Subjective examination

This document discusses the structure and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the anatomy of the acetabulum and femoral head that form the ball and socket joint. It details the angles of the acetabulum, including the center edge angle and acetabular anteversion angle. It also describes the acetabular labrum and angles of the femur relative to the shaft. The primary function of the hip joint is to support weight and enable mobility through walking, running, and other activities.

This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee complex. It describes the anatomy of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, including the femoral condyles, tibial plateaus, and surrounding ligaments. It explains that the knee allows for flexion, extension, and rotation. It also discusses how the alignment of the femur and tibia influences weight distribution and stresses on the medial and lateral compartments during activities like walking. Abnormal alignments like genu valgum or varum can increase risks of conditions like osteoarthritis.

The document discusses different types of pelvic tilt, including anterior pelvic tilt, posterior pelvic tilt, and lateral pelvic tilt. It describes the anatomy involved and muscles that cause each type of tilt. Anterior pelvic tilt occurs when the front of the pelvis drops down and the back tilts up, due to shortening of the hip flexors and lengthening of hip extensors. Posterior pelvic tilt is the opposite, with the front of the pelvis tilting up and the back tilting down. Lateral pelvic tilt involves tilting of the pelvis from side to side. The document also discusses ways to measure pelvic tilt and how the angle is maintained in standing position.

The document discusses the biomechanics of the hip joint, including its structure, motions, stability mechanisms, and common injuries. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint between the pelvis and femur that allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation. Stability is provided by bony configuration, cartilage, ligaments like the iliofemoral and ischiofemoral, and large muscles like the gluteals. Common injuries include fractures from direct impacts or degenerative joint disease from repeated stresses.

The knee is a complex joint composed of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. It functions to provide mobility and support body weight during both static and dynamic activities. The knee joint contains menisci that increase joint congruence and distribute weight forces. It also contains cruciate and collateral ligaments that restrict motion and provide stability. During flexion and extension, the tibia glides and rotates on the femur through rolling and sliding motions controlled by the ligaments and menisci.

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is muscle pain and tenderness that develops within 24-48 hours after unaccustomed or strenuous physical activity. It occurs due to microscopic tears in the muscle fibers caused by actions like eccentric exercise (lengthening of muscles under tension). The pain peaks between 2-3 days later as the muscles undergo inflammation and repair. DOMS can be prevented by gradually increasing exercise intensity and volume, as well as gentle stretching before and after exercise. Foam rolling has also been shown to reduce DOMS and help recovery by increasing blood flow to damaged muscles.