The present study evaluated the immunotoxicological effects of the herbicide atrazine (ATZ) at su... more The present study evaluated the immunotoxicological effects of the herbicide atrazine (ATZ) at sub-lethal concentrations and the potential ameliorative influence of Spirulina platensis (SP) over a sub-chronic exposure period on Cyprinus carpio L., also known as common carp. Common carp was sampled after a 40-days exposure to ATZ (428 mg/L) and SP (1%), individually or in combination to assess the non-specific immune response, changes in mRNA expression of immune-related genes [lysozyme (LYZ), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and complement component 3 (C3)] in the spleen, and inflammatory cyto-kines (interleukins ILe1ß and ILe10) in the head kidney using real-time PCR. Additionally, disease resistance to Aeromonas sobria was evaluated. The results revealed that ATZ exposure caused a significant decline in most of the hematological variables, lymphocyte viability, and lysozyme and bactericidal activity. Moreover, ATZ increased the susceptibility to disease, reflected by a significantly lower post-challenge survival rate of the carp. ATZ may induce dysregulated expression of immune-related genes leading to downregulation of mRNA levels of IgM and LYZ in the spleen. However, expression of C3 remained unaffected. Of the cytokine-related genes examined, ILe1B was up-regulated in the head kidney. In contrast, the expression of ILe10 gene was down-regulated in the ATZ-exposed group. The SP supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in most indices; however, these values did not match with that of the controls. These results may conclude that ATZ affects both innate and adaptive immune responses through the negative transcriptional effect on genes involved in immunity and also due to the inflammation of the immune organs. In addition, dietary supplements with SP could be useful for modulation of the immunity in response to ATZ exposure, thereby presenting a promising feed additive for carps in aquaculture.
Organic acids or their salts can be used as feed additives in aquaculture. This study was conduct... more Organic acids or their salts can be used as feed additives in aquaculture. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of a mixture of formic acid, propionic acid and calcium propionate compared with oxytetracycline (OTC). A total of 720 apparently healthy Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings with an average body weight of 28.8 ± 0.14 g (mean ± SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups (G 1 , G 2 , G 3 and G 4). G 1 was fed a basal diet with no additive as the control group, while G 2 and G 3 were fed a formic and propionic acid/salt mixture in 1 and 2 g/kg, respectively. G 4 was fed OTC (0.5 g/kg). Each group was subdivided into tow subgroups A and B (30 fish/subgroup) in triplicate. The first subgroup was used to evaluate growth performance, hematology and body composition for 60 d. The second subgroup was used to examine immunity, gut microbiota and resistance to infection for 30 d. At the end of the feeding period (60 d), G 3 had significant improvements in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with other groups. The total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, platelet count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and total leuko-cyte count were significantly increased in G 3 and G 2 compared with G 1 and G 4. Mean corpuscular volum, lymphocyte and neutrophil percentages had the highest significant improvement in G 3. There were no significant differences among the groups in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and monocyte percentage. The protein and fat contents of the whole body were the highest in G 3. The widest inhibition zones against Aeromonas sobria were at the 30, 40 and 50% concentrations of acidifiers, which were equivalent to OTC (30 mg). G 3 showed the lowest total gastrointestinal bacterial counts, followed by G 2. After 15 and 30 d, G 3 had the highest serum killing, lysozyme and nitric oxide activities. Serum lysozyme activity and nitric oxide assay had no significant difference between G 1 and G 2 after 30 d. The lowest immune parameters were recorded in G 4. After 30 d, the highest expression of interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the liver and kidney were found in G 3. The best protection against challenged Aeromonas sobria was in G 3 , followed by G 2 and G 4. Dietary supplementation with a combination of formic acid, propionic acid and calcium propionate improves the performance of Nile tilapia.
This study was carried out to determine the level of Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus inse... more This study was carried out to determine the level of Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus insecticide, in water of Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms and investigate the sub lethal concentration of this pesticide on immune response of Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus). Water samples were collected from Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms and analyzed using Gas chromatograph (GC) for detection of Chlorpyrifos level. Two hundred and ninety O. niloticus with average body weight (35±0.5 g) were collected from Abbassa fish hatchery, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. One hundred and seventy of these fish were used for the determination of acute toxicity of Chlorpyrifos, while, another 120 fish were used for the determination of the effect of different sub lethal concentrations of Chlorpyrifos (1/8, 1/20 and 1/43 of 96 h LC50) on the immune response of O. niloticus. It was found that; the levels of Chlorpyrifos in Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms were 0.008 and 0.0016 mg/L, respectively. The LC50 value of Chlorpyrifos was 0.07mg/L. Sub-lethal concentration of Chlorpyrifos altered the non-specific immunological parameters (namely, total globulin, immunoglobulin M (IgM), lysozyme, nitric oxide, phagocytic activity) and interlukin-1β (IL-1β) of O. niloticus. It could be concluded that water of Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms have had detectable residue levels of CPF, which was altered the immunological status of O. niloticus.
One hundred and fifty O. niloticus (35±0.5g) were collected from Abbassa Fish Hatchery, Sharkia, ... more One hundred and fifty O. niloticus (35±0.5g) were collected from Abbassa Fish Hatchery, Sharkia, Egypt to determine the changes in immune parameters (after 15 and 30 days) of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to Organophosphrous insecticide (Chlorpyrifos) and infested with Cichlidogyrus sp. In addition, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the Chlorpyrifos exposure on the intensity and vitality of Cichlidogyrus sp. Chlorpyrifos decreased significantly both parasitic intensity and vitality. Serum total proteins, albumin and globulin were significantly decreased in both infested group and infested ones with pesticide exposure. Serum IgM level was elevated in infested group after 15 days of the experiment and decreased after 30 days of the experiment. Serum lysozyme and nitric oxide were elevated in all experimental groups after 15 and 30 days of the experiment. While phagocytic % and Phagocytic index were significantly decreased in all experimental groups after 15 and 30 days of the experiment. The expression of IL-1β were significantly increased after 15 days of the experiment, while both infestation and Chlorpyrifos exposure showed no significant differences after 30 days. In conclusion, infection with Cichlidogyrus sp. in fish exposed to Chlorpyrifos pollution had the highest drastic effect on the health and immune status of fish.
Rasha M. Reda * 1 , Azza A. A. Galal 2 and Rasha T. M. Alam 3
Peels of Punica granatum L. include wide variety of phytochemical compounds which might
be respo... more Peels of Punica granatum L. include wide variety of phytochemical compounds which might
be responsible for promising antimicrobial activities. This study investigates the in vitro and i n vivo
antimicrobial activity of punica peel hydroalcholic extract (PPE), powder and oxytetracyclin in
Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Fish were
divided into five groups; G1 “negative control” was injected with 1 ml of Trybtic soya broth (TSB).
G2, G3, G4 and G5 were injected intraperitoneally (I/P) with 1 ml (1.5 × 108 CFU) A. hydrophila till
appearance of clinical signs. After 4 days to the medicated diets were introduced. The results showed
the highest inhibition zone obtained for PPE at 500 μg (9.1 mm). The haemorrhagic and ulcerative
lesion decreased and completely disappeared in PPE supplemented group with no mortality through 14
days of treatment compared to positive control. G3"PPE supplemented diet” and G5 "oxytetracyclin
supplemented diet" had significantly higher RBCs, Hb, serum lysozyme and phagocytic activity beside
slightly histopathological alterations after period of treatment when compared with (G2). Therefore,
we suggest that PPE supplemented diet following challenge with A. hydrophila restores the altered
hematological parameters, and improve the immune system in C. gariepinus and can be nearly
considered to be as equally potent as the oxytetracyclin antibiotic.
In the last years aquaculture has contributed significantly to reduce the hunger worldwide. One o... more In the last years aquaculture has contributed significantly to reduce the hunger worldwide. One of the major treats in the development of a massive production is linked to the outbreak of diseases and the abuse of antibiotics, that is to avoid because of the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. For these reasons recently probiotics are used as alternative measures to control the fish diseases. Fish possess specific intestinal microbiota consisting of aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria so we make this study in order to find some probiotic candidates that have an antagonistic action against fish pathogens. Adults of Sparus aurata farmed in intensive plant were sacrificed and 40 bacterial strains were isolated from GI tract. All the strains were tested against three fish pathogens: Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Pseudomonas anguilliseptica. Results showed that only 3 candidates respectively called (SA7, SA10, and SA20) showed an inhibitory activity against the selected fish pathogens bacteria. The candidates probionts were identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequenced-based. The three candidates inhibited the Gram negative fish pathogens after 24-48 h of incubation at 24°C and for these reasons could be used as probiotics to added into the food to enhance the immune defence of fish.
Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 2014
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prebiotics and probiotics on the growth... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prebiotics and probiotics on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and chemical composition of Cyprinus carpio. A total of 250 fry of Cyprinus carpio with an average body weight and length were used in experiments 2.82 ± 0.12g and 3.12 ± 0.13cm were divided into five experimental groups fed the pelleted diets for 12week as follows: groups 1 (control group) fed diet (T1), groups 2, 3 fed on diets (T2, T3) which supplemented with 1.5 and 2.5 g kg -1 Organoferum dry prebiotic respectively. Groups 4, 5 fed on diets (T4, T5) which supplemented with 0.5 and 1 g kg -1 Biogreen E probiotic respectively. The results of this study revealed that fish in group 3 had significantly higher final body weight, weight gains and specific growth rate followed by fish in group 5. Length increments and survival rate in fish of group 3 and 5 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than other groups. The highest crude protein and lipid content (P < 0.05) were found in the fish fed on diets T3 and T5. Total serum protein, albumin and globulin were significantly increased in fish fed the experimental diets T5 than other groups. While, lysozyme activity were significantly increased in fish fed on the experimental diet T3. The conclusion of present study reveals that a dietary supplementation 2.5 g/kg prebiotics was improved growth performance, and nonspecific immunity of Cyprinus carpio Frys.
In the last years aquaculture has contributed significantly to reduce the hunger worldwide. One o... more In the last years aquaculture has contributed significantly to reduce the hunger worldwide. One of the major treats in the development of a massive production is linked to the outbreak of diseases and the abuse of antibiotics, that is to avoid because of the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. For these reasons recently probiotics are used as alternative measures to control the fish diseases. Fish possess specific intestinal microbiota consisting of aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria so we make this study in order to find some probiotic candidates that have an antagonistic action against fish pathogens. Adults of Sparus aurata farmed in intensive plant were sacrificed and 40 bacterial strains were isolated from GI tract. All the strains were tested against three fish pathogens: Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Pseudomonas anguilliseptica. Results showed that only 3 candidates respectively called (SA7, SA10, and SA20) showed an inhibitory activity against the selected fish pathogens bacteria. The candidates probionts were identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequenced-based. The three candidates inhibited the Gram negative fish pathogens after 24 -48 h of incubation at 24°C and for these reasons could be used as probiotics to added into the food to enhance the immune defence of fish.
Probiotics can be used as immunostimulants in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate ... more Probiotics can be used as immunostimulants in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following feeding with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores at concentrations of 1 106 (G3) and 1 104 (G2) colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of feed compared with a basal diet with no probiotics (G1). A total of 180 fingerlings (27.7 ± 0.22 g) were divided into three groups (G1eG3 of 20 fish per group) in triplicate. Innate immunities were measured every two weeks based on serum bactericidal activity, lysozyme activity, a nitric oxide assay (mmo/l) and phagocytic activity, and the expressions of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF a) were examined after one month. Moreover, the survival of tilapia upon challenge with Yersinia ruckeri or Clostridium perfringens type D was determined at the end of feeding trial. After 15 d, the serum killing percentages and phagocytic activities were significantly higher in G3 than in G1 and G2, whereas the same parameters had significantly higher values in G3 and G2 than in G1 after 30 d. After both 15 d and 30 d, the lysozyme activities and nitric oxide assay results (mmo/l) were significantly higher in G3 than G2, and the lowest values were observed in G1. The percentage of serum killing, serum nitric oxide and serum lysozyme activity were significantly increased by the time of B. amyloliquefaciens administration independently of the probiotic dose, and the phagocytic activity percentage was significantly decreased at the end of the experiment. Dietary B. amyloliquefaciens caused significant increases in IL-1 and TNF a mRNA levels in the kidneys in the following pattern: G3 > G2 > G1. Fish that were fed B. amyloliquefaciens exhibited better relative survival percentages than the controls when challenged by Y. ruckeri or C. perfringens type D. Dietary supplementation with B. amyloliquefaciens improves immune status and disease resistance in Nile tilapia.
Probiotics are dietary microbial supplements used as alternatives to antibiotics
in aquaculture.... more Probiotics are dietary microbial supplements used as alternatives to antibiotics
in aquaculture. The present study was performed to evaluate the use of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
as a probiotic bacteria in the diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. A
total of 180 fingerlings (9.4 ± 0.3 g) were divided into three groups (G1–G3 of 20 fish per
group) in triplicate. G1 was fed a basal diet with no probiotic as the control group, while G2
and G3 were fed B. amyloliquefaciens spores at concentrations of 1 9 104 and 1 9 106
colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of feed, respectively. After 30 days, G3 showed
significant improvements in body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate
(SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with G1 and G2. At the end of the
feeding period (60 days), both G2 and G3 had significantly higher FBW, WG, SGR, FCR
and protein efficacy ratio compared with the control. The increase in the probiotic level in
the diet increased the heights of the intestinal villi, especially in the proximal part of the
intestine. In G3, the proximal and distal parts had significantly higher numbers of mucussecreting
cells (goblet cells) than in G2 and G1. There were significantly more intraepithelial
lymphocytes (IEL) in the intestine in G3 compared with the control in all parts of
the intestines, whereas G2 had significantly more IELs than the control in only the distal
part of the intestine. B. amyloliquefaciens had no harmful effects on glucose levels, and
increased the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin content and hematocrit. High
levels of the probiotic (G3) had better effects than lower levels (G2) on serum total protein
and globulin levels. The protein contents of the whole body in G3 and G2 were higher than
those of the control group. The highest body fat content was recorded in G3, followed by
G2. These results indicate that the use B. amyloliquefaciens as a feed supplement is
beneficial to O. niloticus.
We studied the effects of a combination of dietary beta-glucans (β-G) and mannan oligosaccharides... more We studied the effects of a combination of dietary beta-glucans (β-G) and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Three-hundred-sixty fingerlings (mean mass ± SD = 8.7 ± 0.4 g) were separated
into three groups (G1, G2, and G3) of 120 fish; G1 (control group) was fed a basal diet, whereas G2 and G3 were fed
prebiotic-supplemented diets at final levels of 1.5 and 3.0 g/kg feed, respectively. Each group was subdivided into two
subgroups: subgroup A was fed for 60 d to evaluate growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphometry,
and body composition; and subgroup B was fed for 30 d to evaluate immune status and disease resistance. The best
growth and feed utilization were observed in G3. There was no significant difference in final body weight or weight
gain between G2 and G1 after 30 d, whereas both variables were significantly higher in G2 than in G1 after 60 d. At
the end of the feeding period, G2 had a better feed conversion ratio than G1. Villus height, number of goblet cells, and
number of intraepithelial lymphocytes were greatest in G3, followed by G2 and then G1.Whole-body protein content
and fat content were higher in G3 than in G2 and G1. Only G3 had significantly higher serum total protein, albumin,
and globulin than G1. Serum killing percentage and phagocytic activity were significantly higher in G3 than in G1
and G2, whereas serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in G3 and G2 than in G1. The nitric oxide assay
indicated a significant effect in G3 compared with G1 after 30 d. Fish that were fed the prebiotic mixture had better
relative percent survival than G1 fish after challenge with Yersinia ruckeri. Dietary supplementation with β-G and
MOS in combination improves the performance of Nile Tilapia.
Several classes of antibiotics are commonly used in aquaculture; among them the most
used are ox... more Several classes of antibiotics are commonly used in aquaculture; among them the most
used are oxytetracycline (OTC) and florfenicol (FLO) due to their high potency against bacterial
diseases. Sixty Oreochromis niloticus (20± 0.09 g) were divided into 3 groups (20 fish/group) in
duplicate. Group 1 was fed a basal diet as the control group, while group 2 and 3 were fed basal
diet supplemented with Oxytetracycline at 100 mg kg1 diet and Florfenicol at 5 mg kg1 body
weight, respectively. After 12 weeks of feeding, group 3 showed a significant increase in the final
body weight, and weight gain when compared with the control group. Group 3 did not show significant
differences in immunoglobulin M (IgM) total levels with an insignificant decrease in phagocytic
activity when compared to the control group. All groups showed significant increase in
Lysozyme activity. Group 3 did not show significant difference in Alanine aminotransferase
(ALT) activity compared to the control group, while group 2 showed the highest values of Aspartate
Transaminase (AST) activity than other groups. The highest value of urea was shown in group
2, while there was a decrease in the value of creatinine in the treated groups than the control. Histopathological
examination revealed pathological alterations in liver and kidney of the treated
groups. After a withdrawal period of 15 days the OTC and FLO residues in O. niloticus muscle were
within the permissible limit of Commission Regulation, EU (2010). In conclusion, Florfenicol at
5 mg kg1 body weight is more safe in its effect on Oreochromis niloticus.
Common carp is one of the most important cultured fish. Intensive incubation leads to microbial o... more Common carp is one of the most important cultured fish. Intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in Cyprinus carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in Cyprinus carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between April to July 2012 and 2013 at El-Abbassa Fish Hatchery-The General Authority for Fish Resources Development, El-Abbassa, Sharkia Governorate. Physicochemical and microbial characteristics of culture water were examined during the induced breeding of Cyprinus carpio besides mycological and histopathological examination of egg samples with trial of treatment of different types of disinfectant. The physicochemical parameters were within the range of Cyprinus carpio eggs rearing. The total bacterial count fluctuated between 4.2 x 1010cfu/ml after 24 hrs of fertilization and 48 x 1010 cfu/ml after 4 days of incubation till hatching.The infected fertilized egg bys aprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelope that surround it which focally invaded the cytoplasm resulted in loss of the cytoplasm content and destructed envelops. Treatment by sodium chloride at1.5 g L-1 for 60 min. daily for 4 days was showed significantly higher hatching and survival rates.
A total number of 240 Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) obtained from
Abbasa fish hatchery we... more A total number of 240 Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) obtained from
Abbasa fish hatchery were used to investigate the toxicological effect of zinc sulphate
(ZnSo4). The 96hrs LC 50 of Zinc sulphate in O. niloticus fingerlings was 545.6 mg/L.
The fish exposed to acute toxicity showed hyper excitability and fighting against each
other, skin surface carry excessive amounts of mucus, while dark color skin showed at
chronic toxicity. O. niloticus exposed to 1/10 96 hrs LC50 (54.4 mg/L) and 1/20 96 hrs
LC50 (27.25 mg/L) of zinc sulphate showed a significant decrease of Hb, RBCs and
PCV % while a significant increase of ALT, AST, Urea, Creatinine and Cortisol were
observed. The residues of zinc in muscle and gills of tested O. niloticus were time and
concentrations dependant.
The present work was conducted to study the effects of corn replacement by unconventional feed st... more The present work was conducted to study the effects of corn replacement by unconventional feed stuffs (pea by products, (pbp) carrot-tops hay, CTH) and rear earth elements (REE) supplementation on growth performance, health condition and body composition of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings.
Peels of Punica granatum L. include wide variety of phytochemical compounds which might be respon... more Peels of Punica granatum L. include wide variety of phytochemical compounds which might be responsible for promising antimicrobial activities. This study investigates the in vitro and i n vivo antimicrobial activity of punica peel hydroalcholic extract (PPE), powder and oxytetracyclin in Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Fish were divided into five groups; G1 “negative control” was injected with 1 ml of Trybtic soya broth (TSB). G2, G3, G4 and G5 were injected intraperitoneally (I/P) with 1 ml (1.5 × 108 CFU) A. hydrophila till appearance of clinical signs. After 4 days to the medicated diets were introduced. The results showed the highest inhibition zone obtained for PPE at 500 μg (9.1 mm). The haemorrhagic and ulcerative lesion decreased and completely disappeared in PPE supplemented group with no mortality through 14 days of treatment compared to positive control. G3"PPE supplemented diet” and G5 "oxytetracyclin supplemented diet" had significantly higher RBCs, Hb, serum lysozyme and phagocytic activity beside slightly histopathological alterations after period of treatment when compared with (G2). Therefore, we suggest that PPE supplemented diet following challenge with A. hydrophila restores the altered hematological parameters, and improve the immune system in C. gariepinus and can be nearly considered to be as equally potent as the oxytetracyclin antibiotic.
A total number of 120 Koi carp "Cyprinus carpio" were used to evaluate the effect of giving ways ... more A total number of 120 Koi carp "Cyprinus carpio" were used to evaluate the effect of giving ways of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance and immune response. The results revealed that a significant increase in final body weight, weight gain, weight gain percent, specific growth rate and globulin concentration in Cyprinus carpio supplemented with Bacillus subtilis in feed (0.2 g. kg diet -1) than those applied in water (0.2 g.L -1) and control one (P< 0.05). phagocytosis and bactericidal activity in treated Cyprinus carpio with Bacillus subtilis were higher than control one.
Two hundred and forty Nile tilapia "Oreochromis niloticus" with average body weight 21.98 ± 0.26 ... more Two hundred and forty Nile tilapia "Oreochromis niloticus" with average body weight 21.98 ± 0.26 g. were used to investigate the effect of some feed additives (Pediococcus acidilactici , Bacillus subtilis natto, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mixture of Vitamin C and E and Oxytetracycline) on growth and immune responses as well as resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infections. The results revealed that, final weights, weight gain, specific growth rate and Immunoglobulin levels were significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in treated groups with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis natto and vitamin mixture while control group and treated group with Oxytetracycline were significantly low. All treated groups received feed additives showed high phagocytic capacity and bactericidal activity. Low survivability was recorded after 7 days postinfection with Aeromonas hydrophila which was 20% in control group, 40% in group treated with Oxyteteracycline and 60% in group treated with Pediococcus acidilactici.
A total of 432 Oreochromis niloticus "O. niloticus" of different life stages, were obtained alive... more A total of 432 Oreochromis niloticus "O. niloticus" of different life stages, were obtained alive from Nile river tributaries in Sharkia governorate and Abbassa fish farms. The results revealed that the clinical signs and postmortem findings of the infested fish with encysted metacercaria "EMC" were respiratory distress, hyperemia with excessive mucous secretion. The prevalence of the EMC was 80.30% among examined O. niloticus. The prevalence was higher among wild ranging fish (84.24%), during autumn (86.99%) and among preadults stage (84.25%). Praziquantel at a dose of 5 and 10 mg/l for 5 days was effective in treatment of O. niloticus infested with EMC.
The present study evaluated the immunotoxicological effects of the herbicide atrazine (ATZ) at su... more The present study evaluated the immunotoxicological effects of the herbicide atrazine (ATZ) at sub-lethal concentrations and the potential ameliorative influence of Spirulina platensis (SP) over a sub-chronic exposure period on Cyprinus carpio L., also known as common carp. Common carp was sampled after a 40-days exposure to ATZ (428 mg/L) and SP (1%), individually or in combination to assess the non-specific immune response, changes in mRNA expression of immune-related genes [lysozyme (LYZ), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and complement component 3 (C3)] in the spleen, and inflammatory cyto-kines (interleukins ILe1ß and ILe10) in the head kidney using real-time PCR. Additionally, disease resistance to Aeromonas sobria was evaluated. The results revealed that ATZ exposure caused a significant decline in most of the hematological variables, lymphocyte viability, and lysozyme and bactericidal activity. Moreover, ATZ increased the susceptibility to disease, reflected by a significantly lower post-challenge survival rate of the carp. ATZ may induce dysregulated expression of immune-related genes leading to downregulation of mRNA levels of IgM and LYZ in the spleen. However, expression of C3 remained unaffected. Of the cytokine-related genes examined, ILe1B was up-regulated in the head kidney. In contrast, the expression of ILe10 gene was down-regulated in the ATZ-exposed group. The SP supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in most indices; however, these values did not match with that of the controls. These results may conclude that ATZ affects both innate and adaptive immune responses through the negative transcriptional effect on genes involved in immunity and also due to the inflammation of the immune organs. In addition, dietary supplements with SP could be useful for modulation of the immunity in response to ATZ exposure, thereby presenting a promising feed additive for carps in aquaculture.
Organic acids or their salts can be used as feed additives in aquaculture. This study was conduct... more Organic acids or their salts can be used as feed additives in aquaculture. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of a mixture of formic acid, propionic acid and calcium propionate compared with oxytetracycline (OTC). A total of 720 apparently healthy Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings with an average body weight of 28.8 ± 0.14 g (mean ± SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups (G 1 , G 2 , G 3 and G 4). G 1 was fed a basal diet with no additive as the control group, while G 2 and G 3 were fed a formic and propionic acid/salt mixture in 1 and 2 g/kg, respectively. G 4 was fed OTC (0.5 g/kg). Each group was subdivided into tow subgroups A and B (30 fish/subgroup) in triplicate. The first subgroup was used to evaluate growth performance, hematology and body composition for 60 d. The second subgroup was used to examine immunity, gut microbiota and resistance to infection for 30 d. At the end of the feeding period (60 d), G 3 had significant improvements in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with other groups. The total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, platelet count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and total leuko-cyte count were significantly increased in G 3 and G 2 compared with G 1 and G 4. Mean corpuscular volum, lymphocyte and neutrophil percentages had the highest significant improvement in G 3. There were no significant differences among the groups in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and monocyte percentage. The protein and fat contents of the whole body were the highest in G 3. The widest inhibition zones against Aeromonas sobria were at the 30, 40 and 50% concentrations of acidifiers, which were equivalent to OTC (30 mg). G 3 showed the lowest total gastrointestinal bacterial counts, followed by G 2. After 15 and 30 d, G 3 had the highest serum killing, lysozyme and nitric oxide activities. Serum lysozyme activity and nitric oxide assay had no significant difference between G 1 and G 2 after 30 d. The lowest immune parameters were recorded in G 4. After 30 d, the highest expression of interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the liver and kidney were found in G 3. The best protection against challenged Aeromonas sobria was in G 3 , followed by G 2 and G 4. Dietary supplementation with a combination of formic acid, propionic acid and calcium propionate improves the performance of Nile tilapia.
This study was carried out to determine the level of Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus inse... more This study was carried out to determine the level of Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus insecticide, in water of Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms and investigate the sub lethal concentration of this pesticide on immune response of Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus). Water samples were collected from Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms and analyzed using Gas chromatograph (GC) for detection of Chlorpyrifos level. Two hundred and ninety O. niloticus with average body weight (35±0.5 g) were collected from Abbassa fish hatchery, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. One hundred and seventy of these fish were used for the determination of acute toxicity of Chlorpyrifos, while, another 120 fish were used for the determination of the effect of different sub lethal concentrations of Chlorpyrifos (1/8, 1/20 and 1/43 of 96 h LC50) on the immune response of O. niloticus. It was found that; the levels of Chlorpyrifos in Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms were 0.008 and 0.0016 mg/L, respectively. The LC50 value of Chlorpyrifos was 0.07mg/L. Sub-lethal concentration of Chlorpyrifos altered the non-specific immunological parameters (namely, total globulin, immunoglobulin M (IgM), lysozyme, nitric oxide, phagocytic activity) and interlukin-1β (IL-1β) of O. niloticus. It could be concluded that water of Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms have had detectable residue levels of CPF, which was altered the immunological status of O. niloticus.
One hundred and fifty O. niloticus (35±0.5g) were collected from Abbassa Fish Hatchery, Sharkia, ... more One hundred and fifty O. niloticus (35±0.5g) were collected from Abbassa Fish Hatchery, Sharkia, Egypt to determine the changes in immune parameters (after 15 and 30 days) of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to Organophosphrous insecticide (Chlorpyrifos) and infested with Cichlidogyrus sp. In addition, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the Chlorpyrifos exposure on the intensity and vitality of Cichlidogyrus sp. Chlorpyrifos decreased significantly both parasitic intensity and vitality. Serum total proteins, albumin and globulin were significantly decreased in both infested group and infested ones with pesticide exposure. Serum IgM level was elevated in infested group after 15 days of the experiment and decreased after 30 days of the experiment. Serum lysozyme and nitric oxide were elevated in all experimental groups after 15 and 30 days of the experiment. While phagocytic % and Phagocytic index were significantly decreased in all experimental groups after 15 and 30 days of the experiment. The expression of IL-1β were significantly increased after 15 days of the experiment, while both infestation and Chlorpyrifos exposure showed no significant differences after 30 days. In conclusion, infection with Cichlidogyrus sp. in fish exposed to Chlorpyrifos pollution had the highest drastic effect on the health and immune status of fish.
Rasha M. Reda * 1 , Azza A. A. Galal 2 and Rasha T. M. Alam 3
Peels of Punica granatum L. include wide variety of phytochemical compounds which might
be respo... more Peels of Punica granatum L. include wide variety of phytochemical compounds which might
be responsible for promising antimicrobial activities. This study investigates the in vitro and i n vivo
antimicrobial activity of punica peel hydroalcholic extract (PPE), powder and oxytetracyclin in
Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Fish were
divided into five groups; G1 “negative control” was injected with 1 ml of Trybtic soya broth (TSB).
G2, G3, G4 and G5 were injected intraperitoneally (I/P) with 1 ml (1.5 × 108 CFU) A. hydrophila till
appearance of clinical signs. After 4 days to the medicated diets were introduced. The results showed
the highest inhibition zone obtained for PPE at 500 μg (9.1 mm). The haemorrhagic and ulcerative
lesion decreased and completely disappeared in PPE supplemented group with no mortality through 14
days of treatment compared to positive control. G3"PPE supplemented diet” and G5 "oxytetracyclin
supplemented diet" had significantly higher RBCs, Hb, serum lysozyme and phagocytic activity beside
slightly histopathological alterations after period of treatment when compared with (G2). Therefore,
we suggest that PPE supplemented diet following challenge with A. hydrophila restores the altered
hematological parameters, and improve the immune system in C. gariepinus and can be nearly
considered to be as equally potent as the oxytetracyclin antibiotic.
In the last years aquaculture has contributed significantly to reduce the hunger worldwide. One o... more In the last years aquaculture has contributed significantly to reduce the hunger worldwide. One of the major treats in the development of a massive production is linked to the outbreak of diseases and the abuse of antibiotics, that is to avoid because of the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. For these reasons recently probiotics are used as alternative measures to control the fish diseases. Fish possess specific intestinal microbiota consisting of aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria so we make this study in order to find some probiotic candidates that have an antagonistic action against fish pathogens. Adults of Sparus aurata farmed in intensive plant were sacrificed and 40 bacterial strains were isolated from GI tract. All the strains were tested against three fish pathogens: Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Pseudomonas anguilliseptica. Results showed that only 3 candidates respectively called (SA7, SA10, and SA20) showed an inhibitory activity against the selected fish pathogens bacteria. The candidates probionts were identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequenced-based. The three candidates inhibited the Gram negative fish pathogens after 24-48 h of incubation at 24°C and for these reasons could be used as probiotics to added into the food to enhance the immune defence of fish.
Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 2014
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prebiotics and probiotics on the growth... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prebiotics and probiotics on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and chemical composition of Cyprinus carpio. A total of 250 fry of Cyprinus carpio with an average body weight and length were used in experiments 2.82 ± 0.12g and 3.12 ± 0.13cm were divided into five experimental groups fed the pelleted diets for 12week as follows: groups 1 (control group) fed diet (T1), groups 2, 3 fed on diets (T2, T3) which supplemented with 1.5 and 2.5 g kg -1 Organoferum dry prebiotic respectively. Groups 4, 5 fed on diets (T4, T5) which supplemented with 0.5 and 1 g kg -1 Biogreen E probiotic respectively. The results of this study revealed that fish in group 3 had significantly higher final body weight, weight gains and specific growth rate followed by fish in group 5. Length increments and survival rate in fish of group 3 and 5 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than other groups. The highest crude protein and lipid content (P < 0.05) were found in the fish fed on diets T3 and T5. Total serum protein, albumin and globulin were significantly increased in fish fed the experimental diets T5 than other groups. While, lysozyme activity were significantly increased in fish fed on the experimental diet T3. The conclusion of present study reveals that a dietary supplementation 2.5 g/kg prebiotics was improved growth performance, and nonspecific immunity of Cyprinus carpio Frys.
In the last years aquaculture has contributed significantly to reduce the hunger worldwide. One o... more In the last years aquaculture has contributed significantly to reduce the hunger worldwide. One of the major treats in the development of a massive production is linked to the outbreak of diseases and the abuse of antibiotics, that is to avoid because of the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. For these reasons recently probiotics are used as alternative measures to control the fish diseases. Fish possess specific intestinal microbiota consisting of aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria so we make this study in order to find some probiotic candidates that have an antagonistic action against fish pathogens. Adults of Sparus aurata farmed in intensive plant were sacrificed and 40 bacterial strains were isolated from GI tract. All the strains were tested against three fish pathogens: Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Pseudomonas anguilliseptica. Results showed that only 3 candidates respectively called (SA7, SA10, and SA20) showed an inhibitory activity against the selected fish pathogens bacteria. The candidates probionts were identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequenced-based. The three candidates inhibited the Gram negative fish pathogens after 24 -48 h of incubation at 24°C and for these reasons could be used as probiotics to added into the food to enhance the immune defence of fish.
Probiotics can be used as immunostimulants in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate ... more Probiotics can be used as immunostimulants in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following feeding with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores at concentrations of 1 106 (G3) and 1 104 (G2) colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of feed compared with a basal diet with no probiotics (G1). A total of 180 fingerlings (27.7 ± 0.22 g) were divided into three groups (G1eG3 of 20 fish per group) in triplicate. Innate immunities were measured every two weeks based on serum bactericidal activity, lysozyme activity, a nitric oxide assay (mmo/l) and phagocytic activity, and the expressions of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF a) were examined after one month. Moreover, the survival of tilapia upon challenge with Yersinia ruckeri or Clostridium perfringens type D was determined at the end of feeding trial. After 15 d, the serum killing percentages and phagocytic activities were significantly higher in G3 than in G1 and G2, whereas the same parameters had significantly higher values in G3 and G2 than in G1 after 30 d. After both 15 d and 30 d, the lysozyme activities and nitric oxide assay results (mmo/l) were significantly higher in G3 than G2, and the lowest values were observed in G1. The percentage of serum killing, serum nitric oxide and serum lysozyme activity were significantly increased by the time of B. amyloliquefaciens administration independently of the probiotic dose, and the phagocytic activity percentage was significantly decreased at the end of the experiment. Dietary B. amyloliquefaciens caused significant increases in IL-1 and TNF a mRNA levels in the kidneys in the following pattern: G3 > G2 > G1. Fish that were fed B. amyloliquefaciens exhibited better relative survival percentages than the controls when challenged by Y. ruckeri or C. perfringens type D. Dietary supplementation with B. amyloliquefaciens improves immune status and disease resistance in Nile tilapia.
Probiotics are dietary microbial supplements used as alternatives to antibiotics
in aquaculture.... more Probiotics are dietary microbial supplements used as alternatives to antibiotics
in aquaculture. The present study was performed to evaluate the use of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
as a probiotic bacteria in the diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. A
total of 180 fingerlings (9.4 ± 0.3 g) were divided into three groups (G1–G3 of 20 fish per
group) in triplicate. G1 was fed a basal diet with no probiotic as the control group, while G2
and G3 were fed B. amyloliquefaciens spores at concentrations of 1 9 104 and 1 9 106
colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of feed, respectively. After 30 days, G3 showed
significant improvements in body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate
(SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with G1 and G2. At the end of the
feeding period (60 days), both G2 and G3 had significantly higher FBW, WG, SGR, FCR
and protein efficacy ratio compared with the control. The increase in the probiotic level in
the diet increased the heights of the intestinal villi, especially in the proximal part of the
intestine. In G3, the proximal and distal parts had significantly higher numbers of mucussecreting
cells (goblet cells) than in G2 and G1. There were significantly more intraepithelial
lymphocytes (IEL) in the intestine in G3 compared with the control in all parts of
the intestines, whereas G2 had significantly more IELs than the control in only the distal
part of the intestine. B. amyloliquefaciens had no harmful effects on glucose levels, and
increased the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin content and hematocrit. High
levels of the probiotic (G3) had better effects than lower levels (G2) on serum total protein
and globulin levels. The protein contents of the whole body in G3 and G2 were higher than
those of the control group. The highest body fat content was recorded in G3, followed by
G2. These results indicate that the use B. amyloliquefaciens as a feed supplement is
beneficial to O. niloticus.
We studied the effects of a combination of dietary beta-glucans (β-G) and mannan oligosaccharides... more We studied the effects of a combination of dietary beta-glucans (β-G) and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Three-hundred-sixty fingerlings (mean mass ± SD = 8.7 ± 0.4 g) were separated
into three groups (G1, G2, and G3) of 120 fish; G1 (control group) was fed a basal diet, whereas G2 and G3 were fed
prebiotic-supplemented diets at final levels of 1.5 and 3.0 g/kg feed, respectively. Each group was subdivided into two
subgroups: subgroup A was fed for 60 d to evaluate growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphometry,
and body composition; and subgroup B was fed for 30 d to evaluate immune status and disease resistance. The best
growth and feed utilization were observed in G3. There was no significant difference in final body weight or weight
gain between G2 and G1 after 30 d, whereas both variables were significantly higher in G2 than in G1 after 60 d. At
the end of the feeding period, G2 had a better feed conversion ratio than G1. Villus height, number of goblet cells, and
number of intraepithelial lymphocytes were greatest in G3, followed by G2 and then G1.Whole-body protein content
and fat content were higher in G3 than in G2 and G1. Only G3 had significantly higher serum total protein, albumin,
and globulin than G1. Serum killing percentage and phagocytic activity were significantly higher in G3 than in G1
and G2, whereas serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in G3 and G2 than in G1. The nitric oxide assay
indicated a significant effect in G3 compared with G1 after 30 d. Fish that were fed the prebiotic mixture had better
relative percent survival than G1 fish after challenge with Yersinia ruckeri. Dietary supplementation with β-G and
MOS in combination improves the performance of Nile Tilapia.
Several classes of antibiotics are commonly used in aquaculture; among them the most
used are ox... more Several classes of antibiotics are commonly used in aquaculture; among them the most
used are oxytetracycline (OTC) and florfenicol (FLO) due to their high potency against bacterial
diseases. Sixty Oreochromis niloticus (20± 0.09 g) were divided into 3 groups (20 fish/group) in
duplicate. Group 1 was fed a basal diet as the control group, while group 2 and 3 were fed basal
diet supplemented with Oxytetracycline at 100 mg kg1 diet and Florfenicol at 5 mg kg1 body
weight, respectively. After 12 weeks of feeding, group 3 showed a significant increase in the final
body weight, and weight gain when compared with the control group. Group 3 did not show significant
differences in immunoglobulin M (IgM) total levels with an insignificant decrease in phagocytic
activity when compared to the control group. All groups showed significant increase in
Lysozyme activity. Group 3 did not show significant difference in Alanine aminotransferase
(ALT) activity compared to the control group, while group 2 showed the highest values of Aspartate
Transaminase (AST) activity than other groups. The highest value of urea was shown in group
2, while there was a decrease in the value of creatinine in the treated groups than the control. Histopathological
examination revealed pathological alterations in liver and kidney of the treated
groups. After a withdrawal period of 15 days the OTC and FLO residues in O. niloticus muscle were
within the permissible limit of Commission Regulation, EU (2010). In conclusion, Florfenicol at
5 mg kg1 body weight is more safe in its effect on Oreochromis niloticus.
Common carp is one of the most important cultured fish. Intensive incubation leads to microbial o... more Common carp is one of the most important cultured fish. Intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in Cyprinus carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in Cyprinus carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between April to July 2012 and 2013 at El-Abbassa Fish Hatchery-The General Authority for Fish Resources Development, El-Abbassa, Sharkia Governorate. Physicochemical and microbial characteristics of culture water were examined during the induced breeding of Cyprinus carpio besides mycological and histopathological examination of egg samples with trial of treatment of different types of disinfectant. The physicochemical parameters were within the range of Cyprinus carpio eggs rearing. The total bacterial count fluctuated between 4.2 x 1010cfu/ml after 24 hrs of fertilization and 48 x 1010 cfu/ml after 4 days of incubation till hatching.The infected fertilized egg bys aprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelope that surround it which focally invaded the cytoplasm resulted in loss of the cytoplasm content and destructed envelops. Treatment by sodium chloride at1.5 g L-1 for 60 min. daily for 4 days was showed significantly higher hatching and survival rates.
A total number of 240 Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) obtained from
Abbasa fish hatchery we... more A total number of 240 Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) obtained from
Abbasa fish hatchery were used to investigate the toxicological effect of zinc sulphate
(ZnSo4). The 96hrs LC 50 of Zinc sulphate in O. niloticus fingerlings was 545.6 mg/L.
The fish exposed to acute toxicity showed hyper excitability and fighting against each
other, skin surface carry excessive amounts of mucus, while dark color skin showed at
chronic toxicity. O. niloticus exposed to 1/10 96 hrs LC50 (54.4 mg/L) and 1/20 96 hrs
LC50 (27.25 mg/L) of zinc sulphate showed a significant decrease of Hb, RBCs and
PCV % while a significant increase of ALT, AST, Urea, Creatinine and Cortisol were
observed. The residues of zinc in muscle and gills of tested O. niloticus were time and
concentrations dependant.
The present work was conducted to study the effects of corn replacement by unconventional feed st... more The present work was conducted to study the effects of corn replacement by unconventional feed stuffs (pea by products, (pbp) carrot-tops hay, CTH) and rear earth elements (REE) supplementation on growth performance, health condition and body composition of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings.
Peels of Punica granatum L. include wide variety of phytochemical compounds which might be respon... more Peels of Punica granatum L. include wide variety of phytochemical compounds which might be responsible for promising antimicrobial activities. This study investigates the in vitro and i n vivo antimicrobial activity of punica peel hydroalcholic extract (PPE), powder and oxytetracyclin in Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Fish were divided into five groups; G1 “negative control” was injected with 1 ml of Trybtic soya broth (TSB). G2, G3, G4 and G5 were injected intraperitoneally (I/P) with 1 ml (1.5 × 108 CFU) A. hydrophila till appearance of clinical signs. After 4 days to the medicated diets were introduced. The results showed the highest inhibition zone obtained for PPE at 500 μg (9.1 mm). The haemorrhagic and ulcerative lesion decreased and completely disappeared in PPE supplemented group with no mortality through 14 days of treatment compared to positive control. G3"PPE supplemented diet” and G5 "oxytetracyclin supplemented diet" had significantly higher RBCs, Hb, serum lysozyme and phagocytic activity beside slightly histopathological alterations after period of treatment when compared with (G2). Therefore, we suggest that PPE supplemented diet following challenge with A. hydrophila restores the altered hematological parameters, and improve the immune system in C. gariepinus and can be nearly considered to be as equally potent as the oxytetracyclin antibiotic.
A total number of 120 Koi carp "Cyprinus carpio" were used to evaluate the effect of giving ways ... more A total number of 120 Koi carp "Cyprinus carpio" were used to evaluate the effect of giving ways of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance and immune response. The results revealed that a significant increase in final body weight, weight gain, weight gain percent, specific growth rate and globulin concentration in Cyprinus carpio supplemented with Bacillus subtilis in feed (0.2 g. kg diet -1) than those applied in water (0.2 g.L -1) and control one (P< 0.05). phagocytosis and bactericidal activity in treated Cyprinus carpio with Bacillus subtilis were higher than control one.
Two hundred and forty Nile tilapia "Oreochromis niloticus" with average body weight 21.98 ± 0.26 ... more Two hundred and forty Nile tilapia "Oreochromis niloticus" with average body weight 21.98 ± 0.26 g. were used to investigate the effect of some feed additives (Pediococcus acidilactici , Bacillus subtilis natto, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mixture of Vitamin C and E and Oxytetracycline) on growth and immune responses as well as resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infections. The results revealed that, final weights, weight gain, specific growth rate and Immunoglobulin levels were significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in treated groups with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis natto and vitamin mixture while control group and treated group with Oxytetracycline were significantly low. All treated groups received feed additives showed high phagocytic capacity and bactericidal activity. Low survivability was recorded after 7 days postinfection with Aeromonas hydrophila which was 20% in control group, 40% in group treated with Oxyteteracycline and 60% in group treated with Pediococcus acidilactici.
A total of 432 Oreochromis niloticus "O. niloticus" of different life stages, were obtained alive... more A total of 432 Oreochromis niloticus "O. niloticus" of different life stages, were obtained alive from Nile river tributaries in Sharkia governorate and Abbassa fish farms. The results revealed that the clinical signs and postmortem findings of the infested fish with encysted metacercaria "EMC" were respiratory distress, hyperemia with excessive mucous secretion. The prevalence of the EMC was 80.30% among examined O. niloticus. The prevalence was higher among wild ranging fish (84.24%), during autumn (86.99%) and among preadults stage (84.25%). Praziquantel at a dose of 5 and 10 mg/l for 5 days was effective in treatment of O. niloticus infested with EMC.
Uploads
Papers by rasha M reda
be responsible for promising antimicrobial activities. This study investigates the in vitro and i n vivo
antimicrobial activity of punica peel hydroalcholic extract (PPE), powder and oxytetracyclin in
Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Fish were
divided into five groups; G1 “negative control” was injected with 1 ml of Trybtic soya broth (TSB).
G2, G3, G4 and G5 were injected intraperitoneally (I/P) with 1 ml (1.5 × 108 CFU) A. hydrophila till
appearance of clinical signs. After 4 days to the medicated diets were introduced. The results showed
the highest inhibition zone obtained for PPE at 500 μg (9.1 mm). The haemorrhagic and ulcerative
lesion decreased and completely disappeared in PPE supplemented group with no mortality through 14
days of treatment compared to positive control. G3"PPE supplemented diet” and G5 "oxytetracyclin
supplemented diet" had significantly higher RBCs, Hb, serum lysozyme and phagocytic activity beside
slightly histopathological alterations after period of treatment when compared with (G2). Therefore,
we suggest that PPE supplemented diet following challenge with A. hydrophila restores the altered
hematological parameters, and improve the immune system in C. gariepinus and can be nearly
considered to be as equally potent as the oxytetracyclin antibiotic.
development of a massive production is linked to the outbreak of diseases and the abuse of antibiotics, that is to avoid because
of the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. For these reasons recently probiotics are used as alternative measures to control the
fish diseases. Fish possess specific intestinal microbiota consisting of aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic
bacteria so we make this study in order to find some probiotic candidates that have an antagonistic action against fish
pathogens. Adults of Sparus aurata farmed in intensive plant were sacrificed and 40 bacterial strains were isolated from GI
tract. All the strains were tested against three fish pathogens: Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida
and Pseudomonas anguilliseptica. Results showed that only 3 candidates respectively called (SA7, SA10, and SA20) showed
an inhibitory activity against the selected fish pathogens bacteria. The candidates probionts were identified by the 16S rRNA
gene sequenced-based. The three candidates inhibited the Gram negative fish pathogens after 24 -48 h of incubation at 24°C
and for these reasons could be used as probiotics to added into the food to enhance the immune defence of fish.
immune responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following feeding with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
spores at concentrations of 1 106 (G3) and 1 104 (G2) colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of feed
compared with a basal diet with no probiotics (G1). A total of 180 fingerlings (27.7 ± 0.22 g) were divided
into three groups (G1eG3 of 20 fish per group) in triplicate. Innate immunities were measured every two
weeks based on serum bactericidal activity, lysozyme activity, a nitric oxide assay (mmo/l) and phagocytic
activity, and the expressions of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF a) were
examined after one month. Moreover, the survival of tilapia upon challenge with Yersinia ruckeri or
Clostridium perfringens type D was determined at the end of feeding trial. After 15 d, the serum killing
percentages and phagocytic activities were significantly higher in G3 than in G1 and G2, whereas the
same parameters had significantly higher values in G3 and G2 than in G1 after 30 d. After both 15 d and
30 d, the lysozyme activities and nitric oxide assay results (mmo/l) were significantly higher in G3 than
G2, and the lowest values were observed in G1. The percentage of serum killing, serum nitric oxide and
serum lysozyme activity were significantly increased by the time of B. amyloliquefaciens administration
independently of the probiotic dose, and the phagocytic activity percentage was significantly decreased
at the end of the experiment. Dietary B. amyloliquefaciens caused significant increases in IL-1 and TNF a
mRNA levels in the kidneys in the following pattern: G3 > G2 > G1. Fish that were fed B. amyloliquefaciens
exhibited better relative survival percentages than the controls when challenged by Y. ruckeri or C.
perfringens type D. Dietary supplementation with B. amyloliquefaciens improves immune status and
disease resistance in Nile tilapia.
in aquaculture. The present study was performed to evaluate the use of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
as a probiotic bacteria in the diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. A
total of 180 fingerlings (9.4 ± 0.3 g) were divided into three groups (G1–G3 of 20 fish per
group) in triplicate. G1 was fed a basal diet with no probiotic as the control group, while G2
and G3 were fed B. amyloliquefaciens spores at concentrations of 1 9 104 and 1 9 106
colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of feed, respectively. After 30 days, G3 showed
significant improvements in body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate
(SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with G1 and G2. At the end of the
feeding period (60 days), both G2 and G3 had significantly higher FBW, WG, SGR, FCR
and protein efficacy ratio compared with the control. The increase in the probiotic level in
the diet increased the heights of the intestinal villi, especially in the proximal part of the
intestine. In G3, the proximal and distal parts had significantly higher numbers of mucussecreting
cells (goblet cells) than in G2 and G1. There were significantly more intraepithelial
lymphocytes (IEL) in the intestine in G3 compared with the control in all parts of
the intestines, whereas G2 had significantly more IELs than the control in only the distal
part of the intestine. B. amyloliquefaciens had no harmful effects on glucose levels, and
increased the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin content and hematocrit. High
levels of the probiotic (G3) had better effects than lower levels (G2) on serum total protein
and globulin levels. The protein contents of the whole body in G3 and G2 were higher than
those of the control group. The highest body fat content was recorded in G3, followed by
G2. These results indicate that the use B. amyloliquefaciens as a feed supplement is
beneficial to O. niloticus.
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Three-hundred-sixty fingerlings (mean mass ± SD = 8.7 ± 0.4 g) were separated
into three groups (G1, G2, and G3) of 120 fish; G1 (control group) was fed a basal diet, whereas G2 and G3 were fed
prebiotic-supplemented diets at final levels of 1.5 and 3.0 g/kg feed, respectively. Each group was subdivided into two
subgroups: subgroup A was fed for 60 d to evaluate growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphometry,
and body composition; and subgroup B was fed for 30 d to evaluate immune status and disease resistance. The best
growth and feed utilization were observed in G3. There was no significant difference in final body weight or weight
gain between G2 and G1 after 30 d, whereas both variables were significantly higher in G2 than in G1 after 60 d. At
the end of the feeding period, G2 had a better feed conversion ratio than G1. Villus height, number of goblet cells, and
number of intraepithelial lymphocytes were greatest in G3, followed by G2 and then G1.Whole-body protein content
and fat content were higher in G3 than in G2 and G1. Only G3 had significantly higher serum total protein, albumin,
and globulin than G1. Serum killing percentage and phagocytic activity were significantly higher in G3 than in G1
and G2, whereas serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in G3 and G2 than in G1. The nitric oxide assay
indicated a significant effect in G3 compared with G1 after 30 d. Fish that were fed the prebiotic mixture had better
relative percent survival than G1 fish after challenge with Yersinia ruckeri. Dietary supplementation with β-G and
MOS in combination improves the performance of Nile Tilapia.
used are oxytetracycline (OTC) and florfenicol (FLO) due to their high potency against bacterial
diseases. Sixty Oreochromis niloticus (20± 0.09 g) were divided into 3 groups (20 fish/group) in
duplicate. Group 1 was fed a basal diet as the control group, while group 2 and 3 were fed basal
diet supplemented with Oxytetracycline at 100 mg kg1 diet and Florfenicol at 5 mg kg1 body
weight, respectively. After 12 weeks of feeding, group 3 showed a significant increase in the final
body weight, and weight gain when compared with the control group. Group 3 did not show significant
differences in immunoglobulin M (IgM) total levels with an insignificant decrease in phagocytic
activity when compared to the control group. All groups showed significant increase in
Lysozyme activity. Group 3 did not show significant difference in Alanine aminotransferase
(ALT) activity compared to the control group, while group 2 showed the highest values of Aspartate
Transaminase (AST) activity than other groups. The highest value of urea was shown in group
2, while there was a decrease in the value of creatinine in the treated groups than the control. Histopathological
examination revealed pathological alterations in liver and kidney of the treated
groups. After a withdrawal period of 15 days the OTC and FLO residues in O. niloticus muscle were
within the permissible limit of Commission Regulation, EU (2010). In conclusion, Florfenicol at
5 mg kg1 body weight is more safe in its effect on Oreochromis niloticus.
Abbasa fish hatchery were used to investigate the toxicological effect of zinc sulphate
(ZnSo4). The 96hrs LC 50 of Zinc sulphate in O. niloticus fingerlings was 545.6 mg/L.
The fish exposed to acute toxicity showed hyper excitability and fighting against each
other, skin surface carry excessive amounts of mucus, while dark color skin showed at
chronic toxicity. O. niloticus exposed to 1/10 96 hrs LC50 (54.4 mg/L) and 1/20 96 hrs
LC50 (27.25 mg/L) of zinc sulphate showed a significant decrease of Hb, RBCs and
PCV % while a significant increase of ALT, AST, Urea, Creatinine and Cortisol were
observed. The residues of zinc in muscle and gills of tested O. niloticus were time and
concentrations dependant.
be responsible for promising antimicrobial activities. This study investigates the in vitro and i n vivo
antimicrobial activity of punica peel hydroalcholic extract (PPE), powder and oxytetracyclin in
Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Fish were
divided into five groups; G1 “negative control” was injected with 1 ml of Trybtic soya broth (TSB).
G2, G3, G4 and G5 were injected intraperitoneally (I/P) with 1 ml (1.5 × 108 CFU) A. hydrophila till
appearance of clinical signs. After 4 days to the medicated diets were introduced. The results showed
the highest inhibition zone obtained for PPE at 500 μg (9.1 mm). The haemorrhagic and ulcerative
lesion decreased and completely disappeared in PPE supplemented group with no mortality through 14
days of treatment compared to positive control. G3"PPE supplemented diet” and G5 "oxytetracyclin
supplemented diet" had significantly higher RBCs, Hb, serum lysozyme and phagocytic activity beside
slightly histopathological alterations after period of treatment when compared with (G2). Therefore,
we suggest that PPE supplemented diet following challenge with A. hydrophila restores the altered
hematological parameters, and improve the immune system in C. gariepinus and can be nearly
considered to be as equally potent as the oxytetracyclin antibiotic.
development of a massive production is linked to the outbreak of diseases and the abuse of antibiotics, that is to avoid because
of the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. For these reasons recently probiotics are used as alternative measures to control the
fish diseases. Fish possess specific intestinal microbiota consisting of aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic
bacteria so we make this study in order to find some probiotic candidates that have an antagonistic action against fish
pathogens. Adults of Sparus aurata farmed in intensive plant were sacrificed and 40 bacterial strains were isolated from GI
tract. All the strains were tested against three fish pathogens: Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida
and Pseudomonas anguilliseptica. Results showed that only 3 candidates respectively called (SA7, SA10, and SA20) showed
an inhibitory activity against the selected fish pathogens bacteria. The candidates probionts were identified by the 16S rRNA
gene sequenced-based. The three candidates inhibited the Gram negative fish pathogens after 24 -48 h of incubation at 24°C
and for these reasons could be used as probiotics to added into the food to enhance the immune defence of fish.
immune responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following feeding with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
spores at concentrations of 1 106 (G3) and 1 104 (G2) colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of feed
compared with a basal diet with no probiotics (G1). A total of 180 fingerlings (27.7 ± 0.22 g) were divided
into three groups (G1eG3 of 20 fish per group) in triplicate. Innate immunities were measured every two
weeks based on serum bactericidal activity, lysozyme activity, a nitric oxide assay (mmo/l) and phagocytic
activity, and the expressions of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF a) were
examined after one month. Moreover, the survival of tilapia upon challenge with Yersinia ruckeri or
Clostridium perfringens type D was determined at the end of feeding trial. After 15 d, the serum killing
percentages and phagocytic activities were significantly higher in G3 than in G1 and G2, whereas the
same parameters had significantly higher values in G3 and G2 than in G1 after 30 d. After both 15 d and
30 d, the lysozyme activities and nitric oxide assay results (mmo/l) were significantly higher in G3 than
G2, and the lowest values were observed in G1. The percentage of serum killing, serum nitric oxide and
serum lysozyme activity were significantly increased by the time of B. amyloliquefaciens administration
independently of the probiotic dose, and the phagocytic activity percentage was significantly decreased
at the end of the experiment. Dietary B. amyloliquefaciens caused significant increases in IL-1 and TNF a
mRNA levels in the kidneys in the following pattern: G3 > G2 > G1. Fish that were fed B. amyloliquefaciens
exhibited better relative survival percentages than the controls when challenged by Y. ruckeri or C.
perfringens type D. Dietary supplementation with B. amyloliquefaciens improves immune status and
disease resistance in Nile tilapia.
in aquaculture. The present study was performed to evaluate the use of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
as a probiotic bacteria in the diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. A
total of 180 fingerlings (9.4 ± 0.3 g) were divided into three groups (G1–G3 of 20 fish per
group) in triplicate. G1 was fed a basal diet with no probiotic as the control group, while G2
and G3 were fed B. amyloliquefaciens spores at concentrations of 1 9 104 and 1 9 106
colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of feed, respectively. After 30 days, G3 showed
significant improvements in body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate
(SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with G1 and G2. At the end of the
feeding period (60 days), both G2 and G3 had significantly higher FBW, WG, SGR, FCR
and protein efficacy ratio compared with the control. The increase in the probiotic level in
the diet increased the heights of the intestinal villi, especially in the proximal part of the
intestine. In G3, the proximal and distal parts had significantly higher numbers of mucussecreting
cells (goblet cells) than in G2 and G1. There were significantly more intraepithelial
lymphocytes (IEL) in the intestine in G3 compared with the control in all parts of
the intestines, whereas G2 had significantly more IELs than the control in only the distal
part of the intestine. B. amyloliquefaciens had no harmful effects on glucose levels, and
increased the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin content and hematocrit. High
levels of the probiotic (G3) had better effects than lower levels (G2) on serum total protein
and globulin levels. The protein contents of the whole body in G3 and G2 were higher than
those of the control group. The highest body fat content was recorded in G3, followed by
G2. These results indicate that the use B. amyloliquefaciens as a feed supplement is
beneficial to O. niloticus.
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Three-hundred-sixty fingerlings (mean mass ± SD = 8.7 ± 0.4 g) were separated
into three groups (G1, G2, and G3) of 120 fish; G1 (control group) was fed a basal diet, whereas G2 and G3 were fed
prebiotic-supplemented diets at final levels of 1.5 and 3.0 g/kg feed, respectively. Each group was subdivided into two
subgroups: subgroup A was fed for 60 d to evaluate growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphometry,
and body composition; and subgroup B was fed for 30 d to evaluate immune status and disease resistance. The best
growth and feed utilization were observed in G3. There was no significant difference in final body weight or weight
gain between G2 and G1 after 30 d, whereas both variables were significantly higher in G2 than in G1 after 60 d. At
the end of the feeding period, G2 had a better feed conversion ratio than G1. Villus height, number of goblet cells, and
number of intraepithelial lymphocytes were greatest in G3, followed by G2 and then G1.Whole-body protein content
and fat content were higher in G3 than in G2 and G1. Only G3 had significantly higher serum total protein, albumin,
and globulin than G1. Serum killing percentage and phagocytic activity were significantly higher in G3 than in G1
and G2, whereas serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in G3 and G2 than in G1. The nitric oxide assay
indicated a significant effect in G3 compared with G1 after 30 d. Fish that were fed the prebiotic mixture had better
relative percent survival than G1 fish after challenge with Yersinia ruckeri. Dietary supplementation with β-G and
MOS in combination improves the performance of Nile Tilapia.
used are oxytetracycline (OTC) and florfenicol (FLO) due to their high potency against bacterial
diseases. Sixty Oreochromis niloticus (20± 0.09 g) were divided into 3 groups (20 fish/group) in
duplicate. Group 1 was fed a basal diet as the control group, while group 2 and 3 were fed basal
diet supplemented with Oxytetracycline at 100 mg kg1 diet and Florfenicol at 5 mg kg1 body
weight, respectively. After 12 weeks of feeding, group 3 showed a significant increase in the final
body weight, and weight gain when compared with the control group. Group 3 did not show significant
differences in immunoglobulin M (IgM) total levels with an insignificant decrease in phagocytic
activity when compared to the control group. All groups showed significant increase in
Lysozyme activity. Group 3 did not show significant difference in Alanine aminotransferase
(ALT) activity compared to the control group, while group 2 showed the highest values of Aspartate
Transaminase (AST) activity than other groups. The highest value of urea was shown in group
2, while there was a decrease in the value of creatinine in the treated groups than the control. Histopathological
examination revealed pathological alterations in liver and kidney of the treated
groups. After a withdrawal period of 15 days the OTC and FLO residues in O. niloticus muscle were
within the permissible limit of Commission Regulation, EU (2010). In conclusion, Florfenicol at
5 mg kg1 body weight is more safe in its effect on Oreochromis niloticus.
Abbasa fish hatchery were used to investigate the toxicological effect of zinc sulphate
(ZnSo4). The 96hrs LC 50 of Zinc sulphate in O. niloticus fingerlings was 545.6 mg/L.
The fish exposed to acute toxicity showed hyper excitability and fighting against each
other, skin surface carry excessive amounts of mucus, while dark color skin showed at
chronic toxicity. O. niloticus exposed to 1/10 96 hrs LC50 (54.4 mg/L) and 1/20 96 hrs
LC50 (27.25 mg/L) of zinc sulphate showed a significant decrease of Hb, RBCs and
PCV % while a significant increase of ALT, AST, Urea, Creatinine and Cortisol were
observed. The residues of zinc in muscle and gills of tested O. niloticus were time and
concentrations dependant.