction. [2] Bryophytes are described as the first land plants and having a thalloid plant body without roots or leaves. They reproduce sexually through gametophytes and sporophytes. [3] Pteridophytes are vascular plants that exhibit alternation of generations between free-living gametophytes and sporophytes.
Human respiration involves two main processes: [1] External respiration which is the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood, and [2] Internal respiration which is the exchange of gases between blood and tissues at the cellular level. The ultimate goal of respiration is to release energy through cellular respiration in which oxygen is used to oxidize nutrients to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as energy is stored.
Here are the key points about lipids:
- Lipids are organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important structural and energy storage functions.
- The main types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats and oils. They are long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated or unsaturated.
- Triglycerides are composed of fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. They are the main form of energy storage in animals.
- Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. They have a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and
Muscular movement is controlled by three types of muscle tissues: striated, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Striated muscle makes up skeletal muscle and controls voluntary movement. It is characterized by visible striations due to the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments. Contraction occurs when myosin heads bind to actin and pull the filaments together, shortening the muscle. Several proteins and structures are involved in the precise sliding mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. Common muscular disorders include muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis, and different types of arthritis that affect the joints and bones.
Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are three main types of joints - immovable joints which do not allow movement (e.g. sutures in the skull), slightly movable joints which allow some movement (e.g. symphysis pubis joint), and freely movable joints which allow extensive movement (e.g. ball and socket joint in the shoulder). Freely movable joints have structures like synovial fluid and membranes that reduce friction and allow movement. Examples of different freely movable joints are ball and socket, hinge, gliding, condyloid, saddle, and pivot joints.
The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones that provide structure, protection, movement, and more. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hyoid bone, and the appendicular skeleton which connects to the axial skeleton through girdles and includes the upper and lower limbs. The skeleton allows for movement, protects organs, provides sites for muscle attachment, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
How to Install Theme in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
With Odoo, we can select from a wide selection of attractive themes. Many excellent ones are free to use, while some require payment. Putting an Odoo theme in the Odoo module directory on our server, downloading the theme, and then installing it is a simple process.
Ardra Nakshatra (आर्द्रा): Understanding its Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
Ardra Nakshatra, the sixth Nakshatra in Vedic astrology, spans from 6°40' to 20° in the Gemini zodiac sign. Governed by Rahu, the north lunar node, Ardra translates to "the moist one" or "the star of sorrow." Symbolized by a teardrop, it represents the transformational power of storms, bringing both destruction and renewal.
About Astro Pathshala
Astro Pathshala is a renowned astrology institute offering comprehensive astrology courses and personalized astrological consultations for over 20 years. Founded by Gurudev Sunil Vashist ji, Astro Pathshala has been a beacon of knowledge and guidance in the field of Vedic astrology. With a team of experienced astrologers, the institute provides in-depth courses that cover various aspects of astrology, including Nakshatras, planetary influences, and remedies. Whether you are a beginner seeking to learn astrology or someone looking for expert astrological advice, Astro Pathshala is dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges and unlock your full potential through the ancient wisdom of Vedic astrology.
For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
AI Risk Management: ISO/IEC 42001, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 23894PECB
As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
• insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
• framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Beginner's Guide to Bypassing Falco Container Runtime Security in Kubernetes ...anjaliinfosec
This presentation, crafted for the Kubernetes Village at BSides Bangalore 2024, delves into the essentials of bypassing Falco, a leading container runtime security solution in Kubernetes. Tailored for beginners, it covers fundamental concepts, practical techniques, and real-world examples to help you understand and navigate Falco's security mechanisms effectively. Ideal for developers, security professionals, and tech enthusiasts eager to enhance their expertise in Kubernetes security and container runtime defenses.
2. Flower is defined as a highly modified shoot meant for sexual
reproduction in plants
PEDICEL
THALAMUS
FLORAL WHORLS
3. PEDICEL
Stalk of the flower
Flowers with pedicel are called pedicellate
Flowers without pedicel are called sessile
THALAMUS
Also called as Receptacle or Torus
Terminal end of pedicel is swollen or expanded to form the floral axis
4 nodes and 3 internodes
From each node a whorl of modified leaves is produced
5. Flowers
A flower normally arises In the axil of a small leaf-like structure called as the bract
Flowers with bracts are called as bracteate and those without bracts are called as
ebracteate
A flower is said to be complete when all the four floral whorls are present
A flower is said to be incomplete when any one or more of the four floral
whorls are absent
A flower is said to be Bisexual / Hermaphrodite when both the essential
floral whorls viz.the Androecium and Gynoecium are present
A flower is said to be Unisexual when any one of the essential
floral whorls viz.the Androecium or Gynoecium is absent
A Unisexual may be male / staminate when only androecium is present
OR
A Unisexual may be female / pistillate when only gynoecium is present
A flower is said to be Neuter when both the essential floral whorls are absent
6. Flowers w.r.t symmetry
A flower is said to be regular or Actinomorphic when it can be divided into 2 equal
halves along any of the radii, passing through the centre
A flower is said to be Zygomorphic when it can be divided into 2 equal
halves only along 1 radius, passing through the centre
A flower is said to be Aymmetrical when it cannot be divided into 2 equal
halves from any palne.
7. Flowers w.r.t no. of floral leaves in each whorl
1. ISOMEROUS FLOWER : Flowers which have the same no. of floral leaves in
each of its whorl are called as Isomerous flowers
a) Dimerous : Floral leaves are 2 or in multiples of it
b) Trimerous : Floral leaves are 3 or in multiples of it e.g monocots
c) Tetramerous : Floral leaves are 4 or in multiples of it
d) Pentamerous : Floral leaves are 5 or in multiples of it e.g dicots
2. HETEROMEROUS FLOWER : Flowers which have the diff no. of floral
leaves in each of its whorl are called as
Heteromerous flowers
8. Insertion of floral leaves
HYPOGYNOUS
- Conical Thalamus
- Ovary has superior position
- The rest of the floral whorls
are inserted below gynoecium
e.g. Brinjal, Mustard, China rose
EPIGYNOUS
- Thalamus grows upwards
enclosing the ovary completely
-Ovary has inferior position
-The rest of the floral whorls
are inserted above gynoecium
- e.g. sunflower, Guava
PERIGYNOUS
- Thalamus cup / saucer shaped
- Ovary has half superior position
half inferior
- The rest of the floral whorls are
inserted around the gynoecium
e.g. Rose , pea, bean .
9. C A L Y X
-Outermost whorl of the flower
-Individual members of the whorl are GREEN and are called as SEPALS
SEPALS
Free – POLYSEPALOUS e.g Brassica
Fused – GAMOSEPALOUS e.g China rose
SEPALS
Caducous : Sepals fall off as soon as the flower opens e.g Argemone
Decidous : Sepals survive till the withering of petals e.g mustard
Persistent : Sepals remain even after fruit formation e.g brinjal
FUNCTIONS :
1. Protection of flower in the bud condition
2. Photosynthesis
3. Petaloid sepals attract insects for pollination
4. Hairy calyx (Pappus) help in dispersal of fruits
10. C O R O L L A
-Second whorl of the flower , larger in size and inner to calyx
-Individual members of the whorl are called as PETALS , which are coloured and
scented
PETALS
Free – POLYPETALOUS e.g Rose
Fused – GAMOPETALOUS e.g Datura
FUNCTIONS :
1. Attraction : The bright colour attracts birds and insects for pollination.
2. A tubular gamopetalous corolla can store nectar for attraction
3. Protection of inner essential whorls.
11. P E R I A N T H
-When Calyx and Corolla are similar
-Individual members of the whorl are called as TEPALS
TEPALS
Free – POLYPHYLLOUS
Fused – GAMOPHYLLOUS
TEPALS
Green– SEPALOID
Coloured– PETALOID
FUNCTIONS :
1. Both as Calyx and Corolla. Protects the essential whorls in bud condition
2. A SEPALOID perianth performs Photosynthesis
3. A PETALOID perianth attracts insects for pollination
12. A E S T I V A T I O N
Mode of arrangement of Sepals and Petals in a flower w.r.t. the members of the same whorl.
Margins of Sepals or Petals remain in close contact
or lie close to each other but do not overlap e.g Datura
V A L V A T E
13. One margin is inwards and overlapped
Other margin is outwards and overlaps the margin of
adjacent one. e.g. China rose
T W I S T E D
14. One Sepal/Petal is overlapped at both margins
One Sepal/Petal overlaps at both margins.
Rest of the Sepal/Petals are like Twisted Variety
e.g. Bauhinia
I M B R I C A T E
15. Corolla is butterfly shaped and has 5 petals
Outermost --- largest ---- Standard/Vexillium
Two Lateral --- Wings
Two smaller --- nearly fused – boat shaped--- keel/karina
e.g. Pea
V E X I L L A R Y
17. A N D R O E C I U M
Male Reproductive Whorl made up of STAMENS also called as a MICROSPOROPHYLL
STAMENS
FREE – POLYANDROUS
FUSED – COHESION
STAMEN
FILAMENT ANTHER
-Stalk of stamen with anther at its
tip
-If Filaments fuse and Anthers are
free
it is called as ADELPHY
monadelphous – Hibiscus
diadelphous – Pea
polyadelphous – Citrus
If anthers are fused and filaments
remain free the the condition is
called as SYNGENY (sunflower)
Upper Swollen fertile part of
stamen
1 lobe- monothecous (china rose)
2 lobes – dithecous
Each lobe having 2
chambers/locules
Called pollen sacs/ microsporangia
in which pollen grains or
microspores are produced
19. G Y N O E C I U M
(PISTIL)
Female Reproductive Whorl made up of CARPELS also called as a MEGA SPOROPHYLL
Monocarpellary – pea
Bicarpellary – Datura
Tricarpellary – cucurbita
Pentacarpellary - Hibiscus
CARPELS
FREE – APOCARPOUS
FUSED – SYNCARPOUS
20. CARPEL
STIGMA : Terminal part of Carpel, rough and sticky
Site of pollination
Receives pollen grain for pollination
STYLE : Narrow elongated thread like structure
connecting Stigma with the Ovary
OVARY : Basal Swollen part having chamber called
as LOCULE
unilocular(pea) , bilocular (Mustard) /
trilocular ( Asparagus), tetralocular (Ocimum)
pentalocular (china rose)
Each locule contains OVULES on a fertile tissue
Called as PLACENTA
21. MARGINAL : Ovules are borne at the fused margins of
unilocular ovary e.g. pea
AXILE : Ovules are produced on a central axis of multilocular
ovary e.g. China rose
PARIETAL : Ovules are borne on the inner wall of unilocular
ovary of multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium
e.g. Cucumber
FREE CENTRAL : Ovules are borne on central axis and septa
are absent e.g. Primrose
BASAL : Single Ovule is borne at the base of unilocular ovary
e.g Sunflower
P L A C E N T A T I O N
23. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
INFLORESCENCE
- A natural group (cluster) of flowers produced on a special reproductive axis
(peduncle) of a plant is called an inflorescence.
- When produced singly, it is called a solitary flower, and when produced in a group,
that group is called an inflorescence.
- flowers are arranged in a definite pattern on a special reproductive branch (axis).
This branch is called peduncle
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INFLORESCENCE:
- It makes flowers more conspicuous and attractive; therefore it is more effective in
attracting pollinating agents such as insects or birds.
- Moreover, many flowers can be pollinated in a single visit of an agent.
- In an inflorescence, flowers open (mature) successively and not simultaneously.
- This improves chances of pollination as flowering has a longer period.
- Different genera of same family often produce flowers in a particular pattern specific
to that family; therefore it is one of the criteria for identification and classification of
flowering plants
24. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
INFLORESCENCE
RACEMOSE INFLORESCENCE:
1. also known as indefinite inflorescence because its
peduncle (axis) shows continued growth for an
indefinite period. This is possible because the
peduncle has an active terminal bud.
2. The inflorescence axis never terminates in a flower,
i.e. the apical bud of the peduncle is never converted
into a terminal flower.
3. Flowers are arranged in acropetal succession on the
peduncle i.e., older flowers in the inflorescence are
lower down on the axis, while the younger ones are
nearer the apex.
4. The order of opening of flowers in a racemose
inflorescence is always centripetal, i.e. flowers
which are peripheral (or lower) in the inflorescence
are older and mature (open) earlier, while the
flowers, which are in the centre (or nearer to the
apex of inflorescence axis) are younger and mature
later.
5. e.g. Gulmohur, Caesalpinia, etc.
25. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
INFLORESCENCE
26. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
INFLORESCENCE
Racemose inflorescence is of following types
(a) Raceme : peduncle has bisexual and pedicellate flowers arranged acropetally, e. g.,
Larkspur, radish.
(c) Spike. Peduncle has bisexual and sessile flowers, e. g., Achyranthes, Adhathoda.
(d) Spikelet. It is a small, special spike. Flowers are produced in the axil of fertile bracts
called lemma,
e. g., wheat, grasses (Poaceae).
(e) Catkin. It is pendulous spike in leaf axis which bears unisexual flowers, e. g., Morus,
Birch, Oak, Acalypha,
27. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
INFLORESCENCE
(f) Spadix. It is spike with fleshy axis and having both male and female flowers. It is
surrounded by large coloured bracts called spathe, e. g., Musa, Palm, Colocasia,
Alocasia (characteristically found in monocots).
(g) Corymb. The main axis is short. Lower flowers have long pedicels than upper ones
so that all the flowers are brought more or less to the same level, e. g., Iberis, Capsella.
Compound corymb, e. g., Cauliflower. Corymbose raceme is found in mustard.
(h) Umbel. The main axis is reduced very much and all flowers appear to be arising
from the same point
At the base of flowers, cluster of bracts form an involucre, e. g., Hydrocotyl.
Compound umbel e. g., Coriander.
(i) Capitulum or head. Main axis becomes flat and called receptacle. It bears many
sessile and small florets. Peripheral florets called ray florets are pistillate or neuter and
zygomorphic, whereas disc floret are bisexual and actinomorphic e. g., Sunflower,
Zinnia, Cosmos (Asteraceae).
28. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
INFLORESCENCE
29. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
INFLORESCENCE
CYMOSE INFLORESCENCE:
1. The cymose inflorescence is also called the definite
inflorescence as its peduncle has a limited growth.
This is because the apical bud of the peduncle is
converted into a flower.
2. Below this apical bud, one or more lateral
branches may develop on the main peduncle. These
branches terminate into flower.
3. The flowers are thus arranged in basipetal
succession on the peduncle, i.e. the first formed and
the oldest flower is terminal in position, while the
flowers produced later (younger flowers) are lower
down in position on the peduncle.
4. The order of opening of the flowers is centrifugal.
The central (terminal) flower is the oldest and opens
first, while the peripheral flowers are younger &
open later
5. ,e.g. Jasmine, Clerodendron, etc.
30. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
INFLORESCENCE
31. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
INFLORESCENCE
(a) Verticillaster e. g., Ocimum , (Tulsi) Salvia (Lamiaceae).
(b) Cyathium: Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima),
(c) Hypanthodium:. Ficus (Banyan, Fig, Gular)
33. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
- A fruit is defined as the metamorphosed or a ripened ovary without or with one or
more seeds.
- after successful fertilization an ovary develops to form a fruit.
- fruits developed without fertilization are called parthenocarpic fruits .
1. When a fruit is developed exclusively from the ovary of a flower, it is called a true
fruit, e.g. mango.
2. Sometimes, other floral parts, like thalamus, or receptacle may develop as a part of
the fruit, such fruits are called false fruits or pseudocarps.
3. For example in apple and pear the thalamus grows around the ovary and becomes
fleshy to form the main edible part of the fruit.
34. stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustard etc.
e laterally on the stem or branches, e.g., Sunflower, Mango, China rose, Mustards partially
or completely. Leaves of some plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
A fruit mainly consist of two parts - pericarp or fruit wall and seed(s).
PERICARP- It is the wall of a fruit, which is developed from ovary wall. In some plants the
pericarp is differentiated into three parts, epi, meso and endocarp.
- EPICARP - It is the outer part of the fruit wall, which forms the skin or protective
covering of the fruit.
- MESOCARP - It is the middle part of the fruit wall, which forms the major pulpy or juicy
part of a fruit as in Mango.
- ENDOCARP - It is the inner part of the fruit wall, which may be thin and membranous
as in orange or hard and stony as in mango, plum and coconut.
In some plants, pericarp is single, not differentiated into such parts, e.g. Pea, Beans, etc.
SEEDS- The fruit wall may enclose one or more seeds which develop from fertilized
ovules.
35. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts develops
into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS:
1) SIMPLE FRUITS :
- When the ovary of a single flower with or
without other accessory floral parts develops into
a single fruit, the fruit is said to be a simple fruit.
- Ovary may be monocarpellary or polycarpellary
and syncarpous.
- It may be further divided into dry (e.g. cotton,
pea, lady's finger etc.) and fleshy fruits (e.g.
tomato, guava, mango etc.).
- In dry fruits, pericarp becomes dry and thin at
maturity. The dry fruits are further classified into
dehiscent and indehiscent fruits on the basis of
presence or absence of natural dehiscence or
breaking of their pericarp at maturity.
- Legume and capsule are dry and dehiscent
fruits.
36. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts develops
into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS:
1) SIMPLE FRUITS :
- In fleshy fruits, the pericarp is thick and fleshy
and may or may not be differentiated into : all
the three parts i.e. outer epicarp, middle
mesocarp and inner endocarp or only epicarp
(skin of the fruit) and fleshy mesocarp.
- Fleshy fruits are mostly indehiscent.
- Drupe (one seeded) and Berry (many seeded)
are fleshy fruits.
37. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts develops
into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS:
AGGREGATE FRUITS OR ETAERIOS:
- A fruit which develops from a polycarpellary
apocarpous gynoecium of a single flower is
called, an aggregate fruit or etaerio.
- In such a case, the carpels are free and ovary of
each carpel develops into a small, simple fruitlet.
- A collection or a group of simple fruitlets makes
an aggregate fruit.
- An aggregate fruit is further classified into sub-
types on the basis of characters of fruitlets.
- In custard apple (Anona squamosa) the apices of
all fruitlets become thick, hard and fuse along
their margins to form a common covering around
the fruit.
38. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts develops
into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS:
COMPOSITE OR MULTIPLE FRUITS:
- A composite or multiple fruit develops from
the entire inflorescence.
- In such fruits, along with the ovaries and
other floral parts, the peduncle also takes
part in the formation of the fruit.
- On the basis of the type of inflorescence,
composite fruits are classified into two
main types-
- Sorosis (pineapple, mulberry, jackfruit)
- Syconus (fig)
39. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
Fruits
Simple Aggregate Composite
1. Sorosis
2. Syconus
1.Etario of achenes
2. Etario of drupes
3. Etario of follicles
4. Etario of berries
Fleshy
1. Drupe
2. Berry
3. Pepo
4. Hesperidium
5. Pome
6. Balausta
7. Amphisaca
Dry
Dehiscent
1. Legume
2. Follicle
3. Siliqua
4. Silicula
5. Capsule
Indehiscent
1. Caryopsis
2. Achene
3. Cypsela
4. Nut
Schizocarpic
1. Lomentum
2. Creomocarp
3. Regma
4. Samara
5. Carcerulus
40. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
41. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
DRY INDEHISCENT FRUITS
CARYOPSIS : Develops from monocarpellary, unilocular ovary. Fruit wall or pericarp is
completely fused with seed coat.
e. g., wheat, maize rice (Graminae).
ACHENE: It develops from monocapellary, unilocular ovary. Fruit wall (pericarp) is not
completely attached with seed coat (as that of caryopsis),
e. g., Mirabilis.
CYPSELA : Develops from bicarpellary, unilocular and inferior ovary. Calyx is hair like
and called pappus which helps in dispersal of fruits (seeds),
e. g., Sunflower, Sonchus, Zinnia, Taraxacum. It is characteristic fruit of family
Compositae (Asteraceae).
NUT: Develops from polycarpellary superior ovary. pericap is hard (stony) and
sometimes woody,
e. g., Anacardium (cashew nut), Litchi (marking nut), Triapa (water chestnut) and
Quercus (oak)
42. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
DRY DEHISCENT
LEGUME OR POD: Dry, one chambered fruit developing from a superior and
monocarpellary ovary. Mature fruit dehisces by both sutures or margins,
e. g., Gram, lentil, pea.
SILIQUA: Develops from bicarpellary, unilocular ovary with parietal placentation,
dehiscence of fruits occur by both the halves from base to apex,
e. g., Mustard, radish.
This is characteristic fruit of family Crucferae or Brassicaceae.
SILICULA : A short, broad, flat siliqua with few seeds is known as silicula.
e. g., lberis, Capsella
CAPSULE : Develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. Dehiscence occurs by
many ways.
(a) By Pores : Porocidal, e. g., Opium (Poppy), Argemone.
(b) By locules or valves : Loculicidal, e. g., Cotton.
(c) By Septa : Septicidal, e. g., Linseed.
(d) Septa breakdown into fragments : Septifragal, e. g., Datura.
43. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
FLESHY OR SUCCULENT FRUITS
DRUPE : Mostly one seeded fruits with pericarp differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp
and hard and stony endocarp,
e. g., Mangifera indica (Mango-epicarp forms skin, mesocarp-fleshy, juicy and edible
endocarp is hard and stony),
Cocos nucifera (Coconut-Mesocarp is fibrous which is used in making coir so called as
fibrous drupe),
Juglans regia (walnut, Edible part are the cotyledons).
BERRY : one to many seeded fruits. Epicarp forms the outer skin. Middle thick and
fleshy part is called mesocarp with a membrane like endocarp.
e. g., Tomato, guava, papaya, grapes, banana, brinjal, chillies. Betel nut is a one seeded
berry.
PEPO (hard walled berry) : Develops from tricarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular and
inferior ovary. Epicarp forms skin of fruit. Mesocarp and endocarp are fleshy and
edible. Sometimes, fruits are bitter in taste due to tetracyclic triterpenes
e. g., Cucumber, gourd, watermelon.
44. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
POME: Develops from syncarpous inferior ovary which is surrounded by fleshy
thalamus. So, true fruit lies inside the swollen fleshy and edible thalamus. It is false
fruit or pseudocarp.
e. g., Apple, pear. Edible part is fleshy thalamus
HESPERIDIUM : Develops from multicarpellary, multilocular, syncarpous, superior ovary
with axile placentation. The epicarp and mesocarp fused together to form skin or rind
of the fruit. Endocarp projects inwards forming a number of distinct chambers. The
juicy unicellular hairs are present on the inner side of the endocarp.
e. g., Orange and all citrus fruits.
BALAUSTA : Develops from multilocular, syncarpous, inferior ovary. Epicarp is tough
and leathery. Endocarp is membranous. Seeds are irregularly distributed inside the
fruit. Juicy testa of the seeds is edible. The fruit has persistent calyx
e. g., pomegranate.
AMPHISARCA : Develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular and superior
ovary. The epicarp is hard and woody, mesocarp, endocarp and swollen placenta are
fleshy and edible e. g., Aegle marmelos (wood apple or bael), Feronia limonia (Kaith or
elephant apple).
45. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
Aggregate Fruits
Aggregate fruits are formed from polycarpellary, apocarpous ovary. Each carpel
develops into a fruitlet and all fruitlets together form an aggregate fruit. An aggregate
of simple fruits borne by apocarpous ovary of a single flower is otherwise known as
'etaerio'.
(I) An etaerio of achenes e. g., Strawberry
(ii) An etaerio of berries e. g., Artobotrys
(iii) An etaerio of follicles e. g., Delphinium, Michelia
(iv) An etaerio of drupes e. g., Raspberry.
Multiple or Composite Fruits
The multiple fruit develops from the entire inflorescence. These fruits are of two types
(i)Sorosis : These fruits develop from spike, spadix or catkin inflorescence. The flowers
fuse together by their sepals or perianth and the whole inflorescence forms a compact
mass e. g., Jackfruit, mulberry, pineapple.
(ii)Syconus : This fruit develops from hypanthodium inflorescence
e. g., Ficus sp. (Fig, gular, banyan, peepal).
The fruitlets are achenial in nature.
46. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
47. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
48. stem or branches, e) SIMPLE FRUITS:
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FRUITS
49. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
SEED
A seed is defined as "a fertilized and metamorphosed ovule containing an
embryo enclosed in. resistant protective coats.“
Seed is also described as the initial, dormant stage of the diploid sporophytic
generation in the life cycle of Spermatophytes or Phanerogams
STRUCTURE OF A DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED
- Covering : outer thick and resistant layer is called testa
inner thin and membranous layer called tegmen.
- A seed is attached to the inner wall of fruit by a small stalk called funicle, at a
point called hilum
- A small pore is present close to the hilum in the testa, called the micropyle.
- A ridge may be seen in continuation with the hilum on testa, which is called raphe.
- Enclosed within the seed coat, there is an embryo consisting of embryo - axis
(tigellum) and two cotyledons
- The contents enclosed within the seed coat are together called kernel.
- The embryo axis consists of two ends - the radicle and the plumule.
50. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
SEED
STRUCTURE OF A DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED
- The cotyledons are attached to the embryo axis at the region, which represents
first node of embryo.
- The part of embryo axis between radicle and first node is called hypocotyl while
the part between plumule and cotyledons is called epicotyl.
Most of the dicotyledonous seeds are called exalbuminous or non-endospermic
because they lack the endosperm at maturity. In such cases, entire endosperm is
consumed during its development.
A few dicotyledonous seeds like castor, possess endosperm and are called
albuminous or endospermic seeds.
In albuminous seeds, cotyledons are thin and papery while in ex-albuminous seeds,
the cotyledons are thick and fleshy as they store necessary reserve food material.
51. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
SEED
STRUCTURE OF A MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SEED
- A maize grain represents a single-seeded fruit in
which the seed coat and the fruit wall are
inseparable.
- On one side of the grain a small, opaque,
whitish, area is seen. Embryo lies embedded in
this area. A thin layer lying around the grain is
formed by fusion of seed-coat and the fruit wall
which is called hull.
- The grain is divided into two unequal portions
by a definite layer known as the epithelium.
- The bigger portion is the endosperm, and the
smaller portion, the embryo.
- The endosperm is food storage tissue.
52. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
SEED
STRUCTURE OF A MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SEED
- The embryo consists of a single shield-shaped
cotyledon (known as the scutellum) and the
axis.
- The upper portion of the axis is the plumule and
the lower portion is the radicle. The plumule is
surrounded by a protective sheath called
coleoptile and the radicle is surrounded by
another sheath called coleorhiza.
53. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
- Various morphological features are used to describe a flowering plant.
- The description has to be brief, in a simple and scientific language and presented in a
proper sequence.
- The plant is described beginning with its habit, vegetative characters - roots, stem
and leaves and then floral characters inflorescence and flower parts.
- After describing various parts of plant, a floral diagram and a floral formula are
presented.
- The floral formula is represented by some symbols.
- A floral diagram provides information about the number of parts of a flower, their
arrangement and the relation they have with one another
54. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
55. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
FAMILY : FABACEAE
56. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
FAMILY : FABACEAE
57. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
FAMILY : FABACEAE
Vegetative Characters :
Trees, shrubs, herbs; root with root nodules
Stem : erect or climber
Leaves : alternate, pinnately compound or simple; leaf base, pulvinate; stipulate;
reticulate venation
Floral characters :
Inflorescence: racemose
Flower : bisexual, zygomorphic
Calyx : sepals five, gamosepalous; imbricate aestivation
Corolla : petals five, polypetalous, papilionaceous, consisting of a
posterior standard, two lateral wings, two anterior ones forming
a keel (enclosing stamens and pistil), vexillary aestivation
Androecium : ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous
Gynoecium : ovary superior, mono carpellary, unilocular with many
ovules, style single
Fruit : legume; seed: one to many, non-endospermic
%♂ K(5)C1+2+(2), A(9)+1 G1
+
58. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
FAMILY : FABACEAE
Economic importance :
Many plants belonging to the family are
- sources of pulses (gram, arhar, sem, moong, soyabean)
- edible oil (soyabean, groundnut);
- dye (Indigofera);
- fibres (sunhemp);
- fodder (Sesbania, Trifolium)
- ornamentals (lupin, sweet pea)
- medicine [muliathi).
59. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
FAMILY : SOLANACEAE
60. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
Vegetative Characters :
Plants mostly herbs, shrubs and rarely small trees
Stem : herbaceous rarely woody, aerial; erect, cylindrical, branched, solid
or hollow, hairy or glabrous, underground stem in potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Leaves: alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate;
venation reticulate
Floral Characters :
Inflorescence : Solitary, axillary or cymose as in Solarium
Flower : bisexual, actinomorphic
Calyx : sepals five, united, persistent, valvate aestivation.
Corolla : petals five, united; valvate aestivation
Androecium : stamens five, epipetalous
Gynoecium : bicarpellary, syncarpous; ovary superior, bilocular, placenta
swollen with many ovules
Fruits : berry or capsule
Seeds : many, endospermous
FAMILY : SOLANACEAE
♂ K(5)C(5) A5 G(2)+
61. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
Economic importance :
Many plants belonging to this family are
- source of food (tomato, brinjal, potato),
- spice (chilli);
- medicine (belladonna, ashwagandha)
- fumigatory (tobacco);
- ornamentals (petunia)
FAMILY : SOLANACEAE
62. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
FAMILY : LILIACEAE
63. Floral Characters :
Inflorescence : solitary /cymose; often umbellate clusters
Flower : bisexual, actinomorphic
Perianth : tepal six (3+3), often united into tube; valvate aestivation
Androecium : stamen six, (3+3)
Gynoecium : tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular with many ovules;
axile placentation
Fruits : capsule rarely berry
Seeds : endospermous
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
Vegetative Characters :
Perennial herbs with
Stem : underground bulbs/corms/ rhizomes
Leaves: mostly basal, alternate, linear, exstipulate with parallel venation
Br ♂ P(3+3)A(3+3) G(3)
+
FAMILY : LILIACEAE
64. TYLEDONOUS SEED
When the ovary of a single flower with or without other accessory floral parts
develops into a plants possess a pair of lateral
dr.aarif
FLORAL FORMULA & FLORAL DIAGRAM
Economic importance :
Many plants belonging to this family are
- good ornamentals (tulip, Gloriosa),
- source of medicine (Aloe),
- vegetables [Asparagus], and
- colchicine [Colchicum autumnale].(medicine that treats Gout)
FAMILY : LILIACEAE