7 balance

This document discusses brain tumors and neurocutaneous disorders. It defines brain tumors as abnormal masses of tissue that can be solid or fluid-filled. It describes several types of brain tumors classified based on the tissue of origin, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, neurocytomas, and meningiomas. Common symptoms of brain tumors include headaches, vomiting, and seizures. The document also discusses several neurocutaneous disorders like neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, and Von Hippel-Lindau disease; describing their causes, characteristics, and clinical features. Physical therapy management of these conditions aims to achieve maximum functional restoration within

This document discusses several theories of motor control including reflex theory, hierarchical theory, motor programming theory, systems theory, dynamic action theory, and ecological theory. It provides an overview of each theory, their implications for understanding movement and clinical practice, and their limitations. The value of theory for guiding examination and intervention in physical therapy is discussed.

PNF is an exercise technique based on neurophysiological principles that uses resistance, manual contact, and stretching to facilitate muscle contraction and improve mobility through techniques like contract-relax, slow reversal, and rhythmic stabilization. It is commonly used in orthopedic and neurological rehabilitation to increase strength, flexibility, coordination and functional mobility through specific patterns targeting different areas of the body like the upper and lower extremities. Research has found PNF techniques are effective in rehabilitation of injuries to the knee, shoulder, and hip and its use has increased in ankle rehabilitation as well.

Spasticity, rigidity, hypotonia, dystonia, decerebrate rigidity, and decorticate rigidity are abnormal tones that can occur. Examination of tone includes initial observation, passive and active motion testing using scales like the Modified Ashworth Scale. Typical patterns of spasticity in upper and lower limbs are described for upper motor neuron lesions.

Rood's approach is a neurophysiological technique developed in 1940 based on reflex models of motor control. It uses sensory stimulation to normalize tone and elicit desired muscle responses based on developmental sequences. The key concepts are: 1. Categorizing muscles as tonic or phasic for stability or mobility. 2. Using ontogenic sequences of motor and vital functions development. 3. Applying appropriate sensory stimuli like touch or vibration to proprioceptive, exteroceptive, and vestibular receptors. 4. Manipulating the autonomic nervous system with techniques like icing or warming.

The document outlines strategies for physical therapy management in the acute stage after a stroke. It discusses positioning strategies, improving respiratory and circulatory function, preventing pressure sores and deconditioning. It then outlines various physical therapy interventions to improve sensory function, flexibility, strength, movement control, functional mobility, upper and lower limb function, balance, locomotion, aerobic function, swallowing, motor learning, and provides education to patients and families.

This document discusses balance, fall prevention, and balance assessment and training. It defines balance as control of the center of mass over the base of support. Age-related changes and diseases that impact balance components are reviewed. Valid tools to measure balance include the Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go test, and Functional Reach test. Balance training exercises discussed include calf stretches, heel/toe raises, soft surface stance, and exercises using movable surfaces like Swiss balls and tilt boards. Both hard and soft surfaces are used to challenge static and dynamic balance.

This document provides an overview of biomechanics of posture. It defines static and dynamic posture and describes the major goals and elements of postural control, including maintaining the body's center of gravity over its base of support. It discusses perturbations that can disrupt posture and the compensatory muscle synergies and strategies used to regain equilibrium, such as ankle and hip synergies. The document also covers kinetics of posture involving forces like inertia, gravity and ground reaction forces. It analyzes optimal posture and deviations, and describes various postural abnormalities.

Introduction to Balance and its concepts, Impaired balance and then management of impaired balance. Based on Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques

Dementia is a syndrome that leads to deterioration in cognitive abilities beyond normal aging, affecting memory, thinking, orientation, and judgment. It has many causes, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common, accounting for 60-70% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and mixed dementia. Assessment involves taking a history, physical and neurological exams, lab tests, neuroimaging, and functional and cognitive assessments like the MMSE. Physiotherapy aims to improve function and quality of life through exercises and activities.

This document discusses the physiotherapy management of cerebral palsy. The goals of rehabilitation are to improve mobility and function, prevent deformity, educate parents, and promote social integration. Therapy programs address issues specific to infants, toddlers, preschoolers and adolescents. Methods include stretching, strengthening, positioning, electrical stimulation, cryotherapy, hydrotherapy, neurofacilitation techniques like Vojta and Bobath methods, horseback riding, bracing, and mobility aids like standers, walkers, canes and crutches. The document provides details on various therapy methods and how they address issues for children with cerebral palsy.

The document provides an overview of coordination and its assessment. It defines coordination as the ability to execute smooth, accurate movements through integration of the motor, cerebellar, vestibular and sensory systems. Coordination involves appropriate speed, direction, muscle tension and synergist influences. Coordination deficits are often related to conditions involving the cerebellum, basal ganglia or dorsal columns. Common tests of coordination include finger-to-nose, heel-to-knee, rapid alternating movements and Romberg's test. Treatment focuses on techniques like PNF, balance exercises, and Frenkel's exercises to improve coordination.

Kinetics and Kinematics of Gait summarizes gait terminology, phases, joint motion, determinants, and the kinetics and kinematics of the trunk and upper extremities during gait. It describes the six determinants of gait including pelvic rotation and tilting, knee flexion in stance, and foot and knee mechanisms which function to minimize center of gravity displacement. The document also outlines the muscle activity, internal joint moments, and energy requirements including potential and kinetic energy exchange during the gait cycle.

Hello everyone here I upload mckenzie exrercise basic details and some of its position.Its technique for use to cervical, Lumabar pain relief via particular position.Thank you.

Adhesive capsulitis is characterized by painful restriction of shoulder movement. Management includes corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation, NSAIDs for pain, and manipulation under anesthesia or mobilization to improve range of motion. Physiotherapy goals are to reduce pain through ultrasound, mobilization, and stretching, improve range of motion through passive, active assisted, and active exercises, and strengthen muscles with isometrics, rotator cuff exercises, and scapular exercises. A home program including pendular exercises and aquatic therapy is also recommended.

The document discusses proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), a technique developed by Herman Kabat that uses movements and patterns to improve neuromuscular function. It defines key PNF terms and outlines principles such as motor development occurring from head to toe. The basic procedures are described, including manual contacts, stretch, and maximal resistance. Upper and lower extremity diagonal patterns are explained along with their component motions. Rhythmic initiation is also summarized.

Hierachical theory- says that higher centers control on lower center; but when higher center damage then this inhibitory control from the higher center is loss which leads to exageration of the movt. In normal individual, these occur a smooth, rhythmic movt. Because there is a presence of control from higher center on lower center.

The document defines various concepts related to balance and exercise therapy. It discusses the center of mass, center of gravity, momentum, base of support, limits of stability, ground reaction forces, and center of pressure. It also describes the roles of the nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and environmental context in balance control. The main sensory systems involved in balance - visual, somatosensory, and vestibular - are defined. Different motor strategies for maintaining balance when perturbed are outlined, including ankle, weight-shift, suspension, and hip strategies. Stepping is mentioned as another strategy for large perturbations.

Balance, or postural stability, is the process by which the body maintains equilibrium by keeping its center of mass over its base of support. It requires integration of sensory inputs from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems and appropriate muscle responses from the nervous and musculoskeletal systems. When any of the sensory systems are impaired, the central nervous system compensates by increasing reliance on the other intact systems through a process called sensory organization. Different tasks require different types of balance control, including static balance to maintain a stable position at rest and dynamic balance during voluntary movements.

This document provides information on Dr. Mohammad Shafique Asghar's qualifications and specializes in balance assessment. It then defines key terms related to balance and postural control. The summary describes the main components of maintaining balance, including: 1) Sensory input from vision, somatosensation, and vestibular systems 2) Central processing and integration of sensory information 3) Motor responses like ankle, hip, and stepping strategies to control the center of gravity over the base of support

posture analysis and alignment in different views, deformities of different parts of the body segments

This document defines posture and describes the different types of posture including static, dynamic, and abnormal postures. It discusses postural control and how it is maintained through various body systems. Key points of postural control include control of body orientation in space, maintaining center of gravity over base of support, and stabilizing the head. The document also examines postural strategies like fixed support synergies and changing support synergies that help restore equilibrium when perturbed. Sitting and lying postures are analyzed as well in terms of alignment and pressures on the spine.

postural assessment presentation_2010.pptx

BALANCE BALANCE SYSTEM TYPES OF BALANCE MECHANISM CORRELATION BALANCE TRAINING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION BALANCE TRAINING IN ELDERLY OUTCOME MEASURES

Detailed explanation about balance and balance training. Balance refers to an individuals ability to maintain their line of gravity within their Base of support (BOS).  It can also be described as the ability to maintain equilibrium, where equilibrium can be defined as any condition in which all acting forces are cancelled by each other resulting in a stable balanced system. BALANCE SYSTEMS: The following systems provides input regarding the body's equilibrium and thus maintains balance. Somatosensory / Proprioceptive System Vestibular System Visual System The Central Nervous System receives feedback about the body orientation from these three main sensory systems and integrates this sensory feedback and subsequently generates a corrective, stabilizing torque by selectively activating muscles. In normal condition, healthy subjects rely 70% on somatosensory information and 20% Vestibular & 10% on Vision on firm surface but change to 60% vestibular information, 30% Vision & 10% somatosensory on unstable surface. SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM: Proprioceptive information from spino-cerebellar pathways, processed unconsciously in the cerebellum, are required to control postural balance. Proprioceptive information has the shortest time delays, with monosynaptic pathways that can process information as quickly as 40–50 ms and hence the major contributor for postural control in normal conditions. VESTIBULAR SYSTEM: The vestibular system generates compensatory responses to head motion via: Postural responses (Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex) - keep the body upright and prevent falls when the body is unexpectedly knocked off balance. Ocular-motor responses (Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex) - allows the eyes to remain steadily focused while the head is in motion. Visceral responses (Vestibulo-Colic Reflex) - help keep the head and neck centred, steady, and upright on the shoulders. VISUAL SYSTEM: For non-impaired individuals, under normal conditions the contribution of visual system to postural control is partially redundant as the visual information has longer time delays as long as 150-200 ms. Friedrich et al. observed that adults with visual disorders were able to adapt peripheral, vestibular, somatosensory perception and cerebellar processing to compensate for their visual information deficit and to provide good postural control. In addition, Peterka found that adults with bilateral vestibular deficits can enhance their visual and proprioceptive information even more than healthy adults in order to reach effective postural stability. The influence of moving visual fields on postural stability depends on the characteristics of the visual environment, and of the support surface, including the size of the base of support, its rigidity or compliance. TYPES OF BALANCE: Balance can be classified in to : Static Balance:    Dynamic Balance

Role of various systems to maintain balance. Role of sensory systems-vision,proprioceptors,vestibular Role of Musculoskeletal system Biomechanics in balance Contextual factors in balance Role of nervous system Strategies-ankle, hip,stepping

The document discusses the neurophysiology of balance, including the role of the sensory systems (vision, proprioception, vestibular), musculoskeletal system, and nervous system in maintaining balance. It defines balance and related terms, and describes how the central nervous system integrates input from the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems to generate motor responses that control body position. When one sensory system is impaired, the CNS can suppress the inaccurate input and rely more on the other two systems through sensory re-organization. The musculoskeletal system also contributes through factors like posture, range of motion, strength, and type of muscle contraction.

Balance involves maintaining the center of mass within the base of support through coordinated muscle activity and sensory input. Impaired balance can result from issues with the sensory, musculoskeletal, or vestibular systems. Balance is evaluated through static and dynamic tests with or without assistive devices or altered sensory input. Treatment involves graduated balance exercises focusing on posture, weight shifts, and introducing movement to challenge stability limits. Precautions are taken to avoid pain or unsafe movements.

This document provides an overview of posture biomechanics, including: 1. Definitions of static and dynamic posture, and descriptions of optimal sagittal and frontal plane alignment. 2. Explanations of how posture is controlled through sensory inputs, muscle activity, and strategies like fixed support and changing support. 3. Analyses of deviations from optimal posture, including positions of the foot, knee, spine, and effects of sitting and lying postures. Factors like age, gender, and occupation are also discussed.

Posture - a perquisite for functional abilities in daily life. Posture is a combination of anatomy and physiology with inherent application of bio-mechanics and kinematics. Sitting, standing, walking are all functional activities depending on the ability of the body to support that posture to carry out each activity. Injuries and pathologies either postural or structural can massively change the bio-mechanics of posture and thus affect functional abilities.

This document discusses various aspects of human posture, including static and dynamic postures, the center of gravity, base of support, and synergies. It describes how the central nervous system interprets sensory inputs to maintain an upright posture through reactive and anticipatory responses. Factors that can alter inputs or outputs like injury or muscle atrophy are also discussed. The document covers external forces like gravity and ground reaction forces, as well as internal muscle forces, that maintain equilibrium. It examines postural sway and gravitational torques on body segments in standing.

Posture refers to the alignment of the body parts and is influenced by many factors. The spine has four curves - two primary curves in the posterior direction and two compensatory curves in the anterior direction. Good postural alignment involves maintaining a plumb line that passes through the body's surface landmarks. Posture is maintained through the interaction of the passive structures like bones and ligaments, active muscles, and neural control. Factors like age, pregnancy, occupation, handedness, muscle tightness/weakness, and obesity can impact one's posture. Developing good postural habits is important to avoid pain and dysfunction.

This document discusses posture and postural alignment. It defines posture and recognizes the importance of maintaining proper spinal curves and alignment with gravity. The document outlines the objectives of understanding posture, identifies the types of posture, and discusses the factors that can affect posture like age, pregnancy, muscle imbalances, and occupations. It also differentiates the muscles of the spine and explores methods of assessing posture, including X-rays, 3D motion analysis, raster stereography, and physical measurements.

This document discusses motor control and postural control. It defines motor control as the study of movement, which arises from the interaction of perception, cognition, individual characteristics, task constraints, and environmental factors. Postural control maintains stability and orientation through steady-state, reactive, and proactive balance. Steady-state balance involves alignment and muscle tone to counteract gravity. Reactive balance uses strategies like ankle/hip adjustments or changing support when perturbed. Proactive balance anticipates forces through sensory information and experience to stabilize movements like lifting objects. Environmental constraints and cognitive loads also influence balance control.

This document discusses posture and postural alignment. It defines posture and describes the development of spinal curvature from birth. Good posture is defined as a position with stability, balance and minimal effort. Poor posture results from deviations from good alignment. Factors like muscles, nerves, reflexes and the central nervous system contribute to postural control. Techniques for assessing and correcting posture include exercises, stretching, strengthening, taping and myofascial release. Maintaining mobility, muscle balance and retraining awareness can help improve poor posture.

Posture is maintained through a balance of muscle contractions regulated by reflexes. The key reflex is the stretch reflex, where muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length and signal the spinal cord to contract or relax muscles. There are two types of postural reflexes - static and statokinetic. Static reflexes maintain posture against gravity, while statokinetic reflexes allow for voluntary movement. Multiple areas of the central nervous system integrate these reflexes, including the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Vision and vestibular signals also provide important inputs. Together this network allows humans to maintain an upright stance through low levels of continuous muscle contraction adjusted by reflexes.

Posture is maintained through a combination of muscle tone and reflexes. The muscles that maintain posture contain a high proportion of slow-twitch fibers to allow for sustained contraction. Postural reflexes integrate inputs from proprioceptors, the vestibular system and visual system to make continuous corrections to muscle activity and maintain balance. The spinal cord, brainstem and cerebellum are involved in regulating these reflexes. Upright human posture relies on minimal muscle activity but reflex adjustments of antigravity muscles in response to sway to oppose the effects of gravity.

Sinusoidal current is an alternating current that produces smooth, rhythmic muscle contractions at 50 Hz. It is produced from mains electricity reduced to 60-80 volts using a step-down transformer. This current stimulates both motor and sensory nerves, causing tetanic muscle contraction and tingling sensation. It is often used over large areas to relieve pain through sensory stimulation and reduce edema through rhythmic muscle pumping. Sinusoidal current is similar to faradic current but provides deeper penetration and is less irritating, making it well-suited for nervous clients.

Modified galvanic current, or interrupted direct current, is a type of electrical stimulation where a direct current is pulsed on and off at regular intervals. The document discusses how this current is produced using a source, transistors, and a timer circuit. It describes the physiological effects of interrupted direct current such as sensory stimulation, hyperemia, electrotonus, pain relief, and accelerated healing. The document also provides guidelines for administering interrupted direct current and lists contraindications.

1) Galvanic current is a steady direct current that can have pulse durations between 1-300 ms, though 100 ms is most common, and requires 30 pulses per minute. 2) There are two types - constant galvanic current which moves in one direction at a constant strength, and modified galvanic current which is interrupted direct current. 3) Galvanic current can cause muscle contraction, stimulate sensory and motor nerves, and increase blood flow and skin redness. It is also used in cosmetics for skin cleansing and nourishing through iontophoresis.

1) Interferential therapy involves applying two alternating medium-frequency currents that intersect in the body tissue to produce an interference beat frequency current for therapeutic purposes. 2) The beat frequency current can stimulate different tissues at different frequencies - nerves at 1-150Hz, muscles at 1-100Hz, increasing blood flow at 10-25Hz, and reducing edema at 1-10Hz. 3) Indications for interferential therapy include relief of chronic pain, absorption of exudates, and stress incontinence. General contraindications include pacemakers, malignancy, and infections. Local contraindications include open wounds and metal in the skin.

The document discusses electrotherapy and faradic current. Faradic current is a type of pulsed current used in electrotherapy, with pulse durations between 0.1-1 msec and frequencies of 50-100 Hz. It stimulates motor nerves, causing contraction of muscles supplied by the nerve. Faradic current is used to facilitate muscle contraction inhibited by pain, for muscle re-education after injury or disuse, and to prevent or loosen adhesions after injury. The document outlines the physiological effects and proper application of faradic current, including identifying motor points and using small electrodes over muscles.

The document discusses asking critical questions when evaluating information. It emphasizes the importance of an active "panning for gold" approach over a passive "sponge" approach. Key questions to ask include identifying issues/conclusions, reasons, assumptions, omitted information, and alternative conclusions. Regular practice is important for developing critical thinking skills.

The document provides an overview of the physical examination process, including observation, joint tests, active and passive movement tests, muscle tests, and neurological tests. It describes the specific components of observation including informal observation of posture, gait, and soft tissues as well as formal observation of posture from different views. Joint tests include integrity tests and measurement of range of motion and effusion. Muscle tests involve assessing strength, control, length, and specific diagnostic tests of muscles prone to weakness or tightness.

The document discusses various spinal conditions including scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis, and flat back posture. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine exceeding 10 degrees, which can be structural, neuromuscular, or idiopathic. Treatment options include exercises and bracing. Lordosis is an exaggerated lumbar curve while kyphosis is an excessive forward curvature of the thoracic spine. Flat back posture involves a decreased lumbar curve and posterior pelvic tilt. Corrective exercises are recommended to treat these conditions by strengthening weakened muscles and stretching shortened muscles.

SUBJECTIVE EXAMINATION

The document provides information on conducting patient interviews and history taking. It discusses important concepts like cultural competence, communication skills, questioning techniques, and reviewing different body systems. The goal is to help practitioners understand patients' medical issues in their full psychosocial context in a respectful manner.

This document outlines the course content for a 9th semester differential diagnosis and clinical decision making course. It discusses topics like intro to medical screening, differential diagnosis of various body systems, the process of differential diagnosis, screening and its purpose, reasons for medical disease screening, red and yellow flags, and the physical therapist's role in disease diagnosis, prevention, and clinical reasoning. Key terms like quicker, sicker, and signed prescription in relation to medical screening are also defined. A case example demonstrates recognition of red flags that warrant physician consultation.

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Role of Hepcidin in Iron Metabolism and anemia. Hepcidin as a marker in early detection of anemia. Relation of Hepcidin with other markers of anemia

Retinal artery occlusion is a blockage in one or more of the arteries that carry blood to the retina. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency which is analogous to a cerebral stroke. It is caused by sudden, painless monocular vision loss. Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion ( BRAO ) Cilio-retinal Artery Occlusion ( CLRAO )

Ontotext’s Clinical Trials Eligibility Design Assistant helps with one of the most challenging tasks in study design: selecting the proper patient population.

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cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities and diagnostic procedures along with important findings in brief.

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Causes Of Tooth Loss PERIODONTAL PROBLEMS ( PERIODONTITIS, GINIGIVITIS) Systemic Causes Of Tooth Loss 1. Diabetes Mellitus 2. Female Sexual Hormones Condition 3. Hyperpituitarism 4. Hyperthyroidism 5. Primary Hyperparathyroidism 6. Osteoporosis 7. Hypophosphatasia 8. Hypophosphatemia Causes Of Tooth Loss CARIES/ TOOTH DECAY Causes Of Tooth Loss CAUSES OF TOOTH LOSS Consequence of tooth loss Anatomic Loss of ridge volume both height and width Bone loss : mandible > maxilla Posteriorly > anteriorly Anatomic consequences Broader mandibular arch with constricting maxilary arch Attached gingiva is replaced with less keratinised oral mucosa which is more readily traumatized. Anatomic consequences Tipping of the adjacent teeth Supraeruption of the teeth Traumatic occlusion Premature occlusal contact Anatomic Consequences Anatomic Consequences Physiologic consequences Physiologic Consequences Decreased lip support Decreased lower facial height Physiologic Consequences Physiologic consequences Education of Patient Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases Establishment and Verification of Occlusal Relations and Tooth Arrangements Initial Placement Procedures Periodic Recall Education of Patient Informing a patient about a health matter to secure informed consent. Patient education should begin at the initial contact with the patient and should continue throughout treatment. The dentist and the patient share responsibility for the ultimate success of a removable partial denture. This educational procedure is especially important when the treatment plan and prognosis are discussed with the patient. Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation Begin with thorough medical and dental histories. The complete oral examination must include both clinical and radiographic interpretation of: caries the condition of existing restorations periodontal conditions responses of teeth (especially abutment teeth) and residual ridges to previous stress The vitality of remaining teeth Continued….. Occlusal plan evaluation Arch form Evaluation of Occlusal relationship through mounting the diagnostic cast The dental cast surveyor is an absolute necessity in which patients are being treated with removable partial dentures. Mouth preparations, in the appropriate sequence, should be oriented toward the goal of providing adequate support, stability, retention, and a harmonious occlusion for the partial denture. Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases A base made to fit the anatomic ridge form does not provide adequate support under occlusal loading. The base may be made to fit the form of the ridge when under function. Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases This provides support

In this insightful lecture, Dr. Faiza, an esteemed Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the essential concept of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙), which is fundamental to understanding pulmonary physiology. Dr. Faiza brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table, with qualifications including MBBS, FCPS in Physiology, and multiple postgraduate degrees in public health and healthcare education. The lecture begins by laying the groundwork with basic concepts, explaining the definitions of ventilation (V˙) and perfusion (Q˙), and highlighting the significance of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙). Dr. Faiza explains the normal value of this ratio and its critical role in ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs. Next, the discussion moves to the impact of different V˙/Q˙ ratios on alveolar gas concentrations. Participants will learn how a normal, zero, or infinite V˙/Q˙ ratio affects the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. Dr. Faiza provides a detailed comparison of alveolar gas concentrations in these varying scenarios, offering a clear understanding of the physiological changes that occur. The lecture also covers the concepts of physiological shunt and dead space. Dr. Faiza defines physiological shunt and explains its causes and effects on gas exchange, distinguishing it from anatomical dead space. She also discusses physiological dead space in detail, including how it is calculated using the Bohr equation. The components and significance of the Bohr equation are thoroughly explained, and practical examples of its application are provided. Further, the lecture examines the variations in V˙/Q˙ ratios in different regions of the lung and under different conditions, such as lying versus supine and resting versus exercise. Dr. Faiza analyzes how these variations affect pulmonary function and discusses the abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios seen in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and their clinical implications. Finally, Dr. Faiza explores the clinical implications of abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios. She identifies clinical conditions associated with these abnormalities, such as COPD and emphysema, and discusses the physiological and clinical consequences on respiratory function. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts for medical professionals and students, highlighting their relevance in diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions. This comprehensive lecture provides valuable insights for medical students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory physiology. Participants will gain a deep understanding of how ventilation and perfusion work together to optimize gas exchange in the lungs and how deviations from the norm can lead to significant clinical issues.

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B.Pharmacy 2nd Semester Pathophysiology - UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION HOMEOSTASIS COMPONENTS AND TYPES OF FEEDBACK SYSTEMS PATHOGENESIS (REVERSIBLE & IRREVERSIBLE) MORPHOLOGY OF CELL INJURY CELL SWELLING INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION CALCIFICATION ENZYME LEAKAGE AND CELL DEATH ACIDOSIS & ALKALOSIS ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE

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Seminal vesiculitis can cause jelly-like sperm. Fortunately, herbal medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can eliminate symptoms and cure the disease.

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In this lecture, we delve into the intricate anatomy and physiology of the coronary blood supply, a crucial aspect of cardiac function. We begin by examining the physiological anatomy of the coronary arteries, which lie on the heart's surface and penetrate the cardiac muscle mass to supply essential nutrients. Notably, only the innermost layer of the endocardial surface receives direct nourishment from the blood within the cardiac chambers. We then explore the specifics of coronary circulation, including the dynamics of blood flow at rest and during strenuous activity. The impact of cardiac muscle compression on coronary blood flow, particularly during systole and diastole, is discussed, highlighting why this phenomenon is more pronounced in the left ventricle than the right. Regulation of coronary circulation is a complex process influenced by autonomic and local metabolic factors. We discuss the roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, emphasizing the dominance of local metabolic factors such as hypoxia and adenosine in coronary vasodilation. Concepts like autoregulation, active hyperemia, and reactive hyperemia are explained to illustrate how the heart adjusts blood flow to meet varying oxygen demands. Ischemic heart disease is a major focus, with an exploration of acute coronary artery occlusion, myocardial infarction, and subsequent physiological changes. The lecture covers the progression from acute occlusion to infarction, the body's compensatory mechanisms, and the potential complications leading to death, such as cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, fibrillation, and cardiac rupture. We also examine coronary steal syndrome, a condition where increased cardiac activity diverts blood flow away from ischemic areas, exacerbating the condition. The long-term impact of myocardial infarction on cardiac reserve is discussed, showing how the heart's capacity to handle increased workloads is significantly reduced. Angina pectoris, a common manifestation of ischemic heart disease, is analyzed in terms of its causes, presentation, and referred pain patterns. We identify factors that exacerbate anginal pain and discuss both medical and surgical treatment options. Finally, the lecture includes a case study to apply theoretical knowledge to a practical scenario, helping students understand the real-world implications of coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease. The role of biochemical factors in cardiac pain and the interpretation of ECG changes in myocardial infarction are also covered.

Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.

Theoretically, gene therapy is the permanent solution for genetic diseases. But it has several complexities. At its current stage, it is not accessible to most people due to its huge cost. A breakthrough may come anytime and a day may come when almost every disease will have a gene therapy Gene therapy have the potential to revolutionize the practice of medicine.

Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, discuss NSCLC in this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.

This topic is covered all aspects of peritoneal dialysis,