The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including classes, objects, data encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that describes their properties and behaviors. An object is an instance of a class. Classes contain data members and member functions. Data hiding is achieved through declaring data members as private while member functions can be public or private. The document also discusses constructors, destructors, operator overloading, inheritance and polymorphism.
The document discusses key concepts in C++ classes including encapsulation, information hiding, access specifiers, and constructors. It defines a class as a way to combine attributes and behaviors of real-world objects into a single unit. A class uses encapsulation to associate code and data, and information hiding to secure data from direct access. Access specifiers like public, private, and protected determine member visibility. Constructors are special member functions that initialize objects upon instantiation.
Object-oriented programming focuses on data. An object is a basic run-time entity. A class is also known as a user-defined data type. Inheritance provides the idea of reusability. Objects can communicate with each other through message passing. Polymorphism is achieved through operator overloading and function overloading.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and data hiding. It explains key OOP concepts like classes define custom data types with attributes and methods, objects are instances of classes, encapsulation groups related data and code, inheritance creates specialized classes from general classes, polymorphism allows one interface for multiple forms. It also discusses concepts like abstract classes, interfaces, constructors, destructors, operator overloading and access modifiers for data hiding. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to fundamental OOP principles in C++.
The document discusses various concepts related to inheritance in C++ including types of inheritance (single, multiple, hierarchical, multilevel, hybrid), defining derived classes, visibility modes (private, public), constructors and destructors in derived classes, virtual base classes, virtual functions, pure virtual functions, and abstract base classes. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document discusses file handling in C++. It introduces three classes - ofstream, ifstream, and fstream - that allow performing output and input of characters to and from files. The ofstream class is used to write to files, ifstream is used to read from files, and fstream can both read and write. The open() method is used to open a file, specifying the file name and optional file mode. Writing to a file uses the << operator and reading uses the >> operator. Operator overloading allows user-defined types like classes to define the meaning of operators like + when used on their objects.
Object Oriented Programming using C++ Part IIIAjit Nayak
The document discusses inheritance in object-oriented programming. It defines inheritance as a technique where a new subclass inherits attributes and behaviors from an existing superclass without needing to redefine them. This allows code reuse and reduces development costs. The document provides examples of single inheritance with classes like Employee and Manager, and multi-level inheritance with Student, Test, and Result classes. It also discusses polymorphism through method overriding and different types of inheritance like public, private and protected.
1. The document introduces classes, explaining concepts like data hiding, abstraction, and encapsulation. It defines a class as a way to bind data and associated functions together to represent real-world entities.
2. A class has four attributes - data members to describe characteristics, member functions for behaviors, an access level to control access, and a class name used to create objects. An example class Account is given with attributes like account number, type, balance and functions like deposit and withdraw.
3. Objects are instances of a class that allow manipulating the data and calling the functions of the class. Some examples of class objects are given.
This document provides an introduction to classes and objects in C++. It defines key concepts like class, object, member functions, access specifiers, and arrays of objects. It also discusses defining objects of a class, accessing class members, passing objects as function arguments, and the differences between classes and structures in C++.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts using C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. It also covers C++ specific topics like functions, arrays, strings, modular programming, and classes and objects in C++. The document is intended to introduce the reader to the fundamentals of OOP using C++.
Constructors and destructors are special member functions in C++ that are used for initializing objects and cleaning up resources. Constructors are called automatically when an object is created and are used to initialize member variables. Destructors are called when an object is destroyed in order to clean up resources. There are different types of constructors like default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Constructors can be invoked implicitly, explicitly, or through initialization. Destructors have the same name as the class preceded by a tilde and are used to de-allocate memory allocated by the constructor.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that bind data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Objects are instances of a class that can access class data and functions. The document provides examples of defining a class called "test" with private and public members, and creating objects of the class to demonstrate accessing members.
This document outlines the course content for a Programming in C++ course, including 12 topics that will be covered: 1) principles of object oriented programming, 2) beginning with C++, 3) tokens, expressions, and control structures, 4) functions in C++, 5) classes and objects, 6) constructors and destructors, 7) operator overloading and type conversions, 8) inheritance, 9) pointers, virtual functions and polymorphism, 10) managing console I/O operations, 11) working with files, and 12) templates and exception handling. Students will write programs based on the curriculum and six reference books are provided.
Here is a Python class with the specifications provided in the question:
class PICTURE:
def __init__(self, pno, category, location):
self.pno = pno
self.category = category
self.location = location
def FixLocation(self, new_location):
self.location = new_location
This defines a PICTURE class with three instance attributes - pno, category and location as specified in the question. It also defines a FixLocation method to assign a new location as required.
The document discusses classes and objects in C++. It defines what a class is - a blueprint for an object that contains data members and member functions. An object is an instance of a class that allocates memory. The document explains how to define a class with public and private members, create objects of a class, and access class members through objects using dot operators. It also covers constructors and how they initialize objects automatically upon creation.
This document discusses function overloading, inline functions, and friend functions in C++. It defines function overloading as having two or more functions with the same name but different parameters, allowing for compile-time polymorphism. Inline functions have their body inserted at call sites for faster execution. Friend functions are non-member functions that have access to private members of a class. Examples are provided to demonstrate overloaded functions, inline functions checking for prime numbers, and using a friend function to check if a number is even or odd. Important concepts and questions for discussion are also outlined.
Basic Of C++ , Classes and Objects
1. A class defines a new data type that encapsulates data members and member functions. Classes allow for creating user-defined data types.
2. A class declaration specifies the data members and member functions of the class, while class definitions provide the implementation of member functions.
3. Objects are variables of a class type that allocate memory to store the class's data members. Member functions can access and manipulate the data members of an object.
Constructors and destructors in Python.
Constructors are special methods that are called automatically when an object is created. They initialize variables and ensure objects are properly initialized. There are two types of constructors: default and parameterized. Default don't take arguments, parameterized do.
Destructors are called when an object is destroyed. Defined using __del__(), they are useful for releasing resources like closing files before a program exits.
The document then provides code examples of classes with constructors, parameterized constructors, and destructors. It also discusses Python's garbage collection and how the collector deletes unneeded objects to free memory space.
This document provides information about various concepts related to classes in C++, including defining a class, creating objects, special member functions like constructors and destructors, implementing class methods, accessing class members, and class abstraction. It defines a Circle class with private data member radius and public member functions to set and get radius and calculate diameter, area, and circumference. It demonstrates defining member functions inside and outside the class and using operators like dot and arrow to access class members.
This document discusses classes and objects in C++. It begins with an introduction to classes, noting that a class binds data and methods together and acts as a template for creating objects. It then covers key aspects of classes like characteristics, format, defining a class type, implementing class methods, and introducing objects. Objects are instances of a class that have both data and associated methods. The document provides examples of declaring and initializing objects of a Rectangle class. It concludes with some reasons for using the object-oriented programming paradigm in C++, including simplifying programming, interfaces, information hiding, and software reuse.
The document outlines a lecture plan for object oriented programming. It covers topics like structures and classes, function overloading, constructors and destructors, operator overloading, inheritance, polymorphism, and file streams. It provides examples to explain concepts like structures, classes, access specifiers, friend functions, and operator overloading. The document also includes questions for students to practice these concepts.
React is a revolution in web UI technology that uses a virtual DOM for fast rendering. It allows developers to build user interfaces as components in a declarative way using JavaScript or JSX. Components are fast, stateless, and their UI is a projection of data. The virtual DOM diffing algorithm efficiently detects changes and updates the real DOM. React promotes building user interfaces with unidirectional data flow and separating concerns into components rather than MVC.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Darshan Vilas Wankhede. It includes his contact information, career objective, educational qualifications including a Bachelor's degree in Instrumentation, and details of his industrial automation training and skills in areas like electrical work, AutoCAD, variable frequency drives, PLCs, SCADA, and HMI. It also provides details of his final year engineering project on a solar based DC pump control system for irrigation.
The document provides an overview of the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.). It discusses his early life in Mecca, including his birthplace, family, marriage to Khadija, and the beginning of his prophethood. It then covers his migration to Medina and important events that occurred there, such as establishing the first mosque, battles with opposing tribes, and the growth of Islam. The document also mentions the treaty of Hudaybiya, which was an important peace agreement made between Muhammad and his opponents.
The document presents a vision for education in the Maldives that aims to develop successful, confident individuals who are motivated to explore and create knowledge. It outlines how learning will be organized around key principles like Islam, identity and culture, human rights, and holistic development. The goal is to prepare individuals who can be responsible contributors to both their families and global society.
Justin Jauk is a Slovenian actor born in 1973 in Maribor. He graduated from the Academy of Theatre, Radio, Film and Television in Ljubljana in 1998. During his studies and after graduation, he has had roles in plays, films, television shows and radio dramas. He has also written several plays in the 2000s and recently focuses on writing dramas and studies.
MingfaTech's Five Series of Breaking - Through LED CoolersAlexThomasusa
This document provides information about MingfaTech Manufacturing Limited, a leading provider of LED thermal solutions based in China. It describes MingfaTech's various series of LED coolers, including EtraLED, SimpoLED, GooLED, BuLED, and HibayLED coolers. It also provides details on individual cooler models, their specifications, and the LED modules they are compatible with. The document contains contact and address information for MingfaTech, as well as an overview of the company and its focus, capabilities, and markets.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming concepts in C++ including objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and more. It explains the basic structure of a C++ program and demonstrates how to write a simple "Hello World" program. It also covers basic C++ elements like variables, data types, comments, strings, arithmetic operators, and input/output.
Objective-C for iOS Application DevelopmentDhaval Kaneria
The document provides an introduction to Objective-C and iPhone development. It discusses key aspects of Objective-C including its syntax which extends C with object-oriented capabilities. Objective-C uses class definitions with interfaces and implementations. Programs create class instances that can receive messages to call methods. Classes can inherit from superclasses and support polymorphism. The document also outlines core concepts like memory management, frameworks for iOS development and examples of Hello World programs.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts in C#, including classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It defines key terms like class and object, and explains how C# supports OOP principles such as defining classes with methods and properties, extending classes through inheritance, hiding implementation through encapsulation, and allowing polymorphic behavior through function overloading and overriding. Abstract classes and sealed modifiers are also covered. The document is intended to help explain basic OOP concepts in C# to readers.
The document outlines the syllabus for the II Year / III Semester 20IT302 - C++ AND DATA STRUCTURES course. It covers 5 units - (1) Object Oriented Programming Fundamentals, (2) Object Oriented Programming Concepts, (3) C++ Programming Advanced Features, (4) Advanced Non-Linear Data Structures, and (5) Graphs. Some key concepts covered include classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, templates, containers, iterators, trees, and graph algorithms.
The document provides an overview of the C++ programming language. It discusses that C++ was designed by Bjarne Stroustrup to provide Simula's facilities for program organization together with C's efficiency and flexibility for systems programming. It outlines key C++ features such as classes, operator overloading, references, templates, exceptions, and input/output streams. It also covers topics like class definitions, constructors, destructors, friend functions, and operator overloading. The document provides examples of basic C++ programs and explains concepts like compiling, linking, and executing C++ programs.
The document discusses structures and classes in C++. It explains that structures in C++ allow grouping of related data items but do not provide data hiding. Classes in C++ address this limitation by allowing data and functions as members, and designating some members as private. The key aspects of a class include its declaration with data and function members, creation of objects from the class, and accessing members using objects and dot operator (for public members) or within class functions (for private members). Static members are also discussed which are shared among all class objects.
1) Nested classes allow a class to be defined within another class and can access members of the outer class. Local classes are defined within a function and are only accessible within that function.
2) Local classes can access static variables and enums of the enclosing function but not non-static variables. Member functions must be defined within the local class.
3) An example demonstrates a local class accessing a global variable using the scope resolution operator. The local class sets and gets the value assigned to the global variable.
The document provides an introduction to object oriented programming (OOP) by comparing it to procedural programming. It discusses that OOP treats data as a critical element and ties data more closely to functions that operate on it. It allows decomposition of problems into objects that contain both data and functions. The four main pillars of OOP are discussed as objects, classes, encapsulation, and inheritance. Classes are defined as collections of similar objects that define attributes and behaviors of objects. Constructors and different types of constructors like parameterized and copy constructors are also introduced.
C++ was originally developed as an extension of C to add object-oriented capabilities. While C++ retains much of C's syntax and functionality, it introduces important new concepts like classes, objects, and inheritance. A class defines the common properties and behaviors (methods) that objects of that class will have. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory at runtime. This allows C++ to support object-oriented programming by encapsulating data into objects that can receive messages.
(1) The document summarizes C++ advanced features such as overloaded operators, templates, exception handling, and namespaces. It also provides an overview of the Standard Template Library (STL) including containers, iterators, and algorithms.
(2) Overloaded operators allow basic operations for user-defined types. Templates are used for generic programming of classes and functions. Exception handling provides error handling using throw/catch blocks. Namespaces prevent naming conflicts. The STL contains containers, iterators to access elements, and algorithms that perform operations on containers.
(3) Popular C++ compilers, local user groups, and further reading materials are also listed. Upcoming events include meetings of the ACGNJ Java and C++
C++ classes allow programmers to encapsulate data and functions into reusable objects. A class defines the data types of its members and the functions that can operate on those members. Class members can be declared as private, public, or protected. Private members can only be accessed by member functions, while public members can be accessed externally. An object is an instance of a class that reserves memory at runtime. Objects are used to call member functions to operate on the class's data.
C++ classes allow programmers to encapsulate data and functions into reusable objects. A class defines the data types of its members and the functions that can operate on those members. Class members can be declared as private, public, or protected. Private members can only be accessed by member functions, while public members can be accessed externally. An object is an instance of a class that reserves memory at runtime. Objects access class members using the dot operator.
C++ classes allow programmers to encapsulate data and functions into reusable objects. A class defines the data types of its members and the functions that can access and manipulate that data. Objects are instances of classes that reserve memory at runtime. Class data can be declared as private, only accessible by member functions, or public, accessible inside and outside the class. Member functions defined inside the class are implicitly inline, while those defined outside use the scope resolution operator.
I prepared these for the student of FSC BSC BS Computer Science student. these slides are easy to read and understand the logic of OOP in C++. All topic is discussed and Example are given
Classes allow users to define their own data types that can be used like built-in types. A class defines both data members that represent the internal representation and member functions that define operations on class objects. Classes support information hiding by declaring data members as private and operations as public. An object is an instance of a class that allocates memory for the class's data members. Member functions can access class data members and are declared either inside or outside the class definition.
C++ppt. Classs and object, class and objectsecondakay
1. Classes are blueprints that define objects with attributes (data members) and behaviors (member functions). Objects are instantiated from classes.
2. The Time class implements a time abstract data type with data members for hours, minutes, seconds and member functions to set time and print time in different formats.
3. Classes allow for encapsulation of data and functions, information hiding of implementation details, and software reusability through class libraries.
Similar to Object oriented programming in C++ (20)
Artificial intelligence (AI) all in one presentation consists of almost all concepts of Artificial intelligence. i.e.
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The document discusses key concepts about interfaces in Java, including:
- An interface is a collection of abstract methods that a class implements. Interfaces are similar to classes but do not define attributes or behaviors.
- Interfaces use the keyword "interface" and can contain any number of abstract methods. A class uses "implements" to implement an interface.
- Interfaces can extend other interfaces similarly to how classes can extend classes, inheriting their methods. A class can implement multiple interfaces.
Java Swing provides graphical user interface (GUI) components for building desktop applications. It includes common widgets like buttons, text fields, labels and dialog boxes. JOptionPane allows building simple dialog boxes for input/output. Swing components are lightweight and platform-independent compared to the older AWT components. Common Swing components discussed include JFrame for windows, JButton for buttons, JLabel for text, JFileChooser for file selection and JCheckBox, JRadioButton for state buttons.
This document discusses threads and multithreading. It defines a thread as the smallest sequence of instructions that can be managed independently, and notes that multithreading allows a program to manage multiple tasks concurrently. Benefits of multithreading include improved responsiveness, faster execution on multi-core CPUs, lower resource usage, better system utilization, simplified communication between threads, and enabling parallelization. Challenges with multithreading include synchronization between threads accessing shared data and resources, and the risk that a misbehaving thread can crash the entire process. The document provides examples of creating threads in Java using the Runnable interface and by extending the Thread class.
The document provides information about data structures and algorithms. It defines key terms like data, information, data structure, algorithm and different types of algorithms. It discusses linear data structures like arrays, operations on arrays like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting elements. It also covers recursive functions, recursion concept, searching algorithms like sequential search and binary search along with their algorithms and examples.
Assessment of project management practices in pakistani software industryjehan1987
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Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
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Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
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2. Class
• Class is the description of properties and
behavior of a real world entity.
•OR
• Class is blueprint of objects
3. Object
• Object is instance of class. Object uses
behavior and properties used in classes.
• Functions in class are called member
functions.
• Data in class is called data members.
• Data of class is private, while functions in class
are public.
4. • Private data can only accessed with in class,
while public data can be accessed from main.
• Public data can be accessed by objects of the
same class.
5. • // smallobj.cpp
• // demonstrates a small, simple object
• #include <iostream>
• using namespace std;
• ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
• class smallobj //define a class
• {
• private:
• int somedata; //class data
• public:
• void setdata(int d) //member function to set data
• { somedata = d; }
• void showdata() //member function to display data
• { cout << “Data is “ << somedata << endl; }
• };
• ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
• int main()
• {
• smallobj s1, s2; //define two objects of class smallobj
• s1.setdata(1066); //call member function to set data
• s2.setdata(1776);
• s1.showdata(); //call member function to display data
• s2.showdata();
• return 0;
• }
7. private and public
• The body of the class contains two unfamiliar keywords:
private and public. What is their purpose?
• A key feature of object-oriented programming is data
hiding. This term does not refer to the
• activities of particularly paranoid programmers; rather it
means that data is concealed within a
• class so that it cannot be accessed mistakenly by functions
outside the class. The primary
• mechanism for hiding data is to put it in a class and make it
private. Private data or functions
• can only be accessed from within the class. Public data or
functions, on the other hand, are
• accessible from outside the class.
8. Hidden from Whom?
• Hidden from Whom?
• Don’t confuse data hiding with the security techniques used to protect
computer databases. To
• provide a security measure you might, for example, require a user to
supply a password before
• granting access to a database. The password is meant to keep
unauthorized or malevolent users
• from altering (or often even reading) the data.
• Data hiding, on the other hand, means hiding data from parts of the
program that don’t need to
• access it. More specifically, one class’s data is hidden from other classes.
Data hiding is designed
• to protect well-intentioned programmers from honest mistakes.
Programmers who really want to
• can figure out a way to access private data, but they will find it hard to do
so by accident.
10. Class Data
• The smallobj class contains one data item:
somedata, which is of type int. The data items
• within a class are called data members (or
sometimes member data). There can be any
number
• of data members in a class, just as there can be
any number of data items in a structure. The
• data member somedata follows the keyword
private, so it can be accessed from within the
• class, but not from outside.
11. Member Functions
• Member functions are functions that are included within a class. (In
some object-oriented
• languages, such as Smalltalk, member functions are called methods;
some writers use this term
• in C++ as well.) There are two member functions in smallobj:
setdata() and showdata().
• The function bodies of these functions have been written on the
same line as the braces that
• delimit them. You could also use the more traditional format for
these function definitions:
• void setdata(int d)
• {
• somedata = d;
17. Constructor
• A constructor is a member function that is
executed automatically whenever an object is
created. (The term constructor is sometimes
abbreviated ctor, especially in comments in
program listings.)
18. • Constructors are special type of functions that
have same name as class.
• Constructors have no return type.
21. Destructors
• We’ve seen that a special member function—the
constructor—is called automatically when an
object is first created. You might guess that
another function is called automatically when an
object is destroyed. This is indeed the case. Such a
function is called a destructor. A destructor has
the same name as the constructor (which is the
same as the class name) but is preceded by a
tilde.
22. • class Foo
• {
• private:
• int data;
• public:
• Foo() //constructor (same name as class)
• {int data=0; }
• ~Foo() //destructor (same name with tilde)
• { }
• };
23. • Like constructors, destructors do not have a
return value. They also take no arguments
(the assumption being that there’s only one
way to destroy an object).
• The most common use of destructors is to
deallocate memory that was allocated for the
object by the constructor.
24. Constructor overloading
• Constructors that have same name but
different number of arguments is called
constructor overloading.
• Like simple function constructor can be
overloaded.
25. • If we have a class name shape_class then
overloaded constuctor may be the following
• Shape_class();
• Shape_class(variable_1);
• Shape_class(variable_1,variable_2);
• Shape_class(variable_n1,………,………);
26. Objects as an function arguments
• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio.h>
• using namespace std;
• class add
• {
• private:
• int number1,number2;
• int sum;
• public:
• add()
• {
• sum=0;
• }
• void addition(add a,add b)
• {
• cin>>a.number1;
• cin>>a.number2;
• sum=a.number1+a.number2;
• cout<<sum;
• }
• };
• main()
• {
• add q,w;
• add t;
• t.addition(q,w);
• }
27. Friend Functions
• A friend function is a function that is not a
member of a class but has access to the class's
private and protected members.
• Keyword friend is used before friend function.
• Friend function take class objects as
aruguments.
28. Example
• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio.h>
• using namespace std;
• class add
• {
• private:
• int number1,number2;
• public:
• add(int a,int b)
• {
• number2=b;
• number1=a;
• }
• friend int sum(add obj);
• };
• int sum(add obj)
• {
• int d=obj.number1+obj.number2;
• return d;
• }
• main()
• {
• add r(8,9);
• cout<<sum(r);
• }
34. INHERITANCE
• Inheritance is one of the key feature of object-
oriented programming including C++ which
allows user to create a new class(derived
class) from a existing class(base class). The
derived class inherits all feature from a base
class and it can have additional features of its
own.
36. Type of Inheritance:
• Public Inheritance: When deriving a class from a public
base class, public members of the base class become public
members of the derived class and protected members of
the base class become protected members of the derived
class. A base class's private members are never accessible
directly from a derived class, but can be accessed through
calls to the public and protected members of the base
class.
• Protected Inheritance: When deriving from a protected
base class, public and protected members of the base class
become protected members of the derived class.
• Private Inheritance: When deriving from a private base
class, public and protected members of the base class
become private members of the derived class.
37. Multiple inheritance
• Multiple inheritance is a feature of some
object-oriented computer programming
languages in which an object or class can
inherit characteristics and features from more
than one parent object or parent class.