The document discusses various life processes related to transportation and excretion in humans. It provides details about:
1) The blood - its components and functions in transporting oxygen, nutrients, waste etc. throughout the body.
2) Structure and working of the heart - including the double circulation and role of pacemaker cells.
3) Types of blood vessels and differences between arteries, veins and capillaries.
4) Process of excretion in humans involving the kidneys, nephrons, ureters, bladder and urethra; and kidney functions like osmoregulation. Dialysis is mentioned as a treatment for kidney failure.
Respiration in living organisms CLASS 7Neelam Rajput
The document discusses respiration in living organisms. It explains that all cells require energy to function, which they obtain through respiration by taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. There are two types of respiration - aerobic, which requires oxygen, and anaerobic, which does not. It provides examples of different organisms that undergo aerobic respiration (humans and most animals) and anaerobic respiration (yeasts and muscles during heavy exercise). The mechanisms of respiration and gas exchange vary between organisms and include lungs, gills, diffusion through skin or pores.
The document discusses the key life processes including nutrition, respiration, transportation, growth and reproduction. It describes the different modes of nutrition like photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition and human nutrition. The passage also explains the process of respiration through aerobic and anaerobic pathways and gas exchange in humans via the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Life of every organism depends on certain basic processes. Excretion is one among them. Different organisms follow different modes of excretion. In complex organisms including humans, there is a specialized system for excretion called human excretory system.
Hello readers,
This PPT is about the chapter:- Tissue which is in science class IX
Question Are In The Book Of NCERT
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Reproduction allows organisms to produce new individuals of their own kind and maintain their existence across generations. It occurs through either asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with genetic variation. DNA replication and cell division are basic steps in reproduction, and variations introduced during DNA copying are the basis of evolution and allow species to adapt over time.
The document discusses various topics related to improving crop yields in India including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification. It also discusses crop production improvement through nutrient management using organic manures, inorganic fertilizers, and irrigation. Crop rotation, mixed cropping and intercropping are described as methods of crop production management to improve yields. Livestock farming techniques for cattle, poultry, fish, and beekeeping are also summarized.
Chapter - 15, Improvement in Food Resources, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
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Chapter 15, Improvement in Food Resources, Science, Class 9
FOOD
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROPS AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL - VALUE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROP WITH SEASON
CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT
CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
MANURE & FERTILIZERS
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION METHODS
RAINWATER HARVESTING
CROPPING PATTERNS
CROP ROTATION
CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT
PESTS
DISEASES
STORAGE OF GRAINS
HOW TO PREVENT STORAGE LOSS?
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
POULTRY FARMING
BENEFITS OF CROSS BREEDING
FISH PRODUCTION
MARINE FISHERIES
INLAND FISHERIES
COMPOSITE FISH CULTURE
BEEKEEPING
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, acids and metal salt solutions. Metals are listed in a reactivity series from most reactive to least reactive. The document outlines how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction, refining and corrosion of metals is summarized along with methods for preventing corrosion.
The document discusses various topics related to sexual and asexual reproduction including male and female reproductive organs, fertilization, internal and external fertilization, zygote formation, embryo and fetus development, test-tube babies, frog reproduction and metamorphosis, and examples of asexual reproduction such as binary fission, budding, and cloning through the example of Dolly the sheep. It provides detailed information on human and frog reproductive systems and processes.
This document discusses animal nutrition and digestion in humans and other animals. It provides details on the different parts of the human digestive system and their functions, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It also describes digestion in grass-eating animals like cows that undergo rumination. The process of digestion in single-celled organisms like amoeba is discussed. The document includes activities to observe types of teeth, the effect of saliva on starch, and taste regions of the tongue.
The document discusses heredity and variation in organisms. It defines heredity as the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Variation refers to the differences in traits among individuals of a species. The document lists several examples of variations in humans such as eye color, hair color, height etc. It also discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations for modern genetics through his principles of inheritance, including dominant and recessive genes.
Transportation in animals and plants CLASS VII Deepa Unni
The document discusses transportation systems in animals and plants. It describes the human circulatory system which transports blood around the body using the heart, blood vessels and blood. The blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products. It also contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. In plants, transportation occurs through xylem and phloem tissues which move water, minerals and food throughout the plant. Transpiration is the process where excess water evaporates from plant leaves.
Click Here: https://www.digistore24.com/redir/269221/Manikji/
Topics Included:
• Physical Quantities
• Traditional Units of Measurement
• Standard Units of Measurement
• Other SI systems
• Measuring Length
→ Ruler
→ Meter Rod
• Measuring Length of a Curved Line
→ The thread method
→ The divider method
• Measurements in daily life
• Estimation and its Importance in real life
• Motion
• Rest and Motion
• Types of Motion
Science! Biology
PART - 1
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'LIFE PROCESSES'. For Class:- 10th
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'.
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Cbse Class 8 Science - Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence PPTNarayananNampoothiri1
This document provides information about adolescence and puberty in humans. It discusses that adolescence begins around age 11 and lasts until 18-19 years old, marking the transition from childhood to adulthood. Puberty is the stage of life where the body becomes capable of reproduction, typically occurring between ages 11-16 in boys and 10-15 in girls. The document outlines the physical changes that occur during puberty, including increased height and changes in body shape, development of hair and skin, voice changes, and development of sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics. These changes are controlled by hormones like testosterone and estrogen. It also discusses the menstrual cycle in females and how sex is determined in babies.
BIO 004 - Circulatory System of the body.pdfeseighofose
This document provides an overview of the circulatory system. It discusses the main features of circulatory systems, the two types (open and closed), and examples of each. Key components of blood like plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are described. The classes of blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries - are outlined. The heart anatomy and function of the two-chambered, three-chambered, and four-chambered hearts are summarized. Important concepts like blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and heart rate regulation are also briefly covered.
Circulation of blood in human body ppt.pptxsumedh71
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via blood vessels. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through arteries and the deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart via veins. There are two types of blood circulation - pulmonary circulation between the heart and lungs and systemic circulation between the heart and the rest of the body. The circulatory system ensures oxygen and nutrients are delivered and waste removed from tissues.
This document provides information about the circulatory system, including its key features and functions. It discusses the two main types of circulatory systems - open and closed. Open systems are found in arthropods and mollusks, where hemolymph circulates through the hemocoel. Closed systems are in vertebrates and some other animals, where blood circulates through vessels. A closed system allows for larger body sizes as it is more efficient at oxygen transport. The document also covers the components of blood and different blood cell types, as well as the classes of blood vessels and heart anatomy.
独中高中生物Chapter 9 transportation in animalsYee Sing Ong
This document provides an overview of circulatory systems in animals. It begins by explaining the objectives and importance of understanding circulation. There are two main types of circulatory systems - open and closed. Open systems have blood that flows freely in the body cavity, while closed systems keep blood within vessels. Examples of open and closed systems from different animal groups are described. The human circulatory system uses a double closed circulatory system, with pulmonary and systemic circulation. Key structures of the heart and pathways of blood flow are outlined for pulmonary, systemic, hepatic portal, and coronary circulation.
The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to supply oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide. The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs through breathing and removes carbon dioxide. The circulatory system transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to cells through arteries and deoxygenated blood back to the lungs through veins using the heart as a pump and blood vessels as pathways. Gas exchange occurs in alveoli in the lungs and between blood in capillaries and cells' tissues.
The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood, and works together to transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste throughout the entire body. The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and picking up carbon dioxide and other cellular waste. The circulatory system forms a double loop - the pulmonary circulation between the heart and lungs, and the systemic circulation between the heart and all other tissues. Together this system sustains the functions of all organ systems.
The document provides an overview of the circulatory system. It defines the circulatory system and discusses the two main types: open and closed. It also describes the components of blood and their functions. Additionally, it examines the heart structure and the two circulatory pathways - pulmonary and systematic circulation. The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart, while the systematic circuit provides oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
This document summarizes the circulatory systems of various animals. It begins by describing the components of blood in mammals, including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then discusses the open and closed circulatory systems, found in invertebrates and vertebrates respectively. The summary describes the unique circulatory approaches in different phyla, from sponges that rely on water currents, to worms with dorsal and ventral blood vessels, to arthropods with hemolymph that bathes organs. Finally, it analyzes the evolution of circulatory systems in vertebrates from fish to amphibians to mammals with their four-chambered hearts that separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste throughout the body. It includes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells. It also carries carbon dioxide and other wastes to excretory organs. The document discusses the components of blood and blood vessels. It also explains circulation, pulse, the heart, and the discovery of blood circulation by William Harvey. Transportation in plants includes absorption of water and minerals by roots, and transport through xylem and phloem. Transpiration releases excess water from leaves.
1. The document describes the human excretory system and its role in filtering blood and producing urine. The kidneys filter blood through nephrons, which remove wastes and excess water to form urine.
2. Urine is produced through filtration of blood in the glomerulus and reabsorption of water and nutrients in the renal tubules. It is stored in the urinary bladder and expelled through the urethra.
3. The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra work together to remove wastes from the bloodstream in the form of urine and excrete it from the body.
The human respiratory and cardiovascular systems work closely together to supply oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide. The respiratory system begins with the nose, which warms and filters air, and ends with gas exchange in alveoli via diffusion. The cardiovascular system is a double circulatory system that transports blood to and from the heart through arteries, veins, and capillaries. It carries oxygen, nutrients, wastes and more throughout the body. Disorders can occur if these crucial systems are damaged or not functioning properly.
The human respiratory system functions to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide through a process of gas exchange. It is made up of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli. The circulatory system transports oxygenated blood to tissues and removes deoxygenated blood. It consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins to return blood to the heart.
The human respiratory system functions to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide through a process of gas exchange. It is made up of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli. The circulatory system transports oxygenated blood to tissues and removes deoxygenated blood. It consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins to return blood to the heart.
Transportation of materials in plants and animalsBhitesh Arora
Plants and animals have transport systems to distribute nutrients and remove waste. In plants, vascular bundles transport water and minerals through xylem and food through phloem. In animals, the circulatory system transports blood through arteries, veins and capillaries. The human circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels and blood, with the heart pumping blood throughout the body and blood carrying oxygen, nutrients and waste. Both plants and animals have excretory systems to remove metabolic waste.
The circulatory system transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body using blood and blood vessels. There are two main types of circulatory systems - open and closed. In a closed circulatory system, found in vertebrates, blood is pumped through blood vessels by the heart and does not come into direct contact with organs. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen and gives blood its red color. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries, with arteries carrying blood away from the heart and veins carrying blood toward the heart. The heart has chambers including atria and ventricles that work
The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and removes waste through the bloodstream. Larger organisms rely on circulation rather than diffusion alone. The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels and blood. Blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and defenses. Open circulatory systems have blood that mixes directly with interstitial fluid while closed systems have continuous blood vessels. Respiration is gas exchange that allows organisms to obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide through various respiratory structures adapted for their environment like gills, lungs or trachea.
Views in Odoo - Advanced Views - Pivot View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, the pivot view is a graphical representation of data that allows users to analyze and summarize large datasets quickly. It's a powerful tool for generating insights from your business data.
The pivot view in Odoo is a valuable tool for analyzing and summarizing large datasets, helping you gain insights into your business operations.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
(T.L.E.) Agriculture: Essentials of GardeningMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏.𝟎)-𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬
Lesson Outcome:
-Students will understand the basics of gardening, including the importance of soil, water, and sunlight for plant growth. They will learn to identify and use essential gardening tools, plant seeds, and seedlings properly, and manage common garden pests using eco-friendly methods.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
Ardra Nakshatra (आर्द्रा): Understanding its Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
Ardra Nakshatra, the sixth Nakshatra in Vedic astrology, spans from 6°40' to 20° in the Gemini zodiac sign. Governed by Rahu, the north lunar node, Ardra translates to "the moist one" or "the star of sorrow." Symbolized by a teardrop, it represents the transformational power of storms, bringing both destruction and renewal.
About Astro Pathshala
Astro Pathshala is a renowned astrology institute offering comprehensive astrology courses and personalized astrological consultations for over 20 years. Founded by Gurudev Sunil Vashist ji, Astro Pathshala has been a beacon of knowledge and guidance in the field of Vedic astrology. With a team of experienced astrologers, the institute provides in-depth courses that cover various aspects of astrology, including Nakshatras, planetary influences, and remedies. Whether you are a beginner seeking to learn astrology or someone looking for expert astrological advice, Astro Pathshala is dedicated to helping you navigate life's challenges and unlock your full potential through the ancient wisdom of Vedic astrology.
For more information about their courses and consultations, visit Astro Pathshala.
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
How to Store Data on the Odoo 17 WebsiteCeline George
Here we are going to discuss how to store data in Odoo 17 Website.
It includes defining a model with few fields in it. Add demo data into the model using data directory. Also using a controller, pass the values into the template while rendering it and display the values in the website.
3. Blood
• Fluid connective Tissue that circulates in a closed
system of blood vessels.
• Components of Blood:
o Plasma
o Blood Corpuscles (RBC & WBC)
o Platelets
• Plasma:
o Straw coloured liquid with 92% water
o It transports food, CO2 and nitrogenous waste
4. Blood
• Red blood corpuscles:
o Iron containing respiratory pigment – Haemoglobin
o It transports Oxygen.
• White blood corpuscles:
o Ingest and destroy bacteria
o Prevents the spread of infection.
• Platelets:
o Help in clotting of the blood
5. Functions of Blood
• Transport of Respiratory gases
o Oxygen from Lungs to Cells (Haemoglobin)
o Carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs (Plasma)
• Transport of nutrients
o Absorption in small intestine (Digested food)
• Transport of Waste Products
o Urea, Uric acid to Kidney
• Defence against infection
o WBC digests and engulfs bacteria and produces antibodies.
6. Human Heart Structure
• Muscular Organ – made
of cardiac muscles
• Located in the middle of
the chest and tilts
towards the left.
• It has 4 chambers.
o 2 Upper Chambers (Atria)
– Thin walled
o 2 Lower chambers
(Ventricles) – Thick
walled
7. Human Heart Structure
• Right and left side are
separated by Septum.
• Aperture between Atria
and Ventricles is
controlled by valves.
o Valves prevent the
back flow of blood.
• https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=46u2ON6d4mg
8. Working of Heart
• Cardiac cycle consists of one heart beat. i.e. One
cycle of contraction and relaxation of cardiac
muscles.
9. Heart in other animals
• In birds and mammals,
o oxygenated blood is separated from deoxygenated blood.
o Efficient supply of Oxygen for high energy and to maintain
their body Temperature
• In Amphibians,
o 3 chambered heart which is not separated completely.
o Body Temperature varies with environment.
• In Fish,
o Only 2 chambered heart.
o Oxygenated in the gills and pumps in the heart only once.
10. Working of Heart
• Double Circulation
o Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete cycle
of the body. Hence it is called as Double circulation
• Pacemaker
o Small mass of muscle cells in right atrium walls near the
opening of Venacava.
o Sino Atrial Node (SA Node)
o Initiates and Maintains heart beat.
o In case of its failure, electronic device “Pacemaker” is
implanted.
• ECG (Electrocardiograph)
o Graphical representation of the electrical changes during heart beat.
o Records rate and rhythm of heart with the help of electrodes
11. Types of Blood Vessels:
Arteries vs. Veins
Arteries Veins
Thick walled Thin walled
Deep seated Superficial
Carry blood away from heart Carry blood to the heart
Carry Oxygenated blood
except Pulmonary Artery
Carry deoxygenated blood
except Pulmonary Vein
No valves are present Valves are preent
12. Capillaries
• Arteries divide repeatedly to form very thin walled
vessels called capillaries (one cell thick).
• Exchange of materials between blood and cells takes
place across the wall.
• Capillaries then join to form veins.
13. Quiz Time
• What is transportation of materials?
It is the process of movement of oxygen, CO2, waste substances
and secretion of glands from regions of availability to the regions of
storage or excretory organs.
• Give reasons for:
(i) Oxygenated and deoxygenated bloods are separate in the
heart of mammals.
This allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen, and meet their high
energy needs (as they are warm–blooded animals) which helps to
maintain body temperature.
(ii) Ventricles are thick walled.
Because they have to pump blood throughout the body or into various
organs
• Why Ventricles are having thick wall?
To pump blood into various organs, Ventricles have thicker muscular
walls than the atrias
14. Quiz Time
• Important components of blood and their functions:
(i) Plasma
It helps in the transport of nutrients, salt waste materials,
Hormones and antibodies.
(ii) Red Blood Corpuscles
It helps in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(iii) White Blood Corpuscles
It helps in protection by destroying disease causing micro
organisms.
(iv) Blood Platelets
It helps in the synthesis of thromboplastin for clotting of blood.
15. Quiz Time
• Arteries wall is thicker than vein. Why?
To withstand high pressure blood comes from ventricles, the
arteries have thick elastic walls.
• What is the use of 4 chambered heart in Mammals
and birds?
4 chambered heart prevents mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood. Such separation allows a highly efficient
supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that have
high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, which constantly
use energy to maintain their body temperature.
• Importance of platelets during injury?
To avoid leakage on the place of injury, blood has platelet cells
which circulate around the body and plug these leaks by helping
to clot the blood at these points of injury.
16. Quiz Time
• Functions of Lymph?
Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and
drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.
• Difference between Blood and Lymph?
Blood – red in color and contains more protein
Lymph – colourless and contains less protein
• List three differences between arteries and veins.
Arteries Veins
Carry Oxygen rich blood
away from heart except
pulmonary artery
Carry deoxygenated blood
towards the heart except
pulmonary vein
Mostly deeply situated in
the body
Superficial and deep in
location
Have thick, elastic walls Thin walled
17. Quiz Time
• Match the following
• What is Blood Pressure?
The force that blood exerts against the wall of elastic blood
vessels is called blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured with
an instrument called sphygmomanometer.
A B
Pulmonary Artery Transport deoxygenated blood from other
parts of the body to right auricle
Pulmonary Vein Transport oxygenated blood from left
ventricle to different parts of the body
Aorta Transport blood to lungs to get oxygen
from right ventricle
Veins Transport oxygenated blood from lungs to
left auricle
19. Transport of Material in Plants
• Plants have specialized conducting tissues
• Xylem: to transport water and dissolved minerals
upwards from the roots to different parts of the
plants.
o Xylem is made up of four kind of cells namely
Tracheids, Vessels, Xylem fibres and Xylem
Parenchyma
• Phloem: to distribute food prepared by leaves to
different parts of the plants.
20. Specialized Conducting Tissues
Xylem Phloem
Transport Water and mineral salts
from roots to different parts of the
plant
Translocate food in aqueous form
from leaves to different parts
Transport is passive Transport is active
Vessels and Tracheids are dead cells Sieve tube and companion cells are
living ccells
Xylem Tissue has four type of cells
namely Vessels, Tracheids, Xylem
Fibres, Xylem Parenchyma
21. Tracheids Vs Vessels
Tracheids Vessels
Elongated, thin cells with tapering
ends
Elongated tube like structures placed
end to end
Thick liquified walls with pits along
the thick walls
Liquified walls with pits
Water travels through pits from one
tracheid to another
Open end walls . So water moves from
one vessel to another.
23. Transport of water and dissolved minerals
• Transpiration:
• Evaporation of water
from the surface of the
leaves through stomata
• Roots take up water
again due to
transpiration pull
24. Transport of Food and Other substances
• Photosynthesis:
o Leaves produce food with the help of light in a process
called Photosynthesis
• Translocation:
o Food produced in leaves is transported to various parts of
the plant in a process called Translocation.
25. Quiz Time
• What is Translocation?
The process of transportation of food from leaves to other parts of plant
body is called translocation. It occurs in the part of vascular tissue known
as Phloem.
• What is Transpiration?
The process of loss of water from plant body in the form of water vapour
especially through stomata is called transpiration.
• Differentiate between Xylem and Phloem.
Xylem Phloem
Conducts water Conducts food
Unidirectional transport –
only upward
Multidirectional transport –
both upward and downward
Transpiration doesn’t require
energy
Translocation in the phloem is
achieved by utilizing energy
Contains 3 types of dead cells Contains only one dead cell
27. Excretion
• Process of removal of
harmful metabolic waste
from the body of an
organism.
• Organs involved:
o A pair of kidneys
(abdominal cavity)
o A pair of Ureter
o Urinary bladder
o Urethra
• Metabolic Waste
o Urea, Uric acid, CO2 and
water
28. Nephrons
• There are millions of
long coiled tubules
called Nephrons in
Kidney.
• They are the functional
unit of Kidney.
29. Nephrons
• There are millions of long
coiled tubules called
Nephrons in Kidney.
• They are the functional unit
of Kidney.
Bowman’s Capsule (One
end) (Hollow shaped)
Tubular Structures
Have bundle of blood
capillaries. (Glomerulus).
One end attached to
renal artery
Collecting duct
30. Excretory Process
• Filtration
Renal Artery (brings blood and waste
products
Glomerulus (Filtration)
Bowman’s Capsule
(Glucose, amino acids, Salts, Urea,
Water etc.)
31. Excretory Process
• Reabsorption
o Reabsorption is the process by which filtrate moves to the
tubules where water, glucose, amino acids are absorbed by
the surrounding capillaries. These will be later returned to
blood.
• Urine Formation
Waste materials
(not reabsorbed)
Urine (Collecting
duct)
Water Urinary Bladder Urethra
Nitrogenous Wastes
32. Kidney Functions and Failure
• Osmoregulation is the control of water content and
mineral salts of the body.
o Kidney is responsible for Osmoregulation in our body.
• Kidney Failure:
o Can happen through infection, injury and restricted blood
flow.
o Can be treated through transplant or Dialysis. Dialysis is
done through artificial Kidneys.
33. Principle of Dialysis
Dialysis Machine
Long cellulose
Tubes
Coiled in a tank
containing
dialyzing solution
Artery blood flows into
Machine
Cellulose tubes filters
and absorbs the waste
Solution contains water,
glucose, salts with
concentration similar to
that of blood
Pumped into vein of arm
34. Quiz Time
• Which is the structural and functional unit of Human
Kidney?
Nephrons.
• What is excretion?
The process of removal of nitrogenous waste substances
produced during metabolic activities of the body is called
excretion.
• What are excretory substances excreted from
Human Kidney?
Urea
• Which process helps in the removal of waste
substances from blood while kidney failure?
Dialysis
35. Quiz Time
• What is osmoregulation?
Osmoregulation is the maintenance of optimum
concentration of water and salts in the body fluids.
• What causes the liquid part of blood to filter out from
glomerulus into the renal tubule?
High pressure causes the liquid part of blood to filter out
from glomerulus into the renal tubule.
37. Excretion in Plants
• Plant wastes are stored in Cellular Vacuoles.
• Gaseous wastes such as CO2 (from respiration), O2
(from photosynthesis) are removed through stomata
pores.
• Liquid wastes such as water are removed through
transpiration in stomata.
• Other wastes
o Some wastes are stored in dead cells of the leaves which are
discarded through shedding of leaves.
o Resins, gums, oils are stored in old xylem.
o Few other waste materials are removed from nodes into the soil.
38. Quiz Time
• What are methods used by Plants to get rid of
excretory products?
o Get rid of excess water by transpiration.
o Waste products may be stored in leaves that fall off.
o Other waste products are stored as resins and gums.
o Excrete some waste substances into soil around them.
40. Activity 6.1
• Aim
o To prove that chlorophyll is essential for
photosynthesis.
• Materials Required:
o Potted Plant with Variegated Leaves
o Sheet of Paper
o Beaker
o Alcohol
o Water Bath
o Bunsen Burner
o Diluted Solution of Iodine
41. Activity 6.1
Keep it in
Dark room for
3 days
Potted Plant with
Variegated Leaves
All
Starch is
used up
42. Activity 6.1
• Observation:
o The colour of the iodine on leaf at dark spots changes to
blue-black and not anywhere else.
• Conclusion:
o Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis to prepare
starch
43. Activity 6.2
• Aim
o To prove that carbon dioxide is essential for
photosynthesis.
• Materials Required:
o Two potted plants
o Two bell shaped glass jars
o Watch Glass
o Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
o Vaseline
o Glass plates.
44. Activity 6.2
Keep them in
Dark room for
3 days
Two Potted Plants
All
Starch is
used up
Starch Test
45. Activity 6.2
• Starch Test:
o Refer to Activity 6.1
• Observation:
o Leaf of the plant with KOH will not turn blue-black as
KOH absorbs carbon dioxide required for
photosynthesis.
o Leaf of the plant without KOH will have carbon dioxide
for photosynthesis and hence the leaf will have starch
resulting in blue-black colour.
• Conclusion:
o Carbon dioxide is essential for starch formation.
46. Activity 6.3
• Action of Saliva on Starch
o Take two test tubes having starch solution.
o Add Saliva to one of the test tubes.
o Add iodine solution to both of them.
47. Activity 6.3
• Observation:
o Test tube without Saliva turns blue-black.
o Test Tube with saliva doesn’t turn blue black. But
changes into reddish brown colour.
• Conclusion.
o Saliva digests starch into simple sugar and hence
Iodine doesn’t change it into blue-black.
48. Activity 6.4
• Presence of CO2 in exhaled air
o Test Tube A: Use a syringe to pass air through fresh
limewater.
o Test tube B: Take freshly prepared lime water and blow air
through this lime water.
49. Activity 6.4
• Observation:
o Limewater turns milky after some time in Test Tube A.
o Limewater turns milky in Test Tube B.
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 ↓ + H2O
• Conclusion:
o As air contains less percentage of CO2, it takes some
time for the lime water to turn milky.
o Exhaled air contains more CO2 than in air and turns
lime water milky sooner
50. Activity 6.5
• Product of Fermentation is Carbon dioxide
Fruit Juice or
Sugar Solution
in Test Tube
+ Yeast
Fit the test tube
with one holed
cork
Fit the cork with
Bent Glass tube
Glass tube
Test tube with
lime water
Lime Water
turns Milky
51. Activity 6.5
• Observation: Lime water turns milky.
• Conclusion: One of the products of Fermentation is
Carbon di oxide.
52. Activity 6.6
• Rate of Breathing
o Fish in Aquarium opens and close their mouth and the gill-
slits behind their eyes also open and close.
o Count the number of times fish opens and closes its mouth
in a minute.
o Compare with your breathing rate
• Observation:
o Rate of Breathing in a fish is much faster than human
beings.
53. Activity 6.7
• Range of Haemoglobin
o Visit a health centre in your locality.
o Find out the normal range of haemoglobin count in
children, men and women.
• Observation:
o Haemoglobin in men > in women > in children
54. Activity 6.8
• Process of Transpiration Experiment
Take two
pots
Need to
have a
plant.
Place a stick
with the
same height
Cover the
soil with
Plastic sheet
Cover the
soil with
Plastic sheet
To prevent
Evaporation
Cover the
Leaf with
Plastic bag
Cover the
stick with
plastic bag
Leave both
the pots in
Sunlight
Pot 1
Pot 2
55. Activity 6.8
• Observation
o Pot with plant – Small drops of water on the plastic bag
covering the leaf.
o Pot with Stick – no water droplets are seen on plastic bag.
• Conclusion
o Living plants absorb water from the soil and water gets
transported to the leaves.
o Loss of water takes place through leaves by the process of
Transpiration.