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Seeds require specific environmental conditions to germinate successfully, including appropriate levels of light, moisture, temperature, and oxygen. Germination occurs in three stages - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. Seed dormancy refers to viable seeds that are unable to germinate due to external conditions or internal factors. Methods to overcome dormancy include scarification, soaking, and stratification. French beans exhibit epigeal germination while broad beans exhibit hypogeal germination. Seed viability refers to the ability to germinate, and storage affects both viability and germination potential over time depending on storage conditions and species.
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This document discusses seed germination, including the definition, requirements, types, phases, and physiological processes. It can be summarized as follows:
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Seeds undergo a process of germination when conditions are suitable for growth. Germination begins with water absorption, followed by the breakdown of stored food reserves and mobilization of nutrients to support embryo growth. Key conditions required for successful seed germination include adequate moisture, oxygen, appropriate temperature, and protection from pathogens. Maintaining proper environmental factors during germination is important for seedling development.
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The document discusses the key life processes that occur in living organisms. It describes 5 main life processes: nutrition, respiration, excretion, growth and repair, and reproduction. Nutrition involves taking in energy from external sources through processes like photosynthesis in plants and digestion in animals. Respiration breaks down nutrients through cellular respiration to release energy. Excretion eliminates waste. Growth and repair involve cellular division and regeneration. Reproduction ensures continuation of the species through processes like ovulation, fertilization, and embryonic development.
The document summarizes the process of seed germination. It explains that seeds contain an embryo with miniature organs protected by a seed coat. Germination begins when the seed absorbs water, activating enzymes that break down stored starches into sugars used for growth. The seed coat then ruptures as the radicle and plumule emerge. Germination requires sufficient water, oxygen, light, and temperature to fuel cell division and the growth of the embryonic roots and leaves into a seedling. Various factors like dormancy, vernalization, and phenolic compounds regulate the timing of germination.
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Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
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1. PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF SEED
GERMINATION
SEED : seed is a ripe , fertilized
ovule
GERMINATION : The process that
begins with the water uptake by
the dry seed and ends with the
emergence of the embryonic axis
usually the radicle from its
surrounding tissue
Physiology of Seed Germination
Annual Review of Plant Physiology
Vol. 7:299-324 (Volume publication date June 1956)
2. Activation of embryo
Seed germination is a mechanism, in which morphological and
physiological alterations result in activation of embryo elongation
Before germination, seeds absorb water, resulting in the expansion and
elongation of seed embryo
Emergence of radicle
When the radicle has grown out of the covering seed layers, the
process of seed germination is completed (Hermann el al., 2007)
5. Physiology of Seed Germination
• Seed imbibition leads to ROS
and NO accumalation .ROS
regulate ABA catabolism
through NO & GA biosynthesis
• A high concentration of ABA
also inhibits GA biosynthesi s
• But a balance of these two
hormones jointly controls seed
dormancy and germination
7. 1. Water uptake
• Seed germination starts with the imbibition of water by dry seed coat. Various hydrophilic groups such as —NH 2 , —
OH, — COOH etc., of proteins, polymeric carbohydrates etc., found in the seed coat attract dipolar water molecules
and form hydrated shells around them resulting in the swelling of these substances. Due to imbibition of water the
seed coat becomes more permeable to O2 and water and less resistant to outward growth of embryo. After imbibition,
the inner contents of the seed increase in volume, thereby exerting pressure on the seed coat leading to rupture of the
seed coat. The plumule and radical emerge thereafter.
8. Imbibition (The water uptake by the seed is TRIPHASIC)
PHASE-I : The dry seed takes up water rapidly
PHASE-II : Water uptake declined and metabolic process
including transcription and
translation are reinitiated. The radicle emerge out
PHASE-III : water uptake resumes as the seedlings established
• water uptake by dry seeds exhibits three phases (Bewley, 1997).
• Bewley, J.D., 1997. Seed germination and dormancy. Plant Cell 9 (7),
1055 1066.
9. 2. Respiration
• After initiation of germination process, enormous energy is required for
various biochemical changes which are met through rapid increase in
respiration rate. Sucrose is probably the respiratory substrate at this stage
which is provided by endosperm. In oilseeds and pulses, the lipids and
proteins respectively are converted into sucrose by suitable biochemical
reactions.
10. Respiration
• The uptake is accompanied by rapid increase in respiration rate of embryo.
Initially there may be anaerobic respiration but it is soon replaced by aerobic one
due to availability of O 2 . As compared to dry seeds, the uptake of O 2 in
germination seeds may rise within very short period after germination when
water content has reached about 40%. Sucrose is probably the respiratory
substrate at this stage which is provided by endosperm.
11. PHASE –I
Imbibition is a physical process related to matric forces that occur in dry seeds
with water permeable seeds whether they are alive or dead ,dormant or non dormant
initially ,water uptake is very rapid over the first 10 to 30 minutes. This is followed
by slower wetting stage for up to an hour for small seeds or several hours 5 – 10 hrs
for large seeds
water uptake eventually ends as the seed enters lag phase of germination
The process of germination starts with seed imbibition/uptake of water by the dry
seed and terminates with radicle penetration through the seed covering layers
(Bewley, 1997; Weitbrecht et al., 2011).
Bewley, J.D., 1997. Seed germination and dormancy. Plant Cell 9 (7), 1055 1066.
Weitbrecht, K., Mu¨ller, K., Leubner-Metzger, G., 2011. First off the mark: early seed
germi- nation. J. Exp. Bot. 62 (10), 3289—3309.
12. Phase I:
• This is characterized by a sharp rise in respiration for about 10 hours
and is due to the activation and hydration of mitochondrial enzymes
belonging to the cycle and electron transport chain.
Researches on Plant Respiration. I.— The
Course of Respiration of Lathyrus odoratus
during Germination of the Seed and the Early
Development of the Seedling.
By Walter Stiles, Sc.D., F.R.S., and William
Leach, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Received June 6, 1932.)
13. Phase II
This involves a lag in respiration between 10 and 25
hours after the start of imbibition. Hydration of the
cotyledons is now completed and all pre-existing
enzymes activated. It is interesting to note that there
is rapid oxygen uptake into seeds with intact testas
during phase I (early imbibition), whereas the same
testa impedes oxygen uptake in phase II. Between
phase II and phase III, the radicle penetrates the
testa.
eetambar Dahal, Nahm-Su Kim1 and Kent J. Bradford2
Respiration and germination rates of tomato seeds at suboptimal
temperatures and reduced water potentials
Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 47, No. 300, pp. 941-947, July 199
14. Phase III
• A second respiratory surge characterizes this phase which is
thought to be due to increased oxygen supply through pierced
testa. Another reason for respiratory increase should be the newly
synthesized mitochondria and respiratory enzymes in the dividing
cells of the growing axis.
15. Phase IV:
• This is characterized by a marked fall in respiration that coincides
with the disintegration of the cotyledons following exhaustion of the
stored food. It has been shown that in the early stages of
germination, respiration is cyanide-resistant and the alternative
oxidase instead of cytochrome oxidase plays a role in germination.
16. 3. Mobilization of reserve materials
As germination progresses, there is mobilization of reserve materials
to provide.
1. Building blocks for the development of embryo
2. Energy for the biosynthetic process
3. Nucleic acids for protein synthesis and embryonic development
22. 1. Nucleic acids
During imbibition, there is a rapid
decrease of DNA and RNA contents in the
endosperm with a simultaneous increase in
the embryonic axis. High concentration of
RNA in the embryonic axis precedes cell
division. Due to more cell division DNA
content is increased.
• Changes in Nucleic Acid Fractions of Seed
Components of Red Pine (Pinus resinosa
Ait.) During Germination'
• S. Sasaki and G. N. Brown School of
Forestry, University of Missouri, Columbia,
Missouri 65201 Received July 9, 1969.
Abstract. Changes in nucleic acid fractions
of Pinus resinosa during seed g
24. 2. Carbohydrates
• In the endosperm. During
germination starch is hydrolysed
first into maltose
• In the presence of α-amylase and
β-amylase and then the maltose
is converted Into glucose by
maltase.
• The glucose is absorbed by the
scutellum, converted Into soluble
sucrose and transported to
growing embryonic axis.
28. 3. Lipids
• Many plants like castor bean, peanut, etc, store large amount of lipids or
fats as reserve food in their seeds. During germination, the fats are
hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase enzyme. Fatty acids are
further converted into acetyl – COA by the process of ß - oxidation. The
acetyl COA is further converted into sucrose via glyoxylate cycle and is
transported to the growing embryonic axis.
FATS FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL ACETYL –COA SUCROSE
29. 4. Proteins
Some plants store proteins as reserve food in their seeds. Proteins are hydrolyzed into amino
acids by peptidase enzyme. The amino acids may either provide energy by oxidation after
deamination (removal of amino group) or may be utilized in the synthesis of new proteins.
Some plants store proteins as reserve food in their seeds in the form of aleurone grains.
Mobilization of these proteins involves their hydrolytic cleavage into amino acids by
peptidases .The amino acids may either provide energy by oxidation after deamination or may
be utilized in the synthesis of new proteins.
31. 5.Inorganic nutrients
• A number of inorganic nutrients such as phosphate, calcium,
magnesium and potassium are also stored in seeds in the form of
phytin. These stored nutrients are liberated during germination due to
the activity of various phosphatases including phytase.
EXP : After 96 h germination, the dry weight of fenugreek seeds decreased while total
ash content increased. Phytase and phosphatase activity of the ungerminated and
germinated seeds have been assayed. It is observed that during germination the phytic
acid values diminish and the water soluble inorganic phosphorus values increase.
Changes in calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc are found to be
dependent on the loss of dry weight which occurs during processing of fenugreek
seeds.
• Ahmed RafikEl-MahdyLaila A.El-Sebaiy ; Changes in phytate and minerals during
germination and cooking of fenugreek seeds; Elrsevier ;Food Chemistry
• Volume 9, Issue 3, October 1982, Pages 149-158