MariaCaterina La Barbera
CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Spanish National Research Council), CCHS-Instituto de Filosofia, Ramón y Cajal Research Fellow
PhD in Human Rights from the University of Palermo, Italy (2008). I am Tenured Scientist at the Institute of Philosophy of the Spanish National Research Council/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). I have teaching and research experience in Spanish and foreign institutions, including the University of Palermo (Italy), University of California-Berkeley (US), Center for Human and Social Sciences of CSIC, Center for Political and Constitutional Studies of Madrid, UNED, Complutense University, University Carlos III of Madrid and Nebrija University. My field of research is Feminist Philosophy of Law. My research interests lie in between Gender Studies, Intersectionality Studies, Critical Theory, and International Migration Studies. In my publications I adopt an interdisciplinary approach to address issues related to human rights, intersectionality, social change, equality and non-discrimination policies, policy implementation, migration and integration policies, citizenship and belonging, identity formation, diversity among women, autonomy vs cultural practices. I am the author of the monograph “Multicentered Feminism” (Compostampa 2009) and "Hacia la implementación de la interseccionalidad" (Aranzadi 2020). I edited the volumes “Identity and Migration in Europe” (Springer 2015), “Igualdad de género y no discriminación en España” (CEPC 2016), “Challenging the Borders of Justice in the Age of Migrations” (Springer 2019). I am also author of numerous publications in indexed journals such as Law & Society Review, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Policy and Society, among others, and chapters of books (in English, Spanish and Italian). I have been PI of 7 competitive research projects on gender, migration and human rights, and participated in numerous national and international R&D as a team member. I am currently member of the Berkeley Center on Comparative Equality and Anti-Discrimination Law and Gender Equality Policy in Practice. I regularly serve as a peer reviewer for research agencies and indexed journals. For more information: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2065-6686
Address: Instituto de Filosofía - CSIC (Spanish National Research Council)
c/ Albasanz 26-28
28037 MADRID
Spain
Address: Instituto de Filosofía - CSIC (Spanish National Research Council)
c/ Albasanz 26-28
28037 MADRID
Spain
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In a time when national interests are structurally overvalued and borders increasingly strengthened, it’s a breath of fresh air to read a book in which migration flows are not changed into a threat. We simply cannot understand the world around us through the lens of the ‘migration crisis’-a message the authors of this book have perfectly understood. Aimed at a strong link between theories of global justice and policies of border control, this timely book combines the normative and empirical to deeply question the way our territorial boundaries are justified.
Professor Ronald Tinnevelt, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
This book is essential reading for those frustrated by the limitations of the dominant ways of thinking about global justice especially in relation to migration. By bringing together discussions of global justice, cosmopolitan political theory and migration, this collection of essays has the potential to transform the way in which we think and debate the critical issues of membership and movement. Together they present a critical interdisciplinary approach to international migration, human rights and global justice, challenging disciplinary borders as well as political ones.
Professor Phil Cole, University of the West of England, UK
Foreword: Lasse Thomassen.- Chapter 1: Introduction: MariaCaterina La Barbera.- Section I Identity and Cultural Diversity: Conceptual Entanglements : Chapter 2: Toward a New Lexicon and a Conceptual Grammar to Understand the "Multicultural Issue"; Giovanni Bombelli.- Chapter 3: Negotiation of Identities and Negotiation of Values in Multicultural Societies: Francesco Viola.- Section II Identity and Marginalization: Migrants as the Other: Chapter 4: Has Multiculturalism Failed in Europe? Migration Policies, State of Emergency, and Their Impact on Migrants' Identities in Italy: Lorenzo Ferrante.- Chapter 5: Intersectional Constructions of (Non-)Belonging in Transnational Context: Biographical Narratives of Muslim Migrant Women in Germany: Anil Al-Rebohlz.- Section III Identity and Rights: How Law Shapes Identity.: Chapter 6: The Self and the Other in Post-Modern European Societies: Daniele Ruggiu.- Chapter 7: Processes of Constructing and Deconstructing Gender Identities in Contemporary Migrations: Roberto Solone Boccardi.- Section IV Identity and Home: Subjectivities on the Move: Chapter 8: Origins, Journey, and Home: the Issue of Identity in Three Diasporic African-Indian Women Writers: Lisa Caputo.- Chapter 9: The Concept of Mobility in Migration Processes: The Subjectivity of Moving towards a Better Life: Inbal Ofer.- Section V Identity and Membership: Where to Belong: Chapter 10: An Artistic Journey Through the Experiences of Refugee and Migrant Women in London: Nela Milic.- Chapter 11: Between Territoriality, Identity, and Politics: The External Vote of Ecuadorians in Madrid: Gabriel Echeverria.- Section VI Identity and Differentiation: Strategies of (Dis)Identification: Chapter 12: When Your CV is to be a Latina Woman; Re-articulation of Stereotypes and Re-construction of Identity of Ecuadorian Women Working in the Care Sector: Paloma More Corral.- Chapter 13: Negotiating Identity: How Religion Matters After All for Immigrants and Refugees in Luxemburg: Lucie Waltzer: Section VII Identity and Symbols: Oppositional Self-Representations: Chapter 14: Veiling and Revealing Identity: The Linguistic Representation of the Hijab in the British Press: Ghufran Khir Allah.- Chapter 15: Narratives of Spanish Muslim Women on the Hijab as a Tool to Assert Identity: Salam Adlbi Sibai.
Bringing marginalized feminist perspectives to the core, I adopted the concept of intersectionality to analyze the very notion of gender and uncovered that it is inextricably linked to other elements that shape social identity, such as race, sexuality, disability, religion, class, and citizen/alien status. I used the concept of “intersectional gender” to capture gender as a factor located and contexted, as well as interconnected with the other elements that shape social location and identification. I argued that intersectional gender is a crucial concept for approaching cultural differences in Western countries, while protecting gender equality.
From this theoretical standpoint, I focused on the Female Circumcision/Genital Mutilation/Surgery/Cutting discourse, analyzing the terminology, the current legislation, and the socio-symbolic meanings of these practices. I compared these rituals with some Western practices, such as male circumcision, Victorian clitoridectomy, breast implantation, designer vagina, and intersex surgery. Several questions guided my analysis. The first group of questions was oriented at understanding these ritual practices beyond the mainstream medicalized (and purportedly neutral) Western representation. These included: how should we properly name these ritual interventions? What is their social meaning? Do ritual female genital interventions gain a different meaning in the Western context? Are female genital interventions an African anomaly? Are they comparable to breast implantation? To what extent are ritual female genital interventions different from male circumcision? The second set of questions was oriented at understanding how the legal framework is useful to tackle such a complex issue without producing the unintended effect of making migrant African women in Western countries even more vulnerable. The main questions were: Is criminal law an effective tool? Which is the symbolic function of law? What lessons could be learnt from anti-FGM banning failures enforced by colonial powers in African countries? How does law shape the perception of social phenomena? How could liberal Western societies differently regulate these practices? Why did the proposal of symbolic circumcision fail in Western countries?
To revisit the mainstream liberal Western discourse on the so-called female genital mutilation the very name of “female genital mutilation” had to be questioned. The practicing populations do not perceive these practices as maiming or mutilating, but as a rite of purification, sanitization, and beautification. In order to avoid a colonialist-like approach, I adopted the term “ritual female genital interventions”. By adding “ritual”, I alluded to the cultural and ethnic dimensions of this body modification; by using the plural form, my goal was to underline the plurality of typologies (circumcision, excision, and infibulation) included under this entry. Finally, by using “interventions”, I enabled the comparison with Western cosmetic interventions.
As a second step, I analyzed in detail the anti-FGM legislation of the United Kingdom, France, Italy and the United States, which condemn and foresee prosecution for any kind of ritual female genital intervention. Regulation of ritual interventions on female genitalia in Western countries raises very controversial issues that entails biopower over female body and reveals crucial unresolved tensions between gender equality, self-determination, and cultural diversity. Contributing to the broader debate about criminal law and the discipline of female body, in the analysis of anti-FGM laws that have been adopted to the end of eliminating gender-based violence I used the concept of intersectional gender as a category of analysis. I finally questioned the adequacy of “gender-based violence” as a concept useful to tackle the complexity at stake. The analysis of legislation focuses on how the problem of ritual interventions on female genitalia has been represented and which solutions have been proposed in the selected countries, showing their inconsistencies and biases. The study also considers the dissenting voices that are excluded from the hegemonic discourse fuelled into legislation, focusing in particular on the proposal of “circumcision without cutting” in the United States and Italy.
The final goal of my PhD dissertation was to uncover how the legislation adopted with the purpose of combating gender-based violence, in turn, generated new forms of vulnerability for African descent women in Western countries. It called for a more complex articulation of gender along with migration status, ethnicity and neo-colonial power relations. This articulation is needed to adequately regulate ritual interventions on female genitalia in countries that receive immigration flows.
Our analysis shows that the IACtHR refers to different meanings of gender discrimination in the interpretation of the facts, on the one hand, and in the reparation and non-repetition measures, on the other. Our findings allow us to suggest that the pathway to strengthen the role of the Inter-American Court towards the elimination of gender structural discrimination is to issue transformative reparations that include the reforms of the legal and institutional gender-blind framework that maintain and reproduce such discrimination. This study is not only relevant for the Inter-American systems but also for the European Court of Human Rights and the African Court on Human and People’s Rights that can use the IACtHR jurisprudence as a model.
durante mucho tiempo el canal principal para alcanzar la
plena integración social. Más recientemente se han propuesto
interpretaciones en las cuales la adquisición de la
nacionalidad en el país de residencia obedecería a razones
instrumentales desligadas del sentido de pertenencia. El objetivo
de este capítulo es analizar el régimen de ciudadanía
español teniendo en cuenta la relación entre motivaciones
estratégicas y sentido de pertenencia. En él se explora el significado
de la ciudadanía a nivel individual y se distinguen
dos dimensiones: una práctica ligada al deseo de conseguir
pleno acceso a los derechos, y otra afectiva ligada al sentido
de pertenencia, tanto hacia el país de origen como al de
residencia. Los resultados muestran que las motivaciones
estratégicas y el sentido de pertenencia no son factores mutuamente
excluyentes, sino intrínsecamente conectados.
de Derechos Humanos en materia de discriminación
de género. En la primera parte examinamos la polisemia de la
categoría género y distinguimos tres enfoques: el de las mujeres
como grupo desaventajado (enfoque de mujeres); el que pone
el acento en la estructura social discriminatoria (enfoque de
género); y el que se dirige a la estructura social compleja que
interactúa con otros factores de discriminación (enfoque de la
interseccionalidad). La segunda parte está dedicada al análisis
de tres casos emblemáticos: Campo Algodonero, Atala Riffo y
Gonzales Lluy. Exploramos qué dimensiones subyacen a la identificación
de la violación de derechos humanos y sus causas,
por un lado, y a las medidas de reparación y no repetición, por
el otro. El objetivo es destacar los avances de la jurisprudencia
interamericana en materia de discriminación estructural de
género y proponer posibles desarrollos futuros.
Aunque el discurso de la vulnerabilidad es cada vez más frecuente en jurisprudencia, convenciones y recomendaciones internacionales, su significado está aún lejos de ser unívoco y coherente. Este trabajo analiza el concepto a de la vulnerabilidad en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) de los últimos quince años. El objetivo es contribuir al debate académico sobre la vulnerabilidad como categoría que permite relacionar las violaciones de derechos humanos con sus causas estructurales en la praxis judicial, abriendo el camino hacía una protección sustantiva de los derechos humanos. Se destacan dos límites fundamentales del concepto de vulnerabilidad manejado por el TEDH: por un lado, la falta general de medidas positivas requeridas al Estado condenado y, por el otro, el uso de una noción naturalizada y homogeneizadora de grupo vulnerable. Finalmente, a través del análisis de la categoría de «vulnerabilidad específica», se identifica en el enfoque de la interseccionalidad un criterio interpretativo útil para explotar la potencialidad del concepto de vulnerabilidad en la praxis judicial del Consejo de Europa.
This article addresses equality between women and men as a fundamental principle of the Rule of Law. The three interconnected dimensions of equality between women and men that are contained in the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) are here illustrated. CEDAW does not restrain its focus to the formal dimension of equality or equality before the law. It points to the need to address the substantive dimension of equality, or equality de facto, and indicates the positive measures needed to this end. The conception of equality contained in the CEDAW appeals to the transformative dimension of equality, that is to say, it aims to eliminate stereotypes and social structures that harm women and to transform society as a whole in egalitarian terms. Following recent recommendations of CEDAW Committee, the need to consider women's discrimination as the result of the intersection of gender structures with other interconnected axes of inequality is finally pointed out.
multilevel European legal order shape social policies. By using an interdisciplinary approach to
comparative policy analysis that investigates policy implementation through the critical study of
judicial litigation, the article analyses the case of García Mateos on work‒life balance in its
different stages before Spanish and supranational courts. It shows that the implementation of
work‒life balance policy through litigation in Spain is a “long and winding road” paved with
discursive and material opportunities and obstacles. While multiple pressures, actors, and framings
at different governmental levels contributed to a favourable judicial decision on gender equality,
norms about the gendered division of labour limited its transformative potential.
In a time when national interests are structurally overvalued and borders increasingly strengthened, it’s a breath of fresh air to read a book in which migration flows are not changed into a threat. We simply cannot understand the world around us through the lens of the ‘migration crisis’-a message the authors of this book have perfectly understood. Aimed at a strong link between theories of global justice and policies of border control, this timely book combines the normative and empirical to deeply question the way our territorial boundaries are justified.
Professor Ronald Tinnevelt, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
This book is essential reading for those frustrated by the limitations of the dominant ways of thinking about global justice especially in relation to migration. By bringing together discussions of global justice, cosmopolitan political theory and migration, this collection of essays has the potential to transform the way in which we think and debate the critical issues of membership and movement. Together they present a critical interdisciplinary approach to international migration, human rights and global justice, challenging disciplinary borders as well as political ones.
Professor Phil Cole, University of the West of England, UK
Foreword: Lasse Thomassen.- Chapter 1: Introduction: MariaCaterina La Barbera.- Section I Identity and Cultural Diversity: Conceptual Entanglements : Chapter 2: Toward a New Lexicon and a Conceptual Grammar to Understand the "Multicultural Issue"; Giovanni Bombelli.- Chapter 3: Negotiation of Identities and Negotiation of Values in Multicultural Societies: Francesco Viola.- Section II Identity and Marginalization: Migrants as the Other: Chapter 4: Has Multiculturalism Failed in Europe? Migration Policies, State of Emergency, and Their Impact on Migrants' Identities in Italy: Lorenzo Ferrante.- Chapter 5: Intersectional Constructions of (Non-)Belonging in Transnational Context: Biographical Narratives of Muslim Migrant Women in Germany: Anil Al-Rebohlz.- Section III Identity and Rights: How Law Shapes Identity.: Chapter 6: The Self and the Other in Post-Modern European Societies: Daniele Ruggiu.- Chapter 7: Processes of Constructing and Deconstructing Gender Identities in Contemporary Migrations: Roberto Solone Boccardi.- Section IV Identity and Home: Subjectivities on the Move: Chapter 8: Origins, Journey, and Home: the Issue of Identity in Three Diasporic African-Indian Women Writers: Lisa Caputo.- Chapter 9: The Concept of Mobility in Migration Processes: The Subjectivity of Moving towards a Better Life: Inbal Ofer.- Section V Identity and Membership: Where to Belong: Chapter 10: An Artistic Journey Through the Experiences of Refugee and Migrant Women in London: Nela Milic.- Chapter 11: Between Territoriality, Identity, and Politics: The External Vote of Ecuadorians in Madrid: Gabriel Echeverria.- Section VI Identity and Differentiation: Strategies of (Dis)Identification: Chapter 12: When Your CV is to be a Latina Woman; Re-articulation of Stereotypes and Re-construction of Identity of Ecuadorian Women Working in the Care Sector: Paloma More Corral.- Chapter 13: Negotiating Identity: How Religion Matters After All for Immigrants and Refugees in Luxemburg: Lucie Waltzer: Section VII Identity and Symbols: Oppositional Self-Representations: Chapter 14: Veiling and Revealing Identity: The Linguistic Representation of the Hijab in the British Press: Ghufran Khir Allah.- Chapter 15: Narratives of Spanish Muslim Women on the Hijab as a Tool to Assert Identity: Salam Adlbi Sibai.
Bringing marginalized feminist perspectives to the core, I adopted the concept of intersectionality to analyze the very notion of gender and uncovered that it is inextricably linked to other elements that shape social identity, such as race, sexuality, disability, religion, class, and citizen/alien status. I used the concept of “intersectional gender” to capture gender as a factor located and contexted, as well as interconnected with the other elements that shape social location and identification. I argued that intersectional gender is a crucial concept for approaching cultural differences in Western countries, while protecting gender equality.
From this theoretical standpoint, I focused on the Female Circumcision/Genital Mutilation/Surgery/Cutting discourse, analyzing the terminology, the current legislation, and the socio-symbolic meanings of these practices. I compared these rituals with some Western practices, such as male circumcision, Victorian clitoridectomy, breast implantation, designer vagina, and intersex surgery. Several questions guided my analysis. The first group of questions was oriented at understanding these ritual practices beyond the mainstream medicalized (and purportedly neutral) Western representation. These included: how should we properly name these ritual interventions? What is their social meaning? Do ritual female genital interventions gain a different meaning in the Western context? Are female genital interventions an African anomaly? Are they comparable to breast implantation? To what extent are ritual female genital interventions different from male circumcision? The second set of questions was oriented at understanding how the legal framework is useful to tackle such a complex issue without producing the unintended effect of making migrant African women in Western countries even more vulnerable. The main questions were: Is criminal law an effective tool? Which is the symbolic function of law? What lessons could be learnt from anti-FGM banning failures enforced by colonial powers in African countries? How does law shape the perception of social phenomena? How could liberal Western societies differently regulate these practices? Why did the proposal of symbolic circumcision fail in Western countries?
To revisit the mainstream liberal Western discourse on the so-called female genital mutilation the very name of “female genital mutilation” had to be questioned. The practicing populations do not perceive these practices as maiming or mutilating, but as a rite of purification, sanitization, and beautification. In order to avoid a colonialist-like approach, I adopted the term “ritual female genital interventions”. By adding “ritual”, I alluded to the cultural and ethnic dimensions of this body modification; by using the plural form, my goal was to underline the plurality of typologies (circumcision, excision, and infibulation) included under this entry. Finally, by using “interventions”, I enabled the comparison with Western cosmetic interventions.
As a second step, I analyzed in detail the anti-FGM legislation of the United Kingdom, France, Italy and the United States, which condemn and foresee prosecution for any kind of ritual female genital intervention. Regulation of ritual interventions on female genitalia in Western countries raises very controversial issues that entails biopower over female body and reveals crucial unresolved tensions between gender equality, self-determination, and cultural diversity. Contributing to the broader debate about criminal law and the discipline of female body, in the analysis of anti-FGM laws that have been adopted to the end of eliminating gender-based violence I used the concept of intersectional gender as a category of analysis. I finally questioned the adequacy of “gender-based violence” as a concept useful to tackle the complexity at stake. The analysis of legislation focuses on how the problem of ritual interventions on female genitalia has been represented and which solutions have been proposed in the selected countries, showing their inconsistencies and biases. The study also considers the dissenting voices that are excluded from the hegemonic discourse fuelled into legislation, focusing in particular on the proposal of “circumcision without cutting” in the United States and Italy.
The final goal of my PhD dissertation was to uncover how the legislation adopted with the purpose of combating gender-based violence, in turn, generated new forms of vulnerability for African descent women in Western countries. It called for a more complex articulation of gender along with migration status, ethnicity and neo-colonial power relations. This articulation is needed to adequately regulate ritual interventions on female genitalia in countries that receive immigration flows.
Our analysis shows that the IACtHR refers to different meanings of gender discrimination in the interpretation of the facts, on the one hand, and in the reparation and non-repetition measures, on the other. Our findings allow us to suggest that the pathway to strengthen the role of the Inter-American Court towards the elimination of gender structural discrimination is to issue transformative reparations that include the reforms of the legal and institutional gender-blind framework that maintain and reproduce such discrimination. This study is not only relevant for the Inter-American systems but also for the European Court of Human Rights and the African Court on Human and People’s Rights that can use the IACtHR jurisprudence as a model.
durante mucho tiempo el canal principal para alcanzar la
plena integración social. Más recientemente se han propuesto
interpretaciones en las cuales la adquisición de la
nacionalidad en el país de residencia obedecería a razones
instrumentales desligadas del sentido de pertenencia. El objetivo
de este capítulo es analizar el régimen de ciudadanía
español teniendo en cuenta la relación entre motivaciones
estratégicas y sentido de pertenencia. En él se explora el significado
de la ciudadanía a nivel individual y se distinguen
dos dimensiones: una práctica ligada al deseo de conseguir
pleno acceso a los derechos, y otra afectiva ligada al sentido
de pertenencia, tanto hacia el país de origen como al de
residencia. Los resultados muestran que las motivaciones
estratégicas y el sentido de pertenencia no son factores mutuamente
excluyentes, sino intrínsecamente conectados.
de Derechos Humanos en materia de discriminación
de género. En la primera parte examinamos la polisemia de la
categoría género y distinguimos tres enfoques: el de las mujeres
como grupo desaventajado (enfoque de mujeres); el que pone
el acento en la estructura social discriminatoria (enfoque de
género); y el que se dirige a la estructura social compleja que
interactúa con otros factores de discriminación (enfoque de la
interseccionalidad). La segunda parte está dedicada al análisis
de tres casos emblemáticos: Campo Algodonero, Atala Riffo y
Gonzales Lluy. Exploramos qué dimensiones subyacen a la identificación
de la violación de derechos humanos y sus causas,
por un lado, y a las medidas de reparación y no repetición, por
el otro. El objetivo es destacar los avances de la jurisprudencia
interamericana en materia de discriminación estructural de
género y proponer posibles desarrollos futuros.
Aunque el discurso de la vulnerabilidad es cada vez más frecuente en jurisprudencia, convenciones y recomendaciones internacionales, su significado está aún lejos de ser unívoco y coherente. Este trabajo analiza el concepto a de la vulnerabilidad en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) de los últimos quince años. El objetivo es contribuir al debate académico sobre la vulnerabilidad como categoría que permite relacionar las violaciones de derechos humanos con sus causas estructurales en la praxis judicial, abriendo el camino hacía una protección sustantiva de los derechos humanos. Se destacan dos límites fundamentales del concepto de vulnerabilidad manejado por el TEDH: por un lado, la falta general de medidas positivas requeridas al Estado condenado y, por el otro, el uso de una noción naturalizada y homogeneizadora de grupo vulnerable. Finalmente, a través del análisis de la categoría de «vulnerabilidad específica», se identifica en el enfoque de la interseccionalidad un criterio interpretativo útil para explotar la potencialidad del concepto de vulnerabilidad en la praxis judicial del Consejo de Europa.
This article addresses equality between women and men as a fundamental principle of the Rule of Law. The three interconnected dimensions of equality between women and men that are contained in the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) are here illustrated. CEDAW does not restrain its focus to the formal dimension of equality or equality before the law. It points to the need to address the substantive dimension of equality, or equality de facto, and indicates the positive measures needed to this end. The conception of equality contained in the CEDAW appeals to the transformative dimension of equality, that is to say, it aims to eliminate stereotypes and social structures that harm women and to transform society as a whole in egalitarian terms. Following recent recommendations of CEDAW Committee, the need to consider women's discrimination as the result of the intersection of gender structures with other interconnected axes of inequality is finally pointed out.
multilevel European legal order shape social policies. By using an interdisciplinary approach to
comparative policy analysis that investigates policy implementation through the critical study of
judicial litigation, the article analyses the case of García Mateos on work‒life balance in its
different stages before Spanish and supranational courts. It shows that the implementation of
work‒life balance policy through litigation in Spain is a “long and winding road” paved with
discursive and material opportunities and obstacles. While multiple pressures, actors, and framings
at different governmental levels contributed to a favourable judicial decision on gender equality,
norms about the gendered division of labour limited its transformative potential.
“Multicentered feminism” is described as a theoretical frame that incorporates the perspectives of women from the margins and underlines the interrelatedness of the different social categories that together create women’s subordination. Intersectionality is embraced as an approach to address the complex locationality of women who stake at the crossroad of interconnecting conditions of subordination. As a response to a long tradition of essentialism within feminist and race scholarship, the intersectionality approach focuses on the subjects that fall in-between the fixed and isolated categories used to examine social life. Intersectionality addresses the ways in which the structures of race, class, and gender shape women’s lives and influence their behavior. Since gender is a transversal but not a transcultural condition, it must be analyzed through the intersectional approach in order to avoid ethnocentric essentialization. Thinking about gender as connected, inter- and intra-acting with all the other social conditions, gender is conceived as inherently constituted and simultaneously shaped by race/ethnicity, culture/religion, and educational/occupational levels. The concept of “intersectional-gender” is proposed as an analytical category useful to conceptualize the formation and transformation of gender identities of women “in transit” whose locationality is extremely complex for their moving across different nation-states and communities and belonging to several groups at the same time.
Esta flagrante contradicción suscita una serie de interrogantes en relación con los actuales flujos migratorios que nos remiten a las condiciones de explotación y subordinación que, con frecuencia, padecen las personas migrantes en nuestros días. Aunque solamente fuera por ello, el estudio de las migraciones se torna sumamente relevante para rehacer, en el escenario contemporáneo de la globalización, una teoría comprensiva de la justicia social que dé cuenta de las diversas formas de discriminación y estratificación a escala global.
ADLBI SIBAI (2016), La cárcel del feminismo. Hacia un pensamiento islámico decolonial”, Akal, Madrid.
1. Poderes desiguales: crecimiento limitado y constelaciones eco-autoritarias
2. Espacios desiguales: crisis de pertenencia y conflictos de identidad
3. Estructuras y experiencias desiguales: fronteras, migraciones y exilios