Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a language for styling web pages that separates presentation from content. CSS handles the look and feel of a web page by controlling color, fonts, spacing, sizing, backgrounds, and other visual aspects. CSS provides powerful control over HTML elements while keeping web pages lightweight and load faster. CSS rules can be applied internally, inline, or externally through linked style sheets to globally style elements across multiple web pages. Common CSS properties control color, fonts, text, backgrounds, borders, positioning, and visual effects.
This document provides an introduction to CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) which allows separation of content and style for web pages. CSS is a W3C standard that all major browsers support. CSS controls formatting of HTML elements through style rules consisting of a selector and declaration. It gives developers more control over page layout and appearance across browsers. CSS separates concerns of content defined in HTML from visual presentation defined by CSS stylesheets.
This document provides an overview of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) including:
- CSS handles the look and feel of web pages by controlling colors, fonts, spacing, layouts, backgrounds and more.
- CSS versions include CSS1 for basic formatting, CSS2 for media styles and positioning, and CSS3 for new features like colors and transforms.
- There are three ways to apply stylesheets: inline with HTML tags, internally within <style> tags, and externally with <link> tags.
- The Style Builder in Microsoft allows applying styles through a dialog box with options for fonts, backgrounds, text, positioning, and other properties. Basic CSS syntax uses selectors and properties to
This document provides an introduction to CSS syntax and properties. It covers topics like inline, internal, and external CSS styles. CSS rules consist of selectors and declaration blocks containing property-value pairs. Common selectors include tags, IDs, and classes. Properties like color, background-color, background-image, and others are demonstrated along with shorthand and specific notation. Background images can be positioned and set to repeat, scroll, or be fixed. Comments are also included to add clarity to CSS stylesheets.
This document provides information about Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), including what CSS is, why it is used, its history and solving problems with early HTML formatting, CSS syntax, selectors, colors, backgrounds, text formatting, and other CSS properties. CSS is used to define styles and layouts for web pages separately from the HTML markup. It allows for controlling formatting and layout across multiple pages simultaneously.
this presentation covers the following topics which are as follows
1. Introduction of css
2. History of css
3. Types of css styling
4. Css syntax
5. Css Selector
6. Css Variations Or Css Versions
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language that allows control over the presentation and layout of web pages. CSS handles the look and feel aspects of a web page by controlling things like colors, fonts, layout, and variations for different devices. CSS provides advantages like time savings through reuse of styles, faster page loads with less code, and easy maintenance through global style changes. The CSS language is created and maintained by the CSS Working Group within the W3C, and the ratified specifications become recommendations for implementation.
Responsive web design with html5 and css3Divya Tiwari
The document discusses responsive web design using HTML5 and CSS3. It begins with an introduction to CSS and its evolution. It then covers CSS syntax, selectors, and different ways to insert CSS into HTML documents. The document also discusses CSS3 features like new color properties, typography, box shadows, gradients, and transitions/animations. It provides examples to illustrate CSS3 properties and how they can be used to create stunning visual effects and responsive designs.
This document provides an overview of HTML and CSS for website development. It discusses how websites use HTML for content, CSS for presentation, and JavaScript for behavior. It then covers basic HTML tags and structure, as well as CSS selectors, the box model, positioning, and floats. The goal is to teach the essentials of using HTML to structure content and CSS to style and position that content for websites.
This is the CSS Tutorial for Beginners that teach the basics of CSS. This tutorial will show the basic structure of a CSS style and will show 3 different methods to apply styles.
This document provides an introduction to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). It explains that CSS is used to describe the presentation and formatting of HTML documents, separating content from presentation. It describes various CSS concepts like selectors, declarations, properties, values, and the CSS cascade. It also covers linking CSS to HTML through inline, embedded and external stylesheets and provides examples of each.
The document discusses the three types of CSS - internal, external, and inline. Internal CSS is defined within the HTML document using <style> tags. External CSS is defined in a separate .css file and linked using <link> tags. Inline CSS is defined directly in HTML elements using the style attribute. IDs and classes are also discussed as ways to target elements with CSS selectors.
This document provides an overview of various CSS topics including comments, colors, text formatting, positioning, and cross-browser compatibility. It explains concepts like using hexadecimal color codes, text properties like alignment and decoration, positioning elements with static, relative, absolute and fixed positioning, and strategies for aligning elements and dealing with browser inconsistencies.
The document discusses XML DOM and SAX, which are standards for accessing and manipulating XML documents. XML DOM defines a standard object model for XML that represents an XML document as nodes and objects. It allows programs to dynamically access and update the content, structure, and style of XML documents. SAX is an event-based standard that processes XML documents sequentially by reporting parsing events to callbacks as it encounters them during parsing. Unlike DOM, SAX does not load the entire document into memory at once.
This document provides an introduction to networking and network routing. It discusses routing from the perspective of getting from point A to point B as efficiently as possible. Addressing schemes like postal addresses and IP addresses are hierarchical, with the least specific information like city or network prefix first, allowing more efficient routing. IP addresses use hierarchical addressing schemes like CIDR and flat addressing. Network architectures have layers like the protocol stack and service models. Routing protocols operate at different layers and communicate routing information between routers. Standards bodies like IETF and ITU standardize network protocols and operations to enable interoperability.
This document discusses flow control in computer networks. It describes the flow control problem of matching the rate at which data is sent to the rate it can be processed. It discusses open loop and closed loop flow control approaches. Open loop uses traffic descriptors and admission control, while closed loop adapts the sending rate based on monitoring available bandwidth. Common traffic descriptors like peak rate, average rate, and linear bounded arrival processes are also covered.
The document provides an overview of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) including:
- HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 and defines the structure and layout of web pages through a variety of tags.
- Common HTML tags are used to define headings, paragraphs, lines, and attributes that provide additional information about elements.
- The basic structure of an HTML document includes tags such as <html>, <head>, <body>, which contain other tags for formatting text, images, and other content.
CSS is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation of web pages including colors, fonts, layout, etc. It allows separation of document content from document presentation for better content organization and maintenance. CSS rules are made up of selectors, properties, and values and can be defined within HTML, externally, or via internal stylesheets. Common CSS properties include font, color, background, text, box model, list, table, and positioning. CSS specifications are developed and maintained by the W3C to standardize web development.
The document discusses the history and development of the World Wide Web and web technologies. It was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 and early browsers allowed accessing hypertext files. By 1993 there were around 50 websites using graphics capabilities. The document also describes protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP, FTP, and SMTP that enable communication between applications online. Other topics covered include defining websites, cyber laws, the IT Act 2000 in India, and strategies for writing web projects including identifying objectives, target users, scope, and budget.
The document discusses various CSS properties for controlling colors, backgrounds, fonts, text, links, positioning and styling of elements on a page. It covers properties for:
- Setting colors and background colors of elements
- Adding and styling background images
- Controlling fonts, font sizes, styles and weights
- Aligning, decorating and transforming text
- Styling links in different states
- Identifying unique elements with IDs and grouping with classes
- Adding margins, padding, borders and floating elements
A JavaBean is a Java class that follows certain conventions to allow it to be used as a reusable component in JavaServer Pages (JSP). JavaBeans have default constructors, properties that can be read and written via getter and setter methods, and implement the Serializable interface. JSP tags like <jsp:useBean>, <jsp:getProperty>, and <jsp:setProperty> allow JavaBeans properties to be accessed and manipulated from JSP pages.
The document provides information on the history and versions of HTML. It discusses:
- HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 and the first standard was HTML 2.0 in 1995.
- HTML 4.01, published in 1999, was a major version. The current version is HTML5, published in 2012.
- It describes the basic structure of an HTML document, including the <DOCTYPE>, <html>, <head>, and <body> tags. It also discusses common tags like <h1>-<h6> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, and <br> for line breaks.
This document provides an overview of JavaScript including:
- JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language designed for creating network-centric applications. It is complementary to and integrated with HTML.
- JavaScript code is placed within <script> tags in an HTML document and can be placed in the <head> or <body> sections.
- JavaScript is case sensitive, ignores whitespace, and semicolons are optional. It supports various data types, variables, operators, control structures like if/else statements, loops and functions.
- Functions are defined using the function keyword and parameters can be passed to functions. Exceptions can be handled using try/catch blocks.
- Common JavaScript statements include if/else, switch, while,
XML is a markup language used to carry data, not display it. It allows users to define their own tags for structuring data. XML separates data from presentation, allowing data to be stored and transported independently of formatting and style. This makes XML well suited for transporting data between incompatible systems.
The document discusses web technology and client-server computing. It provides an overview of the history and development of the World Wide Web from its creation by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. It describes common web protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP, FTP, and SMTP. It also discusses strategies for web development projects and how to connect devices to the internet. Finally, it outlines the basic roles and interactions in a client-server computing model.
This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network functionality: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. There are four levels of addressing in TCP/IP: physical, logical, port, and specific. Physical addresses are used to deliver frames between directly connected nodes, while logical addresses are used to route packets from source to destination hosts across multiple hops. Port addresses further allow multiple processes on a host to communicate.
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is a TCP/IP extension that allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. When ECN is enabled between two endpoints and supported by the network, congested routers can set a mark in the IP header instead of dropping packets to signal impending congestion. The receiver echoes this back to the sender, which reduces its transmission rate as if it had detected dropped packets. However, some outdated network equipment improperly handles packets with ECN bits set and drops them instead.
Virtual LANs (VLANs) segment networks logically by assigning ports on a switch to different broadcast domains. This allows broadcast traffic to be contained to specific VLANs rather than flooding the entire network. VLANs can be defined by port, MAC address, IP subnet, or multicast group. Quality of Service can also be implemented using VLAN tags to prioritize certain types of traffic. VLANs provide security and segregation benefits by creating logical boundaries between network segments. They allow networks to scale efficiently while containing broadcast traffic and prioritizing important applications.
JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages. It is a scripting language that is usually embedded directly into HTML pages and allows for dynamic text, event handling, reading/writing HTML elements, and validating form data. JavaScript supports both client-side and server-side scripting and was originally developed by Netscape under the name LiveScript before being renamed. It provides programming capabilities to HTML authors and allows for dynamic content, user interaction, and validation without server requests.
DSDV is a proactive routing protocol that uses destination sequence numbers to ensure loop-free routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Each node maintains a routing table with destination addresses, next hops, metrics, and sequence numbers. Nodes periodically broadcast their full routing tables, and also broadcast updates immediately after changes to avoid counting to infinity problems. DSDV aims to limit unnecessary route advertisements through a mechanism to dampen fluctuations in routing tables.
CSS is used to control the style and formatting of HTML documents. It allows separation of document content from document presentation, including elements like color, fonts, spacing, and layout. CSS syntax uses selectors to apply styles specified by properties and values. Common selectors include element tags, classes, IDs, and descendant/child relationships. CSS handles global presentation of HTML pages for various devices.
This document provides an introduction to CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). It defines CSS as a language used to control the style and layout of web pages, and describes some key advantages like separation of style from content, ability to change appearance globally, and compatibility across devices. It also outlines common CSS syntax like selectors that target elements by type, class, ID and other attributes to style them.
CSS is used to control the style and formatting of web pages. It allows separation of document content from document presentation, including elements like layout, colors, and fonts. This tutorial provides an introduction to CSS and its syntax and selectors, explaining how CSS rules are structured and various ways CSS can be associated with HTML documents, including inline, internal and external stylesheets. Key topics covered include the CSS box model, properties, pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements, and the CSS cascade.
Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to
simplify the process of making web pages presentable.
CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control the color of the
text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and laid out,
what background images or colors are used, as well as a variety of other effects.
CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the presentation of an
HTML document. Most commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages HTML or XHTML.
CSS is used to control the style and layout of web pages. It allows control over color, font, size, spacing, and various other visual effects without having to modify the HTML content. CSS rules are made of selectors that specify which elements the styles apply to, properties that define what is being styled, and values that are assigned to the properties. There are different ways to associate CSS with HTML including internal stylesheets, external stylesheets, inline styles, and CSS imports. CSS prioritizes rules based on how they are associated with the HTML.
CSS is used to control the style and layout of web pages. It allows control over color, font, size, spacing, and various other visual effects without having to modify the HTML content. CSS rules are made of selectors that specify which elements the styles apply to, properties that define what is being styled, and values that are assigned to the properties. There are different ways to associate CSS with HTML including internal stylesheets, external stylesheets, inline styles, and CSS imports. CSS prioritizes rules based on how they are associated with the HTML.
This document discusses various topics related to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). It begins with definitions of CSS, its versions (CSS1, CSS2, CSS3), and differences between HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It then covers CSS basic syntax, applying CSS to HTML documents using inline, internal and external stylesheets, CSS selectors like ID, class, and various other advanced selectors. The document provides examples to explain concepts like CSS lengths and units, border, margin, padding properties and more.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows control over how HTML elements are displayed on different media. CSS saves work by allowing global control of layout and styles across multiple web pages from a single stylesheet. It provides advantages like faster page loads, easy maintenance through global changes, superior styling capabilities, and compatibility across devices. CSS is created and maintained by the W3C consortium and browser vendors implement CSS specifications. Styles are applied using selectors that target elements by name, id, class, and other attributes. Styles can be defined internally, in external style sheets, or inline in elements.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation of HTML documents, including how elements should be rendered on screen, on paper, in speech, or on other media. CSS saves time because styles defined in CSS files can be reused across multiple HTML pages. It provides more control over formatting than HTML alone and helps separate a document's content from its presentation. The document then explains various CSS concepts like selectors, properties, syntax, and how to apply styles using internal, external and inline CSS.
This document provides an overview of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) including:
- CSS allows separation of document content from page layout/formatting through external style sheets or internal styles defined in <style> tags.
- CSS has three levels (CSS1, CSS2, CSS3) that add new capabilities. CSS handles properties like fonts, sizes, colors, spacing and positioning of HTML elements.
- Styles can be applied via internal, embedded, or external stylesheets. Inheritance allows CSS rules to apply to child elements. Conflicting styles are resolved through a cascading priority system.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allow for more control over the look and style of web pages by providing a central location to define how HTML and XML tags are interpreted. CSS rules consist of selectors that specify elements to style and declarations that define properties and values to apply. CSS styles can be defined internally, inline, or externally in style sheets and rules are applied following the cascade order.
The document provides an introduction to CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) including the different methods for linking an external CSS stylesheet (internal, external, inline). It describes CSS syntax using selectors, properties, and values to style HTML elements. Specific CSS properties like margins, padding, and classes/IDs are defined. The document is a tutorial that teaches CSS basics through examples to style text formatting, layout, and design elements of a webpage.
Css training tutorial css3 & css4 essentialsQA TrainingHub
Learn CSS - Cascading style Sheets to crate awsome looking for your general html Ui & Create responsive HTML Templates by understanding this css tutorial
Web Technology under CSS - Introduction, Advantages, Adding CSS, Browser Compatibility, CSS and Page Layout finally Selectors all are referred with Uttam K. Roy
The document provides an introduction to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), covering topics such as what CSS is, basic CSS syntax, CSS selectors including element, class and ID selectors, CSS properties for colors/backgrounds, text formatting, links, padding/margins, and layout. It also discusses CSS validation and the role of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in maintaining web standards.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to determine the display and formatting of HTML elements. It separates content from presentation. There are three ways to use CSS - inline styles within HTML elements, internal style sheets within the <head> section, and external style sheets in separate files linked via <link> tags. External style sheets allow consistent formatting across multiple pages by editing one file. Browsers prioritize conflicting styles based on their origin, with inline styles taking highest priority and external styles the lowest.
Cascading Styling Sheets(CSS) simple design language intended to transform th...JebaRaj26
1.Inline CSS
2. Internal
3.External
Inline CSS: Inline CSS contains the CSS property in the body section attached to the element is known as inline CSS. This kind of style is specified within an HTML tag using the style attribute.
<html>
<head>
<title>Inline CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="color:#009900; font-size:50px;
font-style:italic; text-align:center;">
Nesamony Memorial Christian College
</p>
</body>
</html>
Internal or Embedded CSS: This can be used when a single HTML document must be styled uniquely. The CSS rule set should be within the HTML file in the head section i.e. the CSS is embedded within the <style> tag inside the head section of the HTML file.
<html>
<head>
<title>Internal CSS</title>
<style>
.main {
text-align: center;
}
.mca {
color: #009900;
font-size: 50px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.nmcc {
font-style: bold;
font-size: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
External CSS: External CSS contains separate CSS files that contain only style properties with the help of tag attributes (For example class, id, heading, … etc).
CSS property is written in a separate file with a .css extension and should be linked to the HTML document using a link tag. It means that, for each element, style can be set only once and will be applied across web pages.
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="geeks.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="main">
<div class=“mca">Department of Computer Science & Applications</div>
<div id=“nmcc">
Basics of Web Design
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This document provides an 18 chapter tutorial on CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). It begins with introductory chapters on CSS syntax, classes, IDs, divisions, spans, margins, padding, and text properties. Later chapters cover font properties, anchors, links, backgrounds, borders, lists, positioning, and pseudo elements. Each chapter provides examples and explanations of the CSS concepts and properties covered. The document was created by Vijay Kumar Sharma and includes their contact information. It serves as a comprehensive guide to learning the fundamentals of CSS.
The document provides an introduction to CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), explaining what CSS is, how it works, and some basic syntax and concepts. CSS allows separation of document content from document presentation by defining styles that are applied to HTML elements. Styles can be defined internally, in an external CSS file, or inline. The CSS box model is also explained, with the content, padding, border, and margin areas of elements illustrated. Common CSS properties for text formatting are also listed.
The document provides an overview of CSS foundations including the three layers of web design, what CSS is, CSS syntax, selectors, applying styles, and the cascade. It discusses the structure, style, and behavior layers and how CSS is used to control presentation. Key points covered include the different ways to add CSS rules, CSS selectors like type, ID, class, and descendant selectors, and how specificity and inheritance apply styles. It also reviews CSS properties for styling text, lists, and links.
This document discusses HTML frames and inline frames (iframes). Frames divide the browser window into separate panes, each containing an HTML document. Key advantages of frames include reloading single panes without reloading the entire window. A collection of frames is called a frameset. The document defines how to create framesets using the <frameset> element and <frame> elements to specify individual frames. Attributes of these elements control frame borders, sizes, and content. <iframes> embed separate documents within the main document.
Forms are used to collect data from users on a website. A form contains input elements like text fields, checkboxes, and select menus. When submitted, the form sends the user-entered data to a backend script for processing. Common form attributes include name, action, and method. Different input types like text, password, radio buttons, and file uploads are used to collect different data from users.
This document discusses HTML images, tables, and lists. For images, the <img> tag is used which contains attributes like src, alt, width and height. Tables are created with <table>, <tr>, and <td> tags. They can have borders, headers, rowspans and colspans. Unordered lists use the <ul> tag and list items <li>. Ordered lists use the <ol> tag. Definition lists have terms defined with <dt> and definitions with <dd>.
This document provides an overview of common HTML tags used for text formatting, links, and adding metadata to web pages. It describes tags such as <p>, <b>, <a>, <title>, <style>, <script>, <link>, and <meta> and provides examples of how to use each tag. It also explains how links are defined and styled in HTML and how images can be used as links. The document is intended as a tutorial on basic HTML tags and their usage.
This document provides an overview of various CSS properties for controlling colors, backgrounds, fonts, text formatting, links, positioning elements, and more. It describes properties like color, background-color, font-family, text-align, border, float, position and others. The document is intended as a tutorial or guide for using CSS to style and lay out web pages.
The document provides an introduction to XML, explaining that it stands for Extensible Markup Language and is used to carry data rather than display it. XML tags are user-defined rather than predefined. It also discusses how XML separates data from HTML/display, and simplifies data transport between systems. Key aspects of XML like elements, attributes, and being well-formed are summarized.
This document provides an introduction to XML Schema, including:
- XML Schema defines the structure and legal elements of an XML document, similar to a DTD.
- XML Schema supports data types, which makes validating data easier.
- XML Schemas are written in XML syntax, allowing them to be edited, parsed, and manipulated using XML tools.
- XML Schemas help secure data communication by ensuring mutual understanding of data formats.
- XML Schemas are extensible and can reference other schemas.
- Examples are provided of a simple XML document and its corresponding XML Schema.
This document discusses Document Type Definitions (DTDs) which define the legal building blocks of an XML document including elements and attributes. It explains that a DTD can be declared inline or externally. The key purposes of a DTD are to allow data interchange between groups using a standard definition, and to validate received and internal data. The document defines XML building blocks like PCDATA and CDATA, and how to declare elements as empty, containing parsed character data, having any contents, or containing child elements with defined occurrences. It also distinguishes between internal and external DTD declarations.
The document discusses XML DOM and SAX. XML DOM defines a standard for accessing and manipulating XML documents and is a W3C standard. The XML DOM defines the objects and properties of all XML elements and methods to access them. SAX is an event-based parser API that provides an alternative to DOM for reading XML documents sequentially. SAX parsers have lower memory requirements than DOM parsers but validation requires access to the full document, which SAX does not provide.
The document discusses various aspects of web development including:
1. It compares traditional projects to web projects, noting differences in roles, pricing models, and standards.
2. It defines objects in web development as visible components in the web browser like text boxes and buttons.
3. It outlines the typical steps in a web development strategy including goals, design, prototyping, testing, and launch.
The document discusses various aspects of web development including:
1. It compares traditional projects to web projects, noting differences in roles, pricing models, and standards.
2. It defines objects in web development as visible components in the browser like text boxes and buttons.
3. It outlines the typical steps in a web development strategy including goals, design, prototyping, testing, and launch.
This document provides an introduction to web technology. It discusses the history of the World Wide Web and protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP, FTP, and SMTP. It defines websites and the differences between corporate and individual websites. The document also covers cyber laws, web applications, and the process of writing web projects including identifying objectives, target users, scope, budget, and planning issues.
This document outlines the study and evaluation scheme for a Master of Technology degree in Computer Science/Information Technology at UPTU.
It provides the course codes, subjects, theory/tutorial/lab periods, and evaluation schemes for each semester. In semester 1, there are 4 core courses covering foundations of computer science, computer organization/architecture, operating systems, and data networks. Each has theory, tutorial, and lab components, with internal assessments worth 30-50 marks and end semester exams worth 100-150 marks.
Semester 2 covers 4 elective courses, with similar evaluation schemes. Semesters 3 and 4 include electives, a professional aspects course, seminar, and dissertation work. Evaluation includes internal and
WiMAX has the potential to replace existing telecommunications infrastructure by providing broadband internet, phone, and TV services without the need for cables. It can offer these services to both fixed locations and mobile users. WiMAX works by transmitting data between base stations and customer equipment over the air. The key components are radios at the base stations and customer locations, along with antennas to transmit and receive the wireless signals. WiMAX provides faster speeds and wider coverage than existing wireless technologies like WiFi, and allows for converged voice, data, and video services.
This document discusses Local Area Networks (LANs) and Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs). It defines VLANs as a way to logically segment a LAN into separate broadcast domains even if devices are not physically close together. The document outlines several advantages of VLANs such as improved performance, easier administration of virtual workgroups, reduced costs, and increased security. It also describes how VLANs work by tagging frames with VLAN identifiers and using filtering databases to direct traffic to the appropriate VLANs.
This document summarizes key aspects of TCP traffic control as covered in Chapter 12. It discusses TCP flow and congestion control, including how the transmission rate is determined by incoming ACKs. It then covers traffic control fields in the TCP header, credit allocation mechanisms, and the impact of window size on throughput. The document also summarizes TCP congestion control techniques like slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, fast recovery, and limited transmit. It notes the differentiating impact of "mice vs. elephant" flows on network congestion.
This document discusses packet scheduling techniques for quality of service (QoS) management in computer networks. It covers max-min weighted fair share scheduling, which assigns weights to flows based on their different QoS requirements. It also discusses fair queuing, processor sharing, generalized processor sharing (GPS), weighted fair queuing (WFQ), and deficit round robin (DRR) scheduling algorithms. GPS provides exact max-min weighted fair share but is an ideal model, while WFQ and DRR are practical implementations that approximate GPS to provide service differentiation and bounded delays. Scheduling algorithms have a "schedulable region" defining all performance bounds they can simultaneously meet for admission control.
This document discusses scheduling disciplines for computer networks. It outlines that scheduling is needed to resolve contention when resources are shared and to fairly allocate bandwidth, delay, and loss. The key requirements for an ideal scheduling discipline are that it is easy to implement, fair, provides performance bounds, and allows for easy admission control decisions. There are several fundamental choices in designing a scheduling discipline, such as the number of priority levels, whether it is work-conserving or non-work-conserving, the degree of aggregation, and the service order within each level. Non-work-conserving disciplines can reduce delay-jitter but may waste bandwidth and always punish misbehaving sources.
The RSA algorithm describes how to generate a public/private key pair for encryption. It involves choosing prime numbers p and q, computing n as their product, and using n to calculate the public and private keys. The Diffie-Hellman key exchange allows two parties to agree on a shared secret key over an insecure channel by each selecting a private value and computing a public value from it. They can then use the exchanged public values to independently derive the same shared key. MD5 and SHA-1 are cryptographic hash functions, with SHA-1 having a larger state size, more rounds, different bitwise functions, and preprocessing the message words differently than MD5.
This document provides an introduction to networking and network routing. It discusses routing from the perspective of getting from point A to point B as efficiently as possible. Addressing schemes like postal addresses and IP addresses are hierarchical, with the least specific information like city or network prefix first, allowing more efficient routing. IP addresses use hierarchical addressing schemes like CIDR and flat addressing. Network architectures have layers like the protocol stack and service models. Routing protocols operate at different layers and communicate routing information between routers. Standards bodies like IETF and ITU standardize network protocols and functions.
1. Web Technology ECS-604
Prepared By: Abhishek kesharwani Lecturer,UnitedCollege of EngineeringandResearch
Lecture No. 10
CSS Introduction
Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to simplify
the process of making web pages presentable.
CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control the color of the text,
the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and laid out, what
background images or colors are used, as well as a variety of other effects.
CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the presentation of an
HTML document. Most commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages HTML or XHTML.
Advantages of CSS:
CSS saves time - You can write CSS once and then reuse same sheet in multiple HTML
pages. You can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as
you want.
Pages load faster - If you are using CSS, you do not need to write HTML tag attributes every
time. Just write one CSS rule of a tag and apply to all the occurrences of that tag. So less code
means faster download times.
Easy maintenance - To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements in
all the web pages will be updated automatically.
Superior styles to HTML - CSS has a much wider array of attributes than HTML so you can
give far better look to your HTML page in comparison of HTML attributes.
Multiple Device Compatibility - Style sheets allow content to be optimized for more than
one type of device. By using the same HTML document, different versions of a website can
be presented for handheld devices such as PDAs and cell phones or for printing.
Global web standards - Now HTML attributes are being deprecated and it is being
recommended to use CSS. So its a good idea to start using CSS in all the HTML pages to
make them compatible to future CSS Versions:
Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 (CSS1) was came out of W3C as a recommendation in December
1996. This version describes the CSS language as well as a simple visual formatting model for all the
HTML tags.
CSS2 was became a W3C recommendation in May 1998 and builds on CSS1. This version adds
support for media-specific style sheets e.g. printers and aural devices, downloadable fonts, element
positioning and tables.
CSS Syntax – Selectors
A CSS comprises ofstyle rules that are interpreted by the browser and then applied to the
corresponding elements in your document. A style rule is made ofthree parts:
Selector: A selector is an HTML tag at which style will be applied. This could be any tag like
<h1> or <table> etc.
Property: A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag. Put simply, all the HTML attributes
are converted into CSS properties. They could be color or border etc.
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Value: Values are assigned to properties. For example color property can have value
either red or #F1F1F1 etc.
You can put CSS Style Rule Syntax as follows:
selector { property: value }
Example: You can define a table border as follows:
table{ border :1px solid #C00; }
Here table is a selector and border is a property and given value 1px solid #C00 is the value of that
property.
The Type Selectors:
This is the same selector we have seen above. Again one more example to give a color to all level 1
headings :
h1 {
color: #36CFFF;
}
The Universal Selectors:
Rather than selecting elements of a specific type, the universal selector quite simply matches the name
of any element type :
* {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content of every element in our document in black.
The Descendant Selectors:
Suppose you want to apply a style rule to a particular element only when it lies inside a particular
element. As given in the following example, style rule will apply to <em> element only when it lies
inside <ul> tag.
ul em {
color: #000000;
}
3. Web Technology ECS-604
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The Class Selectors:
You can define style rules based on the class attribute of the elements. All the elements having that
class will be formatted according to the defined rule.
.black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for every element with class attribute set to black in our
document. You can make it a bit more particular. For example:
h1.black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with class attribute set to black.
You can apply more than one class selectors to given element. Consider the following example :
<p class="center bold">
This para will be styled by the classes center and bold.
</p>
The ID Selectors:
You can define style rules based on the id attribute of the elements. All the elements having that id
will be formatted according to the defined rule.
#black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for every element with id attribute set to black in our document.
You can make it a bit more particular. For example:
h1#black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with id attribute set to black.
The true power of id selectors is when they are used as the foundation for descendant selectors, For
example:
#black h2 {
color: #000000;
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}
In this example all level 2 headings will be displayed in black color only when those headings will lie
with in tags having id attribute set to black.
The Child Selectors:
You have seen descendant selectors. There is one more type of selectors which is very similar to
descendants but have different functionality. Consider the following example:
body > p {
color: #000000;
}
This rule will render all the paragraphs in black if they are direct child of <body> element. Other
paragraphs put inside other elements like <div> or <td> etc. would not have any effect of this rule.
MultipleStyle Rules:
You may need to define multiple style rules for a single element. You can define these rules to
combine multiple properties and corresponding values into a single block as defined in the following
example:
h1 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
Grouping Selectors:
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
You can combine various class selectors together as shown below:
#content, #footer, #supplement {
position: absolute;
left: 510px;
width: 200px;
}
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CSS Inclusion - Associating Styles
There are four ways to associate styles with your HTML document. Most commonly used methods
are inline CSS and External CSS.
Embedded CSS - The <style> Element:
You can put your CSS rules into an HTML document using the <style> element. This tag is placed
inside <head>...</head> tags. Rules defined using this syntax will be applied to all the elements
available in the document. Here is the generic syntax:
<head>
<style type="text/css" media="...">
Style Rules
............
</style>
</head>
Attributes:
Attributes associated with <style> elements are:
Attribute Value Description
type text/css Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type (MIME
type). This is required attribute.
media screen
tty
tv
projection
handheld
print
braille
aural
all
Specifies the device the document will be displayed on.
Default value isall. This is optional attribute.
Example:
Following is the example of embed CSS based on above syntax:
<head>
<style type="text/css" media="all">
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h1{
color: #36C;
}
</style>
</head>
Inline CSS - The style Attribute:
You can use style attribute of any HTML element to define style rules. These rules will be applied to
that element only. Here is the generic syntax:
<element style="...style rules....">
Attributes:
Attribute Value Description
style style
rules
The value of style attribute is a combination of style
declarations separated by semicolon (;).
Example:
Following is the example of inline CSS based on above syntax:
<h1 style ="color:#36C;"> This is inline CSS </h1>
This will produce following result:
This is inline CSS
External CSS - The <link> Element:
The <link> element can be used to include an external stylesheet file in your HTML document.
An external style sheet is a separate text file with .css extension. You define all the Style rules within
this text file and then you can include this file in any HTML document using <link> element.
Here is the generic syntax of including external CSS file:
<head>
<link type="text/css" href="..." media="..." />
</head>
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Attributes:
Attributes associated with <style> elements are:
Attribute Value Description
type text/css Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type (MIME
type). This attribute is required.
href URL Specifies the style sheet file having Style rules. This
attribute is a required.
media screen
tty
tv
projection
handheld
print
braille
aural
all
Specifies the device the document will be displayed on.
Default value isall. This is optional attribute.
Example:
Consider a simple style sheet file with a name mystyle.css having the following rules:
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
Now you can include this file mystyle.css in any HTML document as follows:
<head>
<link type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" media="all" />
</head>
Imported CSS - @import Rule:
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@import is used to import an external stylesheet in a manner similar to the <link> element. Here is
the generic syntax of @import rule.
<head>
<@import "URL";
</head>
Here URL is the URL of the style sheet file having style rules. You can use another syntax as well:
<head>
<@import url("URL");
</head>
Example:
Following is the example showing you how to import a style sheet file into HTML document:
<head>
@import "mystyle.css";
</head>
CSS Rules Overriding:
We have discussed four ways to include style sheet rules in a an HTML document. Here is the rule to
override any Style Sheet Rule.
Any inline style sheet takes highest priority. So it will override any rule defined in
<style>...</style> tags or rules defined in any external style sheet file.
Any rule defined in <style>...</style> tags will override rules defined in any external style
sheet file.
Any rule defined in external style sheet file takes lowest priority and rules defined in this file
will be applied only when above two rules are not applicable.
CSS - Measurement Units
Before we start actual exercise, I would like to give a brief idea about the CSS Measurement Units.
CSS supports a number of measurements including absolute units such as inches, centimeters, points,
and so on, as well as relative measures such as percentages and em units. You need these values while
specifying various measurements in your Style rules e.g border="1px solid red".
We have listed out all the CSS Measurement Units alogwith proper Examples:
Unit Description Example
% Defines a measurement as a percentage
relative to another value, typically an
enclosing element.
p {font-size: 16pt; line-height:
125%;}
cm Defines a measurement in centimeters. div {margin-bottom: 2cm;}
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em A relative measurement for the height
of a font in em spaces. Because an em
unit is equivalent to the size of a given
font, if you assign a font to 12pt, each
"em" unit would be 12pt; thus, 2em
would be 24pt.
p {letter-spacing: 7em;}
ex This value defines a measurement
relative to a font's x-height. The x-
height is determined by the height of
the font's lowercase letter x.
p {font-size: 24pt; line-height:
3ex;}
in Defines a measurement in inches. p {word-spacing: .15in;}
mm Defines a measurement in millimetres. p {word-spacing: 15mm;}
pc Defines a measurement in picas. A
pica is equivalent to 12 points; thus,
there are 6 picas per inch.
p {font-size: 20pc;}
pt Defines a measurement in points. A
point is defined as 1/72nd of an inch.
body {font-size: 18pt;}
px Defines a measurement in screen
pixels.
p {padding: 25px;}
CSS - Colors
CSS uses color values to specify a color. Typically, these are used to set a color either for the
foreground of an element (i.e., its text) or else for the background of the element. They can also be
used to affect the color of borders and other decorative effects.
You can specify your color values in various formats. Following table tells you all possible formats:
Format Syntax Example
Hex Code #RRGGBB p{color:#FF0000;}
Short Hex Code #RGB p{color:#6A7;}
RGB % rgb (rrr%,ggg%,bbb%) p{color:rgb(50%,50%,50%);}
RGB Absolute rgb(rrr,ggg,bbb) p{color:rgb(0,0,255);}
keyword aqua, black, etc. p{color:teal;}
These formats are explained in more detail in the following sections:
Setting Backgrounds using CSS
This tutorial will teach you how to set backgrounds of various HTML elements. You can set
following background properties of an element:
The background-color property is used to set the background color of an element.
The background-image property is used to set the background image of an element.
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The background-repeat property is used to control the repetition of an image in the
background.
The background-position property is used to control the position of an image in the
background.
The background-attachment property is used to control the scrolling of an image in the
background.
The background property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other background
properties.
Set the background color:
Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the background color for an element.
<p style="background-color:yellow;">
This text has a yellow background color.
</p>
This will produce following result:
This text has a yellow background color.
-
Shorthand property:
You can use the background property to set all the background properties at once. For example:
<p style="background:url(/images/pattern1.gif) repeat fixed;">
This parapgraph has fixed repeated background image.
</p>
Setting Fonts using CSS
The font-family property is used to change the face of a font.
The font-style property is used to make a font italic or oblique.
The font-variant property is used to create a small-caps effect.
The font-weight property is used to increase or decrease how bold or light a font appears.
The font-size property is used to increase or decrease the size of a font.
The font property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other font properties.
<p style="font-family:georgia,garamond,serif;">
This text is rendered in either georgia, garamond, or the default
serif font depending on which font you have at your system.
</p>
<p style="font-style:italic;">
This text will be rendered in italic style
</p>
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<p style="font-variant:small-caps;">
This text will be rendered as small caps
</p>
<p style="font-weight:bold;">
This font is bold.
</p>
<p style="font-weight:bolder;">
This font is bolder.
</p>
<p style="font-weight:900;">
This font is 900 weight.
</p>
<p style="font-size:20px;">
This font size is 20 pixels
</p>
<p style="font-size:small;">
This font size is small
</p>
<p style="font-size:large;">
This font size is large
</p>
<p style="font-size-adjust:0.61;">
This text is using a font-size-adjust value.
</p>
<p style="font-stretch:ultra-expanded;">
If this doesn't appear to work, it is likely that
your computer doesn't have a condensed or expanded
version of the font being used.
</p>
<p style="font:italic small-caps bold 15px georgia;">
Applying all the properties on the text at once.
</p>
ManipulatingText using CSS
This tutorial will teach you how to manipulate text using CSS properties. You can set following text
properties of an element:
The color property is used to set the color of a text.
The direction property is used to set the text direction.
The letter-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the letters that make up
a word.
The word-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the words of a sentence.
The text-indent property is used to indent the text of a paragraph.
The text-align property is used to align the text of a document.
The text-decoration property is used to underline, overline, and strikethrough text.
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The text-transform property is used to capitalize text or convert text to uppercase or
lowercase letters.
The white-space property is used to control the flow and formatting of text.
The text-shadow property is used to set the text shadow around a text.
<p style="color:red;">
This text will be written in red.
</p>
<p style="direction:rtl;">
This text will be renedered from right to left
</p>
<p style="letter-spacing:5px;">
This text is having space between letters.
</p>
<p style="text-indent:1cm;">
This text will have first line indented by 1cm
and this line will remain at its actual position
this is done by CSS text-indent property.
</p>
<p style="text-align:right;">
This will be right aligned.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
This will be center aligned.
</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">
This will be left aligned.
</p>
<p style="white-space:pre;">This text has a line break
and the white-space pre setting tells the browser to honor it
just like the HTML pre tag.</p>
<p style="text-shadow:4px 4px 8px blue;">
If your browser supports the CSS text-shadow property,
this text will have a blue shadow.</p>
CSS - Images
Images are very important part of any Web Page. Though it is not recommended to include lot of
images but it is still important to use good images wherever it is required.
CSS plays a good role to control image display. You can set following image properties using CSS.
The border property is used to set the width of an image border.
The height property is used to set the height of an image.
The width property is used to set the width of an image.
The -moz-opacity property is used to set the opacity of an image.
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<img style="border:0px;" src="/images/css.gif" />
<br />
<img style="border:3px dashed red;" src="/images/css.gif" />
<img style="border:1px solid red; height:100px;"
src="/images/css.gif" />
<br />
<img style="border:1px solid red; height:50%;"
src="/images/css.gif" />
<img style="border:1px solid red; width:100px;"
src="/images/css.gif" />
<br />
<img style="border:1px solid red; width:100%;"
src="/images/css.gif" />
<img style="border:1px solid red;-moz-opacity:0.4;filter:alpha(opacity=40);"
src="/images/css.gif" />
CSS - Links
This tutorial will teach you how to set different properties of a hyper link using CSS. You can set
following properties of a hyper link:
We will revisit same properties when we will discuss Pseudo-Classes of CSS.
The :link Signifies unvisited hyperlinks.
The :visited Signifies visited hyperlinks.
The :hover Signifies an element that currently has the user's mouse pointer hovering over it.
The :active Signifies an element on which the user is currently clicking.
<style type="text/css">
a:link {color: #000000}
a:visited {color: #006600}
a:hover {color: #FFCC00}
a:active {color: #FF00CC}
</style>
<style type="text/css">
a:link {color:#000000}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Black Link</a>
<style type="text/css">
a:visited {color: #006600}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Click this link</a>
<style type="text/css">
a:hover {color: #FFCC00}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Bring Mouse Here</a>
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<style type="text/css">
a:active {color: #FF00CC}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Click This Link</a>
CSS - Tables
This tutorial will teach you how to set different properties of an HTML table using CSS. You can set
following properties of a table:
The border-collapse Specifies whether the browser should control the appearance of adjacent
borders that touch each other or whether each cell should maintain its style.
The border-spacing Specifies the width that should appear between table cells.
The caption-side Captions are presented in the <caption> element. By default, these are
rendered above the table in the document. You use the caption-side property to control the
placement of the table caption.
The empty-cells Specifies whether the border should be shown if a cell is empty.
The table-layout Allows browsers to speed up layout of a table by using the first width
properties it comes across for the rest of a column rather than having to load the whole table
before rendering it.
<style type="text/css">
table.one {border-collapse:collapse;}
table.two {border-collapse:separate;}
td.a {
border-style:dotted;
border-width:3px;
border-color:#000000;
padding: 10px;
}
td.b {border-style:solid;
border-width:3px;
border-color:#333333;
padding:10px;
}
</style>
<table class="one">
<caption>Collapse Border Example</caption>
<tr><td class="a"> Cell A Collapse Example</td></tr>
<tr><td class="b"> Cell B Collapse Example</td></tr>
</table>
<br />
<table class="two">
<caption>Separate Border Example</caption>
<tr><td class="a"> Cell A Separate Example</td></tr>
<tr><td class="b"> Cell B Separate Example</td></tr>
</table>
<style type="text/css">
/* If you provide one value */
table.example {border-spacing:10px;}
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/* This is how you can provide two values */
table.example {border-spacing:10px; 15px;}
</style>
<style type="text/css">
table.one {
border-collapse:separate;
width:400px;
border-spacing:10px;
}
table.two {
border-collapse:separate;
width:400px;
border-spacing:10px 50px;
}
</style>
<table class="one" border="1">
<caption>Separate Border Example with border-spacing</caption>
<tr><td> Cell A Collapse Example</td></tr>
<tr><td> Cell B Collapse Example</td></tr>
</table>
<br />
<table class="two" border="1">
<caption>Separate Border Example with border-spacing</caption>
<tr><td> Cell A Separate Example</td></tr>
<tr><td> Cell B Separate Example</td></tr>
</table>
Separate Border Example with border-spacing
Cell A Collapse Example
Cell B Collapse Example
Separate Border Example with border-spacing
Cell A Separate Example
Cell B Separate Example
-
The table-layout Property:
The table-layout property is supposed to help you control how a browser should render or lay out a
table.
This property can have one of the three values fixed, auto or inherit.
Here is the example to show the difference between these properties.
NOTE:This property is not supported by many browsers so do not rely on this property.
<style type="text/css">
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table.auto
{
table-layout: auto
}
table.fixed
{
table-layout: fixed
}
</style>
<table class="auto" border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="20%">1000000000000000000000000000</td>
<td width="40%">10000000</td>
<td width="40%">100</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<table class="fixed" border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="20%">1000000000000000000000000000</td>
<td width="40%">10000000</td>
<td width="40%">100</td>
</tr>
</table>
This will produce following result:
1000000000000000000000000000 10000000 100
1000000000000000000000000000 10000000 100
CSS - Borders
The border properties allow you to specify how the border of the box representing an element should
look. There are three properties of a border you can change
The border-color Specifies the color of a border.
The border-style Specifies whether a border should be solid, dashed line, double line, or one
of the other possible values.
The border-width Specifies the width of a border.
Now we will see how to use these properties with examples.
The border-colorProperty:
The border-color property allows you to change the color of the border surrounding an element. You
can individually change the color of the bottom, left, top and right sides of an element's border using
the properties:
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border-bottom-color changes the color of bottom border.
border-top-color changes the color of top border.
border-left-color changes the color of left border.
border-right-color changes the color of right border.
The border-styleProperty:
The border-style property allows you to select one of the following styles of border:
none: No border. (Equivalent of border-width:0;)
solid: Border is a single solid line.
dotted: Border is a series of dots.
dashed: Border is a series of short lines.
double: Border is two solid lines.
groove: Border looks as though it is carved into the page.
ridge: Border looks the opposite of groove.
inset: Border makes the box look like it is embedded in the page.
outset: Border makes the box look like it is coming out of the canvas.
hidden: Same as none, except in terms of border-conflict resolution for table elements.
You can individually change the style of the bottom, left, top, and right borders of an element using
following properties:
border-bottom-style changes the style of bottom border.
border-top-style changes the style of top border.
border-left-style changes the style of left border.
border-right-style changes the style of right border.
The border-width Property:
The border-width property allows you to set the width of an element borders. The value of this
property could be either a length in px, pt or cm or it should be set to thin, medium or thick.
You can individually change the width of the bottom, top, left, and right borders of an element using
the following properties:
border-bottom-width changes the width of bottom border.
border-top-width changes the width of top border.
border-left-width changes the width of left border.
border-right-width changes the width of right border.
CSS - Margins
The margin property defines the space around an HTML element. It is possible to use negative values
to overlap content.
The values of the margin property are not inherited by child elements. Remember that the adjacent
vertical margins (top and bottom margins) will collapse into each other so that the distance between
the blocks is not the sum of the margins, but only the greater of the two margins or the same size as
one margin if both are equal.
There are following four properties to set an element margin.
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The margin A shorthand property for setting the margin properties in one declaration.
The margin-bottom Specifies the bottom margin of an element.
The margin-top Specifies the top margin of an element.
The margin-left Specifies the left margin of an element.
The margin-right Specifies the right margin of an element.
Now we will see how to use these properties with examples.
CSS - Paddings
The padding property allows you to specify how much space should appear between the content of an
element and its border:
There are following five CSS properties which can be used to control lists:
The value of this attribute should be either a length, a percentage, or the word inherit. If the value is
inherit it will have the same padding as its parent element. If a percentage is used, the percentage is of
the containing box.
You can also set different values for the padding on each side of the box using the following
properties:
The padding-bottom Specifies the bottom padding of an element.
The padding-top Specifies the top padding of an element.
The padding-left Specifies the left padding of an element.
The padding-right Specifies the right padding of an element.
The padding Serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.
CSS - Layers
CSS gives you opportunity to create layers of various divisions. The CSS layers refer to applying
the z-index property to elements that overlap with each other.
The z-index property is used alongwith position property to create an effect of layers. You can specify
which element should come on top and which element should come at bottom.
A z-index property can help you to create more complex webpage layouts. Following is the example
which shows how to create layers in CSS.
<div style="background-color:red;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:10px;
left:80px;
z-index:2">
</div>
<div style="background-color:yellow;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
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top:-60px;
left:35px;
z-index:1;">
</div>
<div style="background-color:green;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:-220px;
left:120px;
z-index:3;">
</div>
<style tyle="text/css">
<!--
body {
margin:9px 9px 0 9px;
padding:0;
background:#FFF;}
#level0 {
background:#FC0;}
#level1 {
margin-left:143px;
padding-left:9px;
background:#FFF;}
#level2 {
background:#FFF3AC;}
#level3 {
margin-right:143px;
padding-right:9px;
background:#FFF;}
#main {
background:#CCC;}
-->
</style>
<body>
<div id="level0">
<div id="level1">
<div id="level2">
<div id="level3">
<div id="main">
Final Content goes here...
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
Similar way you can add top navigation bar or ad bar at the top of the page.