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describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
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QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
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Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
The document describes a study that measured the carbon dioxide exchange of two Arctic shrub species, Betula nana and Salix pulcra, to understand their photosynthetic efficiency. The study isolated individual shrubs using chambers and measured the CO2 flux over time. Aggregating these flux measurements provided data on net ecosystem exchange of CO2 for each shrub. The results showed that the shrubs' photosynthesis was being efficiently optimized rather than inhibited by self-shading, as indicated by an exponential relationship between CO2 exchange and shrub mass. This data could help predict shrub responses to future Arctic conditions by being incorporated into forward models.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been proved to act as a desirable tool to evaluate the environmental
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associated environmental impact categories: eutrophication potential, global warming potential,
toxicity-related impacts, energy balance, water use, land use and other impact categories.
Near real-time measurement of CO2, water and energy fluxes: determining the b...TERN Australia
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Irrigation of Controlled Environment Crops for Increased Quality and Yield—Pa...METER Group, Inc. USA
Grow your crop steering expertise
Crop steering can optimize crop production and production costs, but to crop steer successfully, you need to do it right. You have to understand how to obtain the right soil water contents and soil electrical conductivities to either stress the crop or avoid stressing the crop in a controlled way. To do this, you’ll need to perform crop steering calculations.
Steer your way to higher quality, productivity, and profit
In part 3 of our greenhouse webinar series, Dr. Gaylon Campbell, internationally recognized soil physics and environmental measurement expert, teaches how to perform crop steering calculations that give you the information you need to stress or de-stress your crop at the right time and in the right way to achieve your goals. In this 30-minute webinar you’ll learn:
The water balance equation
- How to calculate the irrigation amount
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- How to determine the leaching fraction
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crop steering, environment, field capacity, gaylon campbell, indoor cultivation, irrigation, leaching fraction, substrate electrical conductivity, transpiration, water balance, webinar
This document describes using the NUCAS (Nanjing University Carbon Assimilation System) adjoint-based data assimilation system to optimize ecosystem carbon and water fluxes by assimilating carbonyl sulfide (COS) and solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) observations. The NUCAS uses a two-leaf BEPS (Biosphere Energy-water-carbon with SIF) model and assimilates COS flux, SIF, and soil moisture observations to update model parameters. Preliminary twin experiments and single/multiple variable assimilation experiments at a Finnish forest site show NUCAS can improve simulations of COS fluxes, GPP, LH, SH by constraining plant carbon and soil hydraulic parameters. This represents the first attempt to
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- Cosmic-ray soil moisture sensors, which non-inv
Influence of Climatic Factors on the Δ13c Values of the C3, C4 And CAM Dicot ...QUESTJOURNAL
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Alternative Usage Cases for Pressure Retarded Osmosis Power GenerationJoshua Benjamin, E.I.
These slides describe my current Doctoral research in Pressure Retarded Osmosis, where I demonstrate the applicability of the technology to desalination utilities in Tampa, Florida. While still in it's early stages, I hope to continue this project throughout my Doctoral Program. This talk was presented at the 2018 American Ecological Engineering Society Meeting in Houston, Texas.
Triple Green-Agricultural Management Interventions for a New Green RevolutionSIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
This document presents a comparative study of the performance of activated sludge processes in a bubble column reactor and compact jet loop reactor. Experiments were conducted using synthetic wastewater in laboratory scale models of each reactor type. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was measured at different mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentrations and hydraulic retention times. The results showed that a COD removal efficiency of over 85% could be achieved in the bubble column reactor, and over 95% in the compact jet loop reactor, when operated at an MLVSS of 3000 mg/L and aeration time of 1 hour. The compact jet loop reactor demonstrated better COD reduction performance than the bubble column reactor under the conditions tested.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Water Desalination System based on Humid...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a water desalination system based on the humidification-dehumidification (HDH) method. Key findings include:
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This document summarizes research measuring stable isotopologues of water and carbon dioxide in the Amazon rainforest to better understand land-atmosphere exchange processes. Laser spectrometry was used to measure isotopic composition and fluxes at high temporal resolution. Preliminary results showed daytime CO2 uptake enriching ambient air in carbon-13, and water vapor fluxes originating from evaporated, fractionated sources similar to root water. Further analysis will include laboratory analysis of leaf, soil, and air samples to partition fluxes, as well as isotope modeling to integrate effects and fluxes. The goal is to describe turbulent exchange processes at small scales to improve understanding of this complex system.
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This an presentation about electrostatic force. This topic is from class 8 Force and Pressure lesson from ncert . I think this might be helpful for you. In this presentation there are 4 content they are Introduction, types, examples and demonstration. The demonstration should be done by yourself
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Handling confidential information has become an increasingly important concern among many areas of society. However, current computing environments have been still vulnerable to various threats, and we should think they are untrusted.
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In this paper, we introduce a prototype implementation of NVM support for the Keystone. Additionally, we evaluate it on the Freedom U500 built on a VC707 FPGA dev kit.
https://ken.ieice.org/ken/paper/20210720TC4K/
A mature quasar at cosmic dawn revealed by JWST rest-frame infrared spectroscopySérgio Sacani
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K, slightly elevated compared to similarly luminous quasars at lower redshifts. Importantly, the supermassive black hole mass of J1120+0641 based on the Hα line (accessible only with JWST), MBH = 1.52 ± 0.17 × 109 M⊙, is in good agreement with previous ground-based rest-frame ultraviolet Mg II measurements. Comparing the ratios of the Hα, Paα and Paβ emission lines to predictions from a simple one-phase Cloudy model, we find that they are consistent with originating from a common broad-line region with physical parameters that are consistent with lower-redshift quasars. Together, this implies that J1120+0641’s accretion structures must have assembled very quickly, as they appear fully ‘mature’ less than 760 Myr after the Big Bang.
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The cryptoterrestrial hypothesis: A case for scientific openness to a conceal...Sérgio Sacani
Recent years have seen increasing public attention and indeed concern regarding Unidentified
Anomalous Phenomena (UAP). Hypotheses for such phenomena tend to fall into two classes: a
conventional terrestrial explanation (e.g., human-made technology), or an extraterrestrial explanation
(i.e., advanced civilizations from elsewhere in the cosmos). However, there is also a third minority
class of hypothesis: an unconventional terrestrial explanation, outside the prevailing consensus view of
the universe. This is the ultraterrestrial hypothesis, which includes as a subset the “cryptoterrestrial”
hypothesis, namely the notion that UAP may reflect activities of intelligent beings concealed in stealth
here on Earth (e.g., underground), and/or its near environs (e.g., the moon), and/or even “walking
among us” (e.g., passing as humans). Although this idea is likely to be regarded sceptically by most
scientists, such is the nature of some UAP that we argue this possibility should not be summarily
dismissed, and instead deserves genuine consideration in a spirit of epistemic humility and openness.
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This presentation, "Introduction to Forensic Science," offers a basic understanding of forensic science, including its history, why it's needed, and its main goals. It covers how forensic science helps solve crimes and its importance in the justice system. By the end, you'll have a clear idea of what forensic science is and why it's essential.
PART 1 The New Natural Principles of Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Fie...Thane Heins
Document Summary and the History of Perpetual Motion
Every single Faraday Generator coil since 1834 has been and is currently performing Negative Work at infinite efficiency with created Electromagnetic Field Energy during electricity generation and its physical Kinetic Energy reduction or Electromagnetic Resistance of the changing magnetic field which is initially inducing Electric Current in the generator coil according to Faraday's Law of Induction.
The Work-Energy Principle confirms mathematically that the magnitude of the changing magnetic field's Kinetic Energy reduction is equal to the magnitude of Negative Work performed at infinite efficiency, which is equal to the magnitude of Energy (Electromagnetic Field Energy which is created according to Oersted's Law of Creation of Energy of 1820). Created Electromagnetic Field Energy is required in order to perform the Negative Work – because Work cannot be performed in the absence of Energy.
In 2007 Thane Heins of Almonte Ontario, Canada discovered that unlimited amounts of Positive Electromechanical Work could be performed at infinite efficiency with created and TIME DELAYED Electromagnetic Field Energy.
Every single ReGenX Generator coil since 2007 has been and is currently performing Positive Work at infinite efficiency with created Electromagnetic Field Energy during electricity generation and during its physical Kinetic Energy increase or Electromagnetic Assistance of the changing magnetic field which is initially inducing Electric Current in the generator coil according to Heins' Law of Induction.
Faraday Electric Generators all harness internally Created Electromagnetic Field Energy in order to perform Negative Work (system Kinetic Energy reduction) at infinite efficiency and ReGenX Electric Generators harness internally created and Time Delayed Electromagnetic Field Energy in order to perform Positive Work (system Kinetic Energy increase) at infinite efficiency.
Both Faraday Generators and ReGenX Generators operate as Perpetual Motion Machines of the First Kind because they both have the ability to perform both Negative or Positive Work indefinitely and at infinite efficiency without requiring any External Energy input. The unlimited Energy required to perform either the Negative or Positive Work is created at the Sub-Atomic Quantum Electron level inside the generators' Current Bearing Wires according to the Law of Creation of Energy.
Hans Christian Oersted discovered the Law of Creation of Energy in 1820 when he demonstrated the world's first Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind at the University of Copenhagen when he also simultaneously violated Newton's 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws of Motion.
Michael Faraday built and demonstrated the world's second Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind in 1822 when he demonstrated his Electric Motor invention which harnessed created Electromagnetic Field Energy in order to perform Positive Electromechanical Work at infinite efficienc
2. CONTENT
•WUE – definitions
•Approaches
i. Gravimetric
ii. Gas Exchange
iii. Irrigation aspects
iv. Carbon isotope discrimination
•Higher WUE ?
•Application
•Examples
3. WATER USE EFFICIENCY
• Amount of water used per unit of plant material produced.
DEFINITIONS
Agronomists define it in terms of the units of water used per unit of dry matter
produced, often using total water lost by both evaporation and transpiration
(Teare et al., 1973)
Dry matter or crop yield in kg
Water used in evapotranspiration in m3
Physiologists are more likely to discuss it in terms of photosynthesis, expressed as
milligrams of CO2 per gram of water or even as moles of CO2 per mole of water
(Fischer and Turner, 1978).
Net CO2 uptake in mg or gm
H2O loss(transpired) in gm or kg
WUE =
WUE =
4. Water Use Efficiency Can Be Defined In
A Variety Of Different Ways.
LEAF LEVEL: On a single leaf basis, instantaneous WUE is
more strictly defined, as the current net CO2 assimilation
rate, divided by the current transpiration rate.
WHOLE PLANT LEVEL: WUE is defined as the ratio of the
biomass produced to total water used.
STAND OR CROP LEVEL: WUE is defined as the ratio of the
biomass produced to total water inputs to the whole
ecosystem (yield/total water input).
6. Gravimetric methods
• Measuring WUE by taking difference between the
control and treatment. Here the control is without
plants i.e. soil alone and treatment is with plant and
soil.
• In control only evaporation takes place and in
treatment both evaporation and transpiration occurs.
• The amount of water loss is more in treatment than in
control.
• It is a tedious method.
7. Gas Exchange (Instantaneous WUE)
Both A (CO2 assimilation rate/photosynthesis rate) and E (transpiration
rate) are the product of two factors:
• stomatal conductance (g) for either CO2 (gc) or water vapour (gw) and
• The concentration difference of either CO2 (ca and ci) or water vapour
(wa and wi) between the air outside and inside the leaf.
• Stomatal coductance is a numerical measure of the rate of passage of
either water vapour or CO2 through the stomata or small pores of the
plant.
8. • However, since CO2 enters the leaf via the same path by
which H2O exits the leaf (i.e., the stomata and boundary
layer), it is possible to remove the conductance term from
the equation altogether. To a first approximation,
gw = 1.6 × gc. Therefore, the equation above can be
rewritten as:
• Since the leaf is using CO2, the value of ci depends on both
the stomatal conductance and the photosynthetic capacity
of the leaf.
9. • High Δ values resulting from high Ci/Ca reflect
higher CO2 assimilation rate to transpiration ratio
(Farquhar et al., 1989), i.e., lower TE.
10. • Ci inversely proportional to WUE
• Lesser the value of Ci i.e., minimum stomatal
conductance(gs) and maximum mesophyll
conductance(gm)
• Stomatal conductance is the measure of either exit
of water or CO2 entry through the stomata.
• Mesophyll conductance is the level of CO2 inside
the chloroplast where photosynthesis take place to
fix atmospheric CO2
11. • Water use efficiency also increases with increase in crop water supply
up to a certain point.
• Water supply has also been observed to increase fertilizer use efficiency
by increasing the availability of applied nutrients, and water and
nutrients exhibit interactions in respect of yield and yield components.
• The irrigation system perspective of water use efficiency depends upon
the water accounting where,
Losses occur at each stage as water moves from the reservoir
(storage losses)
Conveyed and delivered at the farm gate (conveyance losses)
Applied to the farm (distribution losses)
Stored in the soil (application losses) and
Finally consumed by the crops (crop management losses) for crop
production.
12. Measurements Based On Irrigation Aspects
• Depending upon the area of interest, it is possible to measure the
Field water use efficiency
Crop water use efficiency
Water conveyance efficiency
Application efficiency
WUE (kg/ha-cm or q/ha-cm or kg/ha-mm)
1. Crop Water Use Efficiency /Consumptive Water Use Efficiency:
CWUE = Y/CU
2. Field Water Use Efficiency:
FWUE = Y/WR
Where,
G + E + T + D = WR; (G + E + T) = CU
Growth (G)
Direct evaporation from the soil surface (E)
Transpiration (T)
Deep percolation loss (D)
13. 3. Water conveyance efficiency:
Ec=Wf/Wd x 100
Wf= Water delivered at the field supply channel
Wd= Water diverted from the source.
4. Water application efficiency :
Ea = Ws/Wf x 100
Ws= Water stored in the root zone of the plants
Wf= Water delivered to the field
14. WUE And Carbon Isotope Discrimination
• The efficacy of the use of 13C as an indicator of WUE, has been
firmly established under both greenhouse and field conditions.
• CO2 in air naturally contains two stable isotopes of carbon, 12C and
13C, in an approximate of 99% to 1 %.
• The theoretical model describing fractionation during photosynthesis
was developed by Farquhar et uf. ( 1989).
∆= a + (b-a)ci/ca
Where ∆ represents the total difference in isotopic composition
between photosynthetically fixed carbon in the atmosphere
a and b are the fractionation constants associated with diffusion
versus carboxylation and have values of 4.4 and 27‰(per mill),
respectively
15. IRMS
• The carbon isotopic ratio (R=13C/12C) of the samples (Rsample)
and standard (Rstandard) was determined using an Isotope Ratio
Mass Spectrometer (GD 150, MAT, Germany). R values were
converted to δ13C (in ‰ or per mil) using the relationship:
δ13C (‰) = [Rsample/Rstandard-1] x 1000.
• The standard is the CO2 obtained from a limestone from Pee Dee
Belmenite “PDB” formation in South Carolina, USA. The δ13C
values were converted to carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) values
using the relationship established by Farquhar et al., (1989):
Δ (‰) = (δ13Ca - δ13Cp) /(1 - δ13Cp/1000) ,
• where a and p represent air and plant, respectively.
17. WUE and carbon isotope
discrimination are
negatively related i.e.
lesser the discrimination
more will be the WUE
18. • The difference in ratio (13C/12C) between C3 and
C4 is correlated with isotopic fractionation present
between the ribulose biphosphate carboxlase
(RuBP) activity in C3 plants and
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase activity in
C4 plants.
• RuBP discriminates more against 13C than PEP
(Christeller et al., 1976).
• This indicates that why C4 plants are more efficient
than C3 plants.
19. When the WUE will be higher?
• Stomatal conductance (and photosynthesis) are lowest.
• The most important of these factors is stomatal conductance. As
stomata open, both AN and E increase.
• Ambient water vapour concentration (wa) increases.
• Leaf temperature (and therefore wi) decreases.
• Increasing the ambient CO2 concentration (ca).
• Decrease in ci will also increase WUE. However, it is important to
remember that a decrease in ci can result from two distinct
mechanisms:
A decrease in stomatal conductance or
An increase in leaf photosynthetic response to internal CO2.
20. A decrease in stomatal conductance & an increase in
WUE
21. Application
A study in Groundnut genotypes by
Farquhar et.al.
• The relationship between WUE and Carbon isotope discrimination
was useful in identifying the groundnut genotypes.
• WUE ranged from 1.81 to 3.15g/kg which was negatively correlated
with Δ which ranged from 19.1 to 21.8%.
• Variation in WUE arose mainly from genotypic differences in Total
dry matter production rather than differences in water use.
• Finally it is concluded that a strong negative relationship existed
between WUE and SLA (cm/g) and between Δ ad SLA, indicating
that genotypes with thicker leaves had greater WUE.
22. Genetic Control of Water Use Efficiency and Leaf Carbon Isotope
Discrimination in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Subjected to Two
Drought Scenarios by Afifuddin Latif Adiredjo et.al.
• A population of 148 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) o sunflower derived from a
cross between XRQ and PSC8 lines was studied to identify quantitative trait loci
(QTL) controlling WUE and CID, and to compare QTL associated with these traits
in different drought scenarios.
• They conducted greenhouse experiments in 2011 and 2012 by using 100 balances
which provided a daily measurement of water transpired, and they determined
WUE, CID, biomass and cumulative water transpired by plants.
• Wide phenotypic variability, significant genotypic effects, and significant negative
correlations between WUE and CID were observed in both experiments.
23. • C3 crops, such as wheat and barley, are less water-efficient than
C4 crops, such as maize and sugarcane.
• The most water-efficient crops are the CAM (Crassulacean acid
metabolism) crops such as cactus and pineapple (xerophytes).
• WUE : CAM> C4> C3
24. REFERENCE
• Sharma,B.,Molden,D.,Cook,S. Water use efficiency in agriculture: Measurement,
current situation and trends.
• Boutraa,T., Akhkha,A., Abdulkhaliq A. Al-Shoaibi Ali and Alhejeli,M. (2010)
Effect of water stress on growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of some wheat
cultivars (Triticum durum) grown in Saudi Arabia.
• GUO Shi-wei, ZHOU Yi, SONG Na, SHEN Qi-rong (2006) Some Physiological
Processes Related to Water Use Efficiency of Higher Plants.
• Nemali,K.S.,(2008) Physiological Responses to Different Substrate Water
Contents: Screening for High Water-use Efficiency in Bedding Plants.
• Grossnickle,S.C.(2005) Variation in gas exchange and water use efficiency
patterns among populations of western redcedar.