This document discusses different types of waste and solid waste management in Pakistan. It defines various waste streams and their impacts. Municipal solid waste in Pakistan cities largely consists of paper, food, and plastics. Collection rates are low at 50% or less of total waste generated. There is no proper integrated management system and open dumping is common. Improved regulations, public awareness, and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste handling.
This document defines different types of waste and provides details about several categories. It discusses industrial waste, municipal waste, medical waste, agricultural waste, radioactive waste, and hazardous waste. For each type of waste, it describes the materials that are included and examples. It also explains how waste is generated from various sources like households, commercial establishments, and industrial and agricultural processes.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes. There are different types of wastes including solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and hazardous wastes. Municipal solid waste is a major type and comes from households, commercial areas, and construction sites. Common solid waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling/reuse. Proper waste management is important for public health and environmental protection.
Industrial waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of waste materials generated by industrial operations. There are two main types of industrial waste - hazardous wastes that pose risks to health and the environment, and non-hazardous wastes similar to household waste. Common techniques for managing industrial waste include landfilling, incineration, and deep well injection. More effective strategies are the 4Rs approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover, as well as industrial symbiosis where wastes from one company become resources for another. Eco-industrial parks also encourage collaboration between businesses to minimize waste and pollution.
The document discusses solid waste collection in Dhaka City. It defines waste collection as the transfer of solid waste from the point of use to treatment or disposal. The main types of solid waste in Dhaka are household, commercial, and medical waste. Waste is collected by Dhaka City Corporation and some private societies. Collection systems are classified based on availability of service and mode of operation. The most common systems in Dhaka are house-to-house and community bins. Problems with the current collection system include unskilled labor, vehicle issues, and challenges with on-street containers. Improving the skills of labor and developing more efficient collection routes could help address some of these problems.
This document discusses hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste and lists its sources such as chemical, petroleum, metal, and leather industries. Hazardous wastes are classified based on their ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The rules and regulations for hazardous waste specify responsibilities for generators and transporters for preparation, manifests, and record keeping. Transportation of hazardous waste requires packing and labeling, and storage facilities are used temporarily before treatment and disposal. The management strategy includes waste minimization, various treatment methods like physical, chemical, and biological, incineration, solidification, and finally disposal in landfills or by deep well injection.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid wastes as all wastes generated from human and animal activities that are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted. Solid waste management aims to control the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a sustainable manner. It involves technical, economic, social and political considerations. The key elements of solid waste management systems discussed are waste generation and handling, collection, separation and processing, transfer and transport, and disposal. Landfilling remains the most common method of disposal but there are increasing efforts to promote waste reduction, recycling and transformation through composting or combustion.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous materials that are discarded after use. Solid wastes include domestic, commercial, and industrial trash like plastics, paper, and metal. Liquid wastes include sewage and wastewater from industrial processes. Wastes are also classified as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, or non-hazardous. Improper waste disposal impacts human health through pollution and disease, and harms animals, aquatic life, and the environment. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle can help mitigate waste and its harmful effects.
Impact of Solid waste on Health and Environmenttabirsir
Solid waste comes from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and community activities. It includes garbage, refuse, sludge, and other discarded materials. Improper management and disposal of solid waste can negatively impact human health, animals, aquatic life, and the environment. As populations and economies grow, more waste is produced which can pollute soil, water, and air if not handled properly. Common health issues from exposure to solid waste include chemical poisoning, increased risk of cancer and disease, and toxicity from heavy metals in contaminated food or water sources. The environment is also harmed through greenhouse gas emissions, destruction of habitats, and pollution of land, rivers, and oceans. Proper treatment and disposal methods like incineration, land
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and describes its various types such as household, industrial, and biomedical waste. The composition of municipal solid waste is provided, with most being organic waste. Health risks of improper waste management are outlined. Methods of waste treatment and disposal discussed include composting, open dumps, landfills, and incineration. A survey of dump sites in Gaza provides size and waste quantities. Leachate from landfills can contaminate groundwater if not properly managed.
The document discusses landfills as a technique for solid waste disposal. It provides an overview of landfill components and design, including the essential components of landfills, what happens to waste in landfills, reactions that occur, advantages and disadvantages, environmental concerns and requirements, landfill classification and types, site selection criteria, and design considerations.
This document discusses solid waste and its management. It defines solid waste and describes the various types, including municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and hospital waste. The causes of increased solid waste are identified as overpopulation, affluence, and technological advancement. Improper management of solid waste poses health and environmental risks. The document advocates the 4R approach to waste management: refuse, reduce, reuse, and recycle.
Sanitary Landfill:
A method of disposing of solid waste on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the solid waste to the smallest practical area, to reduce it to the smallest practical volume, and to cover it with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each day's operation or at more frequent intervals as may be necessary.
The document discusses sewage treatment processes. It defines sewage as waste water from communities containing excreta and waste water. Sewage treatment involves primary, secondary, and tertiary processes. Primary treatment separates solids through screens and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses bacteria to break down dissolved biological matter through trickling filters or activated sludge. Tertiary treatment further treats biosolids before disposal and disinfection of treated water. The goal is to purify sewage to acceptable standards before releasing it or reuse.
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) aims to provide environmental sustainability, economic affordability, and social acceptance for waste management in a given region. ISWM combines waste reduction, recycling, composting, and proper disposal in landfills. The major activities are reducing waste, recycling, composting, combustion, and landfilling. Waste collection involves on-site handling, storage, transportation to processing/disposal sites.
The document discusses different classifications and types of solid waste. It defines solid waste as any useless, discarded, unwanted material that is not a liquid or gas. Solid waste can be classified based on its source (residential, commercial, institutional, municipal, industrial, agricultural), composition (organic, recyclable, inert), and characteristics. Municipal solid waste typically consists of household waste, construction debris, and waste from streets. It is also classified according to physical and chemical properties into categories like refuse, rubbish, garbage, bulky waste, and hazardous waste. The composition of solid waste varies depending on socioeconomic factors and can include materials like organics, paper, plastics, metals, and glass.
A landfill is a carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground for collecting garbage. Garbage is isolated from the environment by a bottom liner and daily soil coverings. Landfills can cause environmental impacts like pollution, methane gas emissions, and toxic leachate. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and leachate is a highly toxic liquid that contains organic waste and can contaminate land and water sources. While landfills have negative environmental effects, they remain an important part of waste management infrastructure for dealing with non-recyclable materials.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. Solid waste includes household garbage and industrial hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks through disease transmission and pollution. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle aims to lessen waste. Common waste disposal methods include landfilling, incineration, compaction, biogas generation from organic materials, and composting of organic matter to produce manure. Proper waste handling and treatment helps protect public health and the environment.
Municipal solid waste management is challenging due to increasing waste quantities. Proper management is needed to reduce health and environmental impacts. The 4R approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse helps minimize waste. Common waste types include household, industrial, medical, and construction debris. Management methods include collection, disposal through landfills or incineration, composting organic materials, and recycling reusable items. Public awareness and private sector involvement are recommended to improve solid waste management systems.
Municipal solid waste contains a wide variety of materials from both domestic and commercial sources. As India's urban population grows, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is projected to increase dramatically. Effective management of municipal solid waste involves reducing, recycling, composting, landfilling, and converting waste to energy. Current waste management practices in most Indian cities are unsustainable and will need to incorporate more stakeholder participation going forward.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste and sources of waste. The three main types are household waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste. Effective waste management involves proper storage, collection, transport, recycling, and disposal. Challenges of improper waste management include health hazards from disease outbreaks. Modern technologies can help improve waste collection efficiency. Public awareness and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste management.
Dr. Nirbhaysudhir Pimple of the Department of Zoology at Abasaheb Garware College defines different types of waste and their management. Solid waste includes garbage, rubbish, demolition waste and more. Improper waste management can lead to health issues and environmental impacts. The 3Rs - reduce, reuse, recycle - should be followed. Various methods of waste collection, transportation, and disposal are discussed, including landfilling, composting, and more advanced techniques using technologies like RFID. Laws and policies related to waste management in India are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of solid waste, its types and effects. It discusses municipal, industrial, biomedical and hazardous wastes. The concepts of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and waste management approaches like storage, collection, transport, disposal and technologies are covered. The methods of disposal include dumping, landfilling, incineration and composting. Recommendations include improving public awareness, prohibiting littering, and transitioning from open dumping to sanitary landfilling.
The document discusses various types of waste and waste management methods. It describes hazardous waste as highly toxic waste and non-hazardous waste as other municipal and household waste. Various disposal methods are discussed, including landfills, incineration, recycling, biological reprocessing, and energy recovery from waste.
Biodegradable waste comes from many sources and includes household, medical, agricultural, industrial, and construction waste. It is classified as non-hazardous or solid waste and hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks like pollution and disease. Effective management involves reducing, reusing, recycling, and disposing of waste safely through methods like composting, incineration, and landfilling. Segregation and proper storage, collection, transport, and treatment are important for reducing waste impacts.
1. The document discusses waste management and sustainability strategies to address pollution from waste. It covers topics like waste classification, sources of waste, effects of waste pollution, and international agreements to control hazardous waste.
2. Sustainable waste management strategies include reducing waste production, reusing materials, recycling, and proper disposal methods like sanitary landfills and incineration. Industries can help prevent pollution by improving efficiency, finding new uses for waste, and designing products for recyclability.
3. Major international agreements discussed are the Basel Convention on hazardous waste trade and the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. Both aim to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of hazardous materials.
Human activities generate solid waste that pollutes the environment if not properly managed. Solid waste can be classified into categories like food waste, rubbish, agricultural waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and construction debris. The main sources are domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks. Effective control methods include waste reduction, collection, disposal through methods like composting and landfilling, and waste utilization.
Solid and hazardous waste management is important for environmental and public health. Solid waste includes materials like food, plastic bags, and yard waste. Hazardous waste can be dangerous if not properly disposed of. The key aspects of waste management are proper collection, transportation, and disposal of waste, including recycling and treatment. Improper management of waste can lead to pollution, disease transmission, and other health issues.
This document provides an overview of different types of waste, sources of waste, and approaches to waste management. It discusses solid waste, liquid waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, and e-waste. For each type of waste, it outlines generation sources, health and environmental impacts, and management strategies like reduction, collection, treatment and disposal. It notes that waste management in India faces challenges like lack of segregation, expertise, funding, and community participation. Proper waste handling requires coordinated efforts from individuals, local governments and improved infrastructure.
The document discusses waste management. It defines wastes and discusses different types of wastes such as solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and hazardous wastes. It covers sources of wastes from households, commerce, industry, agriculture, and fisheries. Effects of waste and methods of management like disposal, recycling, and waste-to-energy are described. Key concepts in waste management like the waste hierarchy, extended producer responsibility, and polluter pays principle are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of waste, how waste is generated and managed around the world. It describes various categories of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, recyclable waste. It also outlines major sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic waste. Finally, it discusses common waste management methods like incineration, landfilling, recycling, composting and their environmental impacts.
Solid waste management including mordern and trditional techniquesHarshit Gupta
Solid waste management involves the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste in a systematic way. Wastes can be categorized based on their source and type, such as municipal, industrial, agricultural, medical, and electronic wastes. Common solid waste management methods include open dumping, landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and recycling/reuse. Each method has advantages and disadvantages in terms of environmental impact, cost, and practicality. Proper waste management is important to reduce pollution and allow for more sustainable practices.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste like municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, and their effects. It describes concepts of waste management like reduce, reuse, recycle (3Rs) and the waste hierarchy. Methods of solid waste management include storage, collection, transport, disposal through sanitary landfilling, composting and incineration. Technologies like GPS and cameras are being used to improve efficiency. Laws related to waste management in India are also mentioned.
This document provides definitions and an overview of different types of waste including municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, nuclear waste, and electronic waste. It discusses the environmental impacts of waste and various waste management strategies like waste processing, disposal methods, and technologies. It also outlines responsibilities of citizens and provides information on waste management courses, books, journals, and organizations.
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials.
[1]
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods
and fields of expertise for each.
This document provides an overview of a waste management course. It includes the names and student IDs of 5 students enrolled in the course. It then discusses what constitutes waste and how it is generated from various sources. The main types of waste are identified as municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, and medical waste. Further details are provided on industrial waste, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, and integrated solid waste management. The importance of waste characterization is discussed. Various properties of solid waste like density, moisture content, and particle size are also described.
Similar to Solid Waste and its Management ppt (20)
The document provides a history of explosives and describes different types of explosives. It discusses how explosives were first used in the 14th century for guns and how safety fuse was invented. The modern explosive industry began in the 19th century with discoveries like mercury fulminate and nitroglycerin. Alfred Nobel later invented dynamite by mixing nitroglycerin with kieselguhr. The document then describes different types of explosives like dynamite, ANFO, water gels, and emulsions. It provides details on their compositions and uses.
The document describes various geophysical lab equipment used for exploration, including their specifications and applications. It discusses the Terrameter SAS 4000 and Terraloc MK-6 used for resistivity and seismic surveys respectively. Other equipment covered are the shielded antenna GPR for medium resolution surveys, gravimeter for gravity surveys, magnetometer for magnetic surveys, portable well logger for shallow well logging, and Mini-Seis seismograph for blast monitoring and earthquake detection. Each equipment is described along with its specifications, accessories, and uses in applications like mineral, oil and gas exploration, engineering projects, and archaeology.
The document provides information about the layout of an environmental geology lab and describes the various instruments found in the lab. It lists 10 instruments - autoclave incubator, oven, paqualab, electrical conductivity meter, sensodirect, pH meter, photometer, turbidity meter, hot plate, and multi-gas detector. For each instrument, it provides details on its uses and functions. The document aims to help understand the names and functions of lab equipment as well as the lab layout.
This document provides information on using CorelDraw software to draw stratigraphic sequences from well data. It discusses CorelDraw's features and history and provides instructions and examples for drawing stratigraphy, correlating between wells, and identifying changes in sea level from the lithology. Examples are given analyzing the Lower Indus Basin in Pakistan using real stratigraphic data from the area.
This document provides information on inert explosives and accessories manufactured by Wah Nobel and Biafo industries. It describes various emulsion explosives, dynamites, and ANFO products from Wah Nobel including their specifications, properties, and uses. It also outlines detonating cords, detonators, safety fuses, and delay detonators as accessories from Wah Nobel. For Biafo, it details the specifications of various water gel explosives like Tovex, Blaster, Breaker, and Seismic for different applications.
The document summarizes several of the most hazardous earthquakes in the world and Pakistan based on their magnitude, location, and fault. It discusses in detail five major earthquakes worldwide: the 1960 Valdivia earthquake (magnitude 9.5), the 2004 Sumatra earthquake/tsunami (9.3), the 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake (8.6), the 1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake (8.8), and major earthquakes occurring in Kamchatka, Russia. It also summarizes two major earthquakes in Pakistan: the 2005 Kashmir earthquake (7.6) and the 1974 Hunza earthquake (6.2). Diagrams are included showing locations and impacts of some of the earthquakes
The applicant is seeking a Master's degree in Experimental Geosciences at the University of Bayreuth. They have a Bachelor's degree in Geological Engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore, Pakistan. During their undergraduate studies, they gained research experience working on a project modeling rock cutting machines. Their interest in Experimental Geosciences was sparked by topics like earthquake engineering, geophysics, and planetary geology. After completing their Master's degree, their goal is to establish a consulting career specializing in Experimental Geosciences and utilize the problem solving skills learned to contribute to the field and progress of mankind.
An applicant wrote to the Public Information Officer of the Mines and Mineral Department requesting information under the Right to Information Act regarding employees hired for posts after a test held on February 19-20, 2016. Specifically, the applicant requested the names of candidates shortlisted for interviews for the position of Mineral Development Officer, the list of candidates selected for that position including their educational details, interview and test marks, and job experience. The applicant also requested the selection criteria and interview date for the vacancies. A hard copy of the relevant documentation was requested to be mailed to the provided postal address.
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How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan ChartMohit Tripathi
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
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AI Risk Management: ISO/IEC 42001, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 23894PECB
As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
• insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
• framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
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Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
The Value of Time ~ A Story to Ponder On (Eng. & Chi.).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint presentation on the importance of time management based on a meaningful story to ponder on. The texts are in English and Chinese.
For the Video (texts in English and Chinese) with audio narration and explanation in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUtjLnxEBKo
7. Chemical waste
Commercial waste
Construction waste
Consumable waste
Composite
8. It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances”
9. Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as
follows:
1. Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste
10. Municipal solid waste consists of:
o Household waste
o Construction and demolition debris
o Sanitation residue
o Waste from streets
11. Household wastes that can be categorized as
hazardous waste include:
Old batteries
Shoe polish
paint tins
Medicine bottles
Clothes etc.
12. The type of waste we generate and the approximate time it
takes to degenerate
Type of litter Approximate time it takes to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper 10–30 days
Cotton cloth 2–5 months
Wood 10–15 years
Woolen items 1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as
cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags one million years
13. Industrial is considered hazardous as they may
contain toxic substances.
Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants.
They are:
Corrosive
Highly inflammable, or explosive
React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases
14. In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries.
15. Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
It may include wastes like
Sharps
Soiled waste
Disposables
Discarded medicines
Chemical wastes
16. This waste is highly infectious and can be a
serious threat to human health if not managed
in a scientific and discriminate manner
It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg
of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg
would be infected
17. The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural
wastes.
The composition of a city waste is as follows:
o Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
o Garbage 22 %
o Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
o Metals 8 %
o Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %
18. Composition of City Waste
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Paper,
wood,
cardboard
Garbage Ceramic,
glass
crokery
metals Rubber,
plastics,
discarded
textiles
Type of Wastes
Percentages
Series1
19. The increase in the quantity of solid waste is
due to:
o Overpopulation,
o Affluence (material comfort)
o Technological advancement
20. The number and growth of population and
households is the foremost factor affecting the
solid waste at various stages.
The selected cities are growing at a rate
ranging between 3.67% to 7.42%, which is
much higher than the overall growth rate of
Pakistan, i.e. 2.8% (EPMC, 1996).
Major cities of them are estimated to double
their population in next ten years
23. If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and
cause loss of human lives.
In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a
health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste
24. B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
decomposition and decay may take place.
The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.
Ground water pollution
Air pollution and global warming
25. Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials
The term usually relates to materials produced by
human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce
their effect on health, the environment
26. 4 R’s CONCEPT
Four R’s (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)
to be followed for waste management.
27. Instead of buying new containers from
the market, use the ones that are in the
house.
Refuse to buy new items though you may
think they are prettier than the ones you
already have.
28. Do not throw away the soft
drink cans or the bottles;
cover them with
homemade paper or paint
on them and use them as
pencil stands or small
vases.
29. Use shopping bags
made of cloth or jute,
which can be used
over and over again.
30. Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste,
e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you
go to the market and put all your purchases
directly into it.
31. The main purpose of solid waste management
is to minimize the adverse effects on the
environment. The steps involved are:
Collection of solid wastes
Disposal of solid wastes
Utilization of wastes
32. Collection of waste includes gathering the
waste, transporting it to a centralized
location, and then moving it to the site of
disposal.
The collected waste is then separated into:
Hazardous
Non-hazardous materials.
33. Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is
processed to recover the usable resources and to
improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal
system.
The main processing technologies are:
Compaction
Combustion
Manual separation
34. Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the
waste, and this remains a common practice in most
countries.
Landfills were often established in:
Abandoned or unused quarries
Mining voids
Borrow pits
35. Main three types of combustion:
Incineration
Gasification
Pyrolysis
36. INCINERATION
Is a disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous
products.
Energy recovery through complete oxidation
Also called "thermal treatment".
38. Partial oxidation process using air, pure
oxygen, oxygen enriched air, or steam
Carbon converted into syngas
More flexible than incineration
More public acceptance
39. Thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials
Lower temperature than gasification
Absence or limited oxygen
40. Waste separation is the process by which waste is
separated into different elements
Separation can be classified as:
Dry waste includes wood and related products, metals
and glass
Wet waste typically refers to organic waste usually
generated by eating
42. The solid wastes can be properly utilized to
gather the benefits such as:
Conservation of natural resources
Economic development
Generate many useful products
Employment opportunities
Control of air pollution
43. Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste
materials such as empty beverage containers.
The materials from which the items are made can be
reprocessed into new products.
Material for recycling may be collected separately
from general waste using dedicated bins and
collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed
waste streams.
44. The most common consumer products recycled
include:
Aluminum such as beverage cans
Copper such as wire
Steel food and aerosol cans
Polyethylene and PET bottles
Glass bottles and jars
Paperboard cartons
Newspapers, magazines and light paper
46. Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as
plant material
food scraps
paper products
Can be recycled using biological composting and
digestion processes to decompose the organic matter
47. The resulting organic material is then recycled
as mulch or compost for agricultural or
landscaping purposes.
48. Waste collection methods vary widely among
different countries and regions.
Domestic waste collection services are often provided
by local government authorities, or by private
companies in the industry.
49. Solid waste collection by government owned and
operated services in Pakistan's cities currently averages
only 50 percent of waste quantities generated; however,
for cities to be relatively clean, at least 75 percent of
these quantities should be collected.
Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan has a
proper solid waste management system right from
collection of solid waste up to its proper disposal.
50. The Government of Pakistan enacted the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA)
in 1997 which is the most recent and updated
legislation on environment.
It provides a framework for establishing
federal and provincial Environmental
Protection Agencies (EPAs).
51. In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by
municipalities and waste collection
efficiencies range from 0 percent in low-
income rural areas to 90 percent in
high- income areas of large cities.
Collection rate of solid waste by respective
municipalities ranges from 51% to 69% of the
total waste generated within their jurisdiction.
52. The overall conclusion of the study on present status
of solid waste management in Pakistan as follows:
There is a limited focus on control mechanisms
which is adversely effecting on safety, health and the
environment.
Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM
does not seem to be a priority.
None of the cities has an integrated solid waste
management system
53. Collection rate 5 1-69 % of total waste generated.
No disposal facilities
Open burning of waste or open disposal is most common
practice.
54. The involvement of people and private sector through
NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM.
Public awareness should be created especially at
primary school.
Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns
and urban areas.
The collection bins must have a large enough
capacity to accommodate 20% more than the
expected waste generation in the area.
56. Report on:
Analysis and assessment report on integrated solid
waste management in lahore, pakistan
http://www.slideshare.net/fahadansari131/municipalsoli
d-waste-by-muhammad-fahad-ansari-
12ieem1413324528
http://environment.gov.pk/pro_pdf/positionpaper/brief-
swm-%20pak.pdf
www2.fiu.edu/~srimal/pollution/solid%20waste.ppt
http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/solid_waste