reproduction in flowering plants
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This document summarizes the process of reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the main parts of a flower including the petals, sepals, stamen and carpel. It then explains the structures of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers and how they differ in attracting pollinators. The process of pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal are outlined, from the transfer of pollen grains to the growth of seeds away from the parent plant. Key terms such as self-pollination and cross-pollination are also defined.
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reproduction in flowering plants
- 1. REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
- 2. CHAPTER 2 REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS The Parts of a Flower In a typical flower, there are four main parts: Petals, sepals, stamen and carpel. There are two main types of flower: Insect- pollinated flowers Wind- pollinated flowers
- 3. THE FLOWER STRUCTURE stigma style ovary ovule carpel anther filament stamen petal sepal receptacle peduncle Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 4. • What is the name of the structure labelled X in the diagram? carpel sepal stamen peduncle X
- 5. FLOWER STRUCTURE QUIZ • Where is pollen made? stigma sepal anther ovary
- 6. FLOWER STRUCTURE QUIZ • Where is the ovule found in a flower? petals style nectary ovary Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 7. • Which parts of the flower are labelled below: X = style, Y = stigma X = filament, Y = anther X Y X = stigma, Y = style X = anther, Y = filament Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 8. 1. Petals (corolla): often with bright color, pattern and scent to attract insects and birds. 2. Carpels(female gametes): Stigma :sticky surface that collects pollen Style : a neck that joins the stigma to the ovary Ovary : part of the ovary that produces ovules
- 9. 3. Stamen (male gametes): anther :head of the stamen that contain pollens grain Filament : long stalk to supports the anther 4. Sepals ( calyx): leaves that protect the young flower buds
- 10. Pollen can be transported from the anther to the stigma by insects, birds or other animals, wind and water,
- 11. INSECT-POLLINATED FLOWERS ARE ADAPTED TO ATTRACT INSECTS TO THEM TO ENABLE TRANSFER OF POLLEN Sticky stigma to collect pollen Brightly coloured petals nectar and a scent present Pollen has barbs for hooking onto insect fur Anthers positioned to rub pollen onto insects
- 12. WIND-POLLINATED FLOWERS ARE DIFFERENT IN STRUCTURE BECAUSE THEY DO NOT HAVE TO ATTRACT INSECTS TO THEM BUT DO NEED TO BE EXPOSED TO THE WIND. Petals are small and green as there is no need to attract insects Anthers are exposed to the wind so that pollen can easily be blown away Stigma are feathery to catch pollen carried on wind Pollen grains are very small and light. They occur in very large numbers No scent or nectary
- 13. Self-Pollination and Cross-pollination Self –pollination: if the pollen goes from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or other flowers on the same plant. Cross-Pollination: it the pollen goes from an anther to stigma of a flower on other plant of the same species.
- 14. SELF-POLLINATION OCCURS WHEN POLLEN FALLS FROM THE ANTHER ONTO THE STIGMA OF THE SAME FLOWER • Click to show animation of self-pollination • Self-pollination is not desirable as it reduces variation Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 15. POLLINATION QUIZ • Pollination is the transfer from….? the stigma to anther style to stamen ovule to filament anther to stigma
- 16. POLLINATION QUIZ • The two mechanisms for pollination are? Wind and water Insect and wind Insect and water Wind and birds
- 17. POLLINATION QUIZ • Cross-pollination… Increases variation Decreases variation Is only performed by insects Is only performed by wind
- 18. POLLINATION QUIZ • Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by… Having bright petals and a scent Having a nectary Having feathery stigmas Having sticky stigmas
- 19. Fertilisation When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, a small tube forms and grows down into the ovary. The pollen cells travel down this tube until they reach the ovary. When a male pollen cell reaches the ovary, it joins with a female ovule to fertilise it.
- 20. ONCE POLLINATION OCCURS A TUBE GROWS FROM THE POLLEN GRAIN DOWN THROUGH THE STYLE TO THE OVULE stigma style ovary ovule carpel Note: Petals not shown in order to simplify diagram Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test Click to view the animation
- 21. FERTILISATION OCCURS WHEN THE MALE GAMETE FUSES WITH THE OVULE (THE FEMALE GAMETE) Complete the fertilisation section of the worksheet (you will need to refer to your text book) Click to view the animation Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
- 22. Dispersing the fruits and seeds A plant produce many fruits. If they were all fall to the ground around their parent, they would compete with each other for light, water and minerals in the soil, and so many would die. Over crowding is prevented by fruit and seed dispersal.
- 23. SEEDS NEED TO BE DISPERSED AWAY FROM THE PARENT PLANT IN ORDER TO REDUCE COMPETITION FOR SPACE, LIGHT, NUTRIENTS AND WATER. • Seeds can be dispersed by: • Wind • Water • Mechanical • Animals