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Life process
- 1. LIFE PROCESS By Pinky Rathee M.Sc. Nursing
- 2. LIFE PROCESSES The maintenance functions which are happening inside our body and inside the body of all the living organisms to maintain the living being are life processes.
- 3. Life processes comprises of the following functions:- Nutrition Respiration ExcretionGrowth and repair Reproduction
- 5. 1. NUTRITION It is the process of getting energy from outside sources. Next process of nutrition is to break- down these sources to release energy. Process of getting nutrition can vary from organism to organism and is affected by the external environment.
- 6. BASED ON MODE OF GETTING FOOD ORGANISM CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS- Autotrophs Heterotrophs
- 7. Autotrophs-makes their own food. All green plants are autotrophs. The process of food preparation in plant is called photosynthesis. It involves making of glucose with the help of carbondioxide and water in presence of sunlight.
- 8. Chemical reaction- 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbondioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen Glucose thus formed is used by the plants to satisfy its energy needs. The excess amount is stored as starch in various parts of the plants.
- 9. Hetrotrophs- Those organisms which are dependent on other organism for their food are called heterotrophs. Some animals, like humans have complex digestive system to break the food into basic constituents to make them fit for oxidation. Certain organisms break the food into basic molecules outside their body then absorb them. Fungi use some enzymes to break the food outside their body. Some organisms take food from other organisms without killing them. Most of the parasites take nutrition in this way.
- 10. Human digestive system- carries out following functions:- • Intake of food • Digestion of food • Assimilation of food • Expulsion of waste products
- 12. Respiration Breaking down of nutrients to release energy is respiration. A complex series of oxidation-reduction goes inside the cell to burn food to produce energy. This energy is used to carry out different activities inside a living organisms.
- 13. Respiration Chemical reaction- C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 674 Kcal • Oxygen is required for oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration.
- 14. Respiration In plants and smaller animals this oxygen gets inside the organism by simple mechanism way called osmosis or by difference in air pressure. But in larger organisms complex system is needed to carryout transportation of oxygen inside the body and carbon-dioxide out of the body. This process is called external respiration and is different from cellular respiration.
- 16. EXCRETION Expulsion of harmful substances, which are by- products of life processes, is called excretion. In body human body many organs help in excreting harmful substances out of the body. Lungs expel carbon dioxide, skin expels some waste through spit, and rectum expels waste through faeces. Main excretory organ in the human body is kidney. Kidney filters hormonal substances from blood and expels them through urine.
- 17. GROWTH AND REPAIR Genetics and cellular division.
- 18. STAGES ARE PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, AND TELOPHASE. DURING MITOSIS, THE CHROMOSOMES, WHICH HAVE ALREADY DUPLICATED, CONDENSE AND ATTACH TO SPINDLE FIBERS THAT PULL ONE COPY OF EACH CHROMOSOME TO OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE CELL. THE RESULT IS TWO GENETICALLY IDENTICAL DAUGHTER NUCLEI.
- 19. MEIOSIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE NUCLEUS DIVIDES IN ALL SEXUALLY REPRODUCING ORGANISMS DURING THE PRODUCTION OF SPORES OR GAMETES. THESE CELLS HAVE A SINGLE SET OF CHROMOSOMES AND ARE CALLED HAPLOID, AS OPPOSED TO DIPLOID CELLS WITH TWO SETS.
- 21. REPRODUCTION Ovulation At puberty, ova begin to mature. During a period known as follicular phase, an ovum enlarges as a type of cyst called graafian follicle until it reaches the surface of ovary where transport occurs. The ovum (oocyte) is discharge into the peritoneal cavity. This periodic discharge of matured ovum is referred to as ovulation.
- 22. REPRODUCTION
- 23. REPRODUCTION The ovum usually finds its way into the fallopian tube, where it is carried to the uterus. If it meets a spermatozoon, the male reproductive cell, a union occurs and conception takes place. After the discharge of ovum, the cells of the graafian follicle undergo a rapid change. Gradually, they become yellow (corpus leuteum) and produce progesterone, a hormone that prepares the uterus for receiving the fertilized ovum. Ovulation usually occurs 2 weeks prior to the next menstrual period.