research-article

Public Access

"Phantom Friend" or "Just a Box with Information": Personification and Ontological Categorization of Smart Speaker-based Voice Assistants by Older Adults

Authors:

Alisha Pradhan,

Leah Findlater,

Amanda LazarAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 3, Issue CSCW

Article No.: 214, Pages 1 - 21

https://doi.org/10.1145/3359316

Published: 07 November 2019 Publication History

Abstract

As voice-based conversational agents such as Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant move into our homes, researchers have studied the corresponding privacy implications, embeddedness in these complex social environments, and use by specific user groups. Yet it is unknown how users categorize these devices: are they thought of as just another object, like a toaster? As a social companion? Though past work hints to human-like attributes that are ported onto these devices, the anthropomorphization of voice assistants has not been studied in depth. Through a study deploying Amazon Echo Dot Devices in the homes of older adults, we provide a preliminary assessment of how individuals 1) perceive having social interactions with the voice agent, and 2) ontologically categorize the voice assistants. Our discussion contributes to an understanding of how well-developed theories of anthropomorphism apply to voice assistants, such as how the socioemotional context of the user (e.g., loneliness) drives increased anthropomorphism. We conclude with recommendations for designing voice assistants with the ontological category in mind, as well as implications for the design of technologies for social companionship for older adults.

References

[1]

Ali Abdolrahmani, Ravi Kuber, and Stacy M. Branham. 2018. "Siri Talks at You": An Empirical Investigation of Voice-Activated Personal Assistant (VAPA) Usage by Individuals Who Are Blind. In Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility - ASSETS '18, 249--258. https://doi.org/10.1145/3234695.3236344

[2]

Dante Arroyo, Yuichi Ishiguro, and Fumihide Tanaka. 2017. Design of a Home Telepresence Robot System for Supporting Childcare. In Companion of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17 Companion), 131--134. https://doi.org/10.1145/3022198.3026337

Digital Library

[3]

Uba Backonja, Amanda K. Hall, Ian Painter, Laura Kneale, Amanda Lazar, Maya Cakmak, Hilaire J. Thompson, and George Demiris. 2018. Comfort and Attitudes Towards Robots Among Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 50, 6: 623--633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12430

[4]

Marian R. Banks, Lisa M. Willoughby, and William A. Banks. 2008. Animal-Assisted Therapy and Loneliness in Nursing Homes: Use of Robotic versus Living Dogs. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 9, 3: 173--177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2007.11.007

[5]

J. M. Beer, C. Smarr, T. L. Chen, A. Prakash, T. L. Mitzner, C. C. Kemp, and W. A. Rogers. 2012. The domesticated robot: Design guidelines for assisting older adults to age in place. In 2012 7th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), 335--342. https://doi.org/10.1145/2157689.2157806

[6]

Caroline Bell, Cara Fausset, Sarah Farmer, Julie Nguyen, Linda Harley, and W. Bradley Fain. 2013. Examining Social Media Use Among Older Adults. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT '13), 158--163. https://doi.org/10.1145/2481492.2481509

Digital Library

[7]

Ann Bowling, Matthew Hankins, Gill Windle, Claudio Bilotta, and Robert Grant. 2013. A short measure of quality of life in older age: The performance of the brief Older People's Quality of Life questionnaire (OPQOL-brief). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 56, 1: 181--187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.08.012

[8]

Cynthia Breazeal. 2002. Designing Sociable Robots. MIT Press.

Digital Library

[9]

Robin N. Brewer, Leah Findlater, Joseph "Jofish" Kaye, Walter Lasecki, Cosmin Munteanu, and Astrid Weber. 2018. Accessible Voice Interfaces. In Companion of the 2018 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '18), 441--446. https://doi.org/10.1145/3272973.3273006

Digital Library

[10]

Ryan Calo. 2010. Robots and Privacy. Robot ethics: The ethical and social implications of robotics.

[11]

Clifford Ivar Nass, and Scott Brave. Wired for Speech | The MIT Press. MIT Press. Retrieved March 25, 2019 from https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wired-speech

[12]

Kate Darling. 2016. Extending Legal Protection to Social Robots: The Effects of Anthropomorphism, Empathy, and Violent Behavior Towards Robotic Objects. Robot Law, Calo, Froomkin, Kerr eds., Edward Elgar

[13]

K. Dautenhahn, S. Woods, C. Kaouri, M. L. Walters, and and I. Werry. 2005. What is a robot companion - friend, assistant or butler? In 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 1192--1197. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2005.1545189

[14]

George Demiris, Marilyn Rantz, Myra Aud, Karen Marek, Harry Tyrer, Marjorie Skubic, and Ali Hussam. 2004. Older adults' attitudes towards and perceptions of "smart home" technologies: a pilot study. Medical Informatics and the Internet in Medicine 29, 2: 87--94. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639230410001684387

[15]

George Demiris, Hilaire J Thompson, Amanda Lazar, and Shih-Yin Lin. Evaluation of a Digital Companion for Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, American Medical Informatics Association. 2016: 496.

[16]

Stefania Druga, Randi Williams, Cynthia Breazeal, and Mitchel Resnick. 2017. "Hey Google is It OK if I Eat You?": Initial Explorations in Child-Agent Interaction. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC '17), 595--600. https://doi.org/10.1145/3078072.3084330

Digital Library

[17]

Nicholas Epley, Adam Waytz, and John T. Cacioppo. 2007. On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review 114, 4: 864--886. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033--295X.114.4.864

[18]

Brian Epstein. 2018. Social Ontology. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.

[19]

Friederike Eyssel, Laura de Ruiter, Dieta Kuchenbrandt, Simon Bobinger, and Frank Hegel. 2012. "If you sound like me, you must be more human': On the interplay of robot and user features on human-robot acceptance and anthropomorphism. In 2012 7th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), 125--126. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2013.6650427

Digital Library

[20]

Google. Create a persona - Conversation design process - Conversation design. Retrieved April 2, 2019 from https://designguidelines.withgoogle.com/conversation/conversation-design-process/create-a-persona.html#create-a-persona-how-do-i-create-one

[21]

Andrea L. Guzman. 2019. Voices in and of the machine: Source orientation toward mobile virtual assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 90: 343--350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.009

[22]

Alexis Hope, Ted Schwaba, and Anne Marie Piper. 2014. Understanding digital and material social communications for older adults. In Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '14, 3903--3912. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557133

Digital Library

[23]

Dominik Hornung, Claudia Müller, Irina Shklovski, Timo Jakobi, and Volker Wulf. 2017. Navigating Relationships and Boundaries: Concerns around ICT-uptake for Elderly People. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '17, 7057--7069. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025859

Digital Library

[24]

Daniel J. Hruschka, Deborah Schwartz, Daphne Cobb St.John, Erin Picone-Decaro, Richard A. Jenkins, and James W. Carey. 2004. Reliability in Coding Open-Ended Data: Lessons Learned from HIV Behavioral Research. Field Methods 16, 3: 307--331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04266540

[25]

Christopher Brett Jaeger and Daniel T. Levin. 2016. If Asimo Thinks, Does Roomba Feel? The Legal Implications of Attributing Agency to Technology. Journal of Human-Robot Interaction 5, 3: 3--25.

Digital Library

[26]

Jenny Waycott, Frank Vetere, and Elizabeth Ozanne. Building Social Connections: A Framework for Enriching Older Adults' Social Connectedness Through Information and Communication Technologies. Ageing and Digital Technology.

[27]

Jennifer L. Jipson, Selin Gülgöz, and Susan A. Gelman. 2016. Parent--child conversations regarding the ontological status of a robotic dog. Cognitive Development 39: 21--35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.03.001

[28]

Raya A Jones. 2017. What makes a robot 'social' Social Studies of Science 47, 4: 556--579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312717704722

[29]

Joseph Coughlin. 2018. Alexa, Will You Be My Friend? When Artificial Intelligence Becomes Something More. Forbes. Retrieved March 28, 2019 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/josephcoughlin/2018/09/23/alexa-will-you-be-my-friend-when-artificial-intelligence-becomes-something-more/

[30]

Peter H. Kahn Jr., Aimee L. Reichert, Heather E. Gary, Takayuki Kanda, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Solace Shen, Jolina H. Ruckert, and Brian Gill. 2011. The New Ontological Category Hypothesis in Human-robot Interaction. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human-robot Interaction (HRI '11), 159--160. https://doi.org/10.1145/1957656.1957710

Digital Library

[31]

Masao Kanamori, Mizue Suzuki, and Misao Tanaka. 2002. Maintenance and improvement of quality of life among elderly patients using a pet-type robot. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 39, 2: 214--218.

[32]

Evangelos Karapanos, Jean-Bernard Martens, and Marc Hassenzahl. 2010. On the Retrospective Assessment of Users' Experiences over Time: Memory or Actuality? In CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '10), 4075--4080. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753846.1754105

Digital Library

[33]

Azmina Karimi and Carman Neustaedter. 2012. From high connectivity to social isolation: communication practices of older adults in the digital age. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Companion, 127--130. https://doi.org/10.1145/2141512.2141559

Digital Library

[34]

Kathy Charmaz. 2014. Constructing Grounded Theory. Sage Publications.

[35]

C. D. Kidd, W. Taggart, and S. Turkle. 2006. A sociable robot to encourage social interaction among the elderly. In Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006., 3972--3976. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2006.1642311

[36]

John Koetsier. 2018. Smart Speaker Users Growing 48% Annually, To Hit 90M In USA This Year. Forbes. Retrieved April 1, 2019 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2018/05/29/smart-speaker-users-growing-48-annually-will-outnumber-wearable-tech-users-this-year/

[37]

I. H. Kuo, J. M. Rabindran, E. Broadbent, Y. I. Lee, N. Kerse, R. M. Q. Stafford, and B. A. MacDonald. 2009. Age and gender factors in user acceptance of healthcare robots. In RO-MAN 2009 - The 18th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 214--219. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2009.5326292

[38]

Cliff Lampe, Bob Bauer, Henry Evans, Dave Robson, Tessa Lau, and Leila Takayama. 2016. Robots As Cooperative Partners... We Hope... In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing Companion (CSCW '16 Companion), 188--192. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818052.2893360

Digital Library

[39]

David R. Large and Gary Burnett. 2019. Life on the Road: Exposing Drivers' Tendency to Anthropomorphise In-Vehicle Technology. In Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018) (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing), 3--12.

[40]

Josephine Lau, Benjamin Zimmerman, and Florian Schaub. 2018. Alexa, Are You Listening?: Privacy Perceptions, Concerns and Privacy-seeking Behaviors with Smart Speakers. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW: 1--31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274371

Digital Library

[41]

Amanda Lazar, Mark Diaz, Robin Brewer, Chelsea Kim, and Anne Marie Piper. 2017. Going Gray, Failure to Hire, and the Ick Factor: Analyzing How Older Bloggers Talk About Ageism. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17), 655--668. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998275

Digital Library

[42]

Amanda Lazar, Christian Koehler, Joshua Tanenbaum, and David H. Nguyen. 2015. Why we use and abandon smart devices. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing - UbiComp '15, 635--646. https://doi.org/10.1145/2750858.2804288

Digital Library

[43]

Amanda Lazar, Hilaire J. Thompson, Shih-Yin Lin, and George Demiris. 2018. Negotiating Relation Work with Telehealth Home Care Companionship Technologies That Support Aging in Place. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2, CSCW: 103:1--103:19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274372

[44]

Amanda Lazar, Hilaire J. Thompson, Anne Marie Piper, and George Demiris. 2016. Rethinking the Design of Robotic Pets for Older Adults. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS '16), 1034--1046. https://doi.org/10.1145/2901790.2901811

Digital Library

[45]

Yuting Liao, Jessica Vitak, Priya Kumar, Michael Zimmer, and Katherine Kritikos. 2019. Understanding the Role of Privacy and Trust in Intelligent Personal Assistant Adoption. In Information in Contemporary Society (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), 102--113.

[46]

Irene Lopatovska and Harriet Williams. 2018. Personification of the Amazon Alexa: BFF or a Mindless Companion. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Human Information Interaction&Retrieval - CHIIR '18, 265--268. https://doi.org/10.1145/3176349.3176868

Digital Library

[47]

Michael Quinn Patton. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. Sage Publications.

[48]

Monica Anderson and Andrew Perrin. 2017. Barriers to adoption and attitudes towards tech among older Americans | Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 24, 2019 from https://www.pewinternet.org/2017/05/17/barriers-to-adoption-and-attitudes-towards-technology/

[49]

Hideyuki Nakanishi, Yuki Murakami, Daisuke Nogami, and Hiroshi Ishiguro. 2008. Minimum Movement Matters: Impact of Robot-mounted Cameras on Social Telepresence. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '08), 303--312. https://doi.org/10.1145/1460563.1460614

Digital Library

[50]

Clifford Nass and Youngme Moon. 2000. Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers. Journal of Social Issues 56, 1: 81--103. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022--4537.00153

[51]

Clifford Nass, Jonathan Steuer, and Ellen R. Tauber. 1994. Computers Are Social Actors. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '94), 72--78. https://doi.org/10.1145/191666.191703

Digital Library

[52]

Tatsuya Nomura. 2017. Robots and Gender. Gender and the Genome 1, 1: 18--26. https://doi.org/10.1089/gg.2016.29002.nom

[53]

Martin Porcheron, Joel E. Fischer, Moira McGregor, Barry Brown, Ewa Luger, Heloisa Candello, and Kenton O'Hara. 2017. Talking with Conversational Agents in Collaborative Action. In Companion of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing - CSCW '17 Companion, 431--436. https://doi.org/10.1145/3022198.3022666

[54]

Martin Porcheron, Joel E. Fischer, Stuart Reeves, and Sarah Sharples. 2018. Voice Interfaces in Everyday Life. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '18, 1--12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174214

Digital Library

[55]

François Portet, Michel Vacher, Caroline Golanski, Camille Roux, and Brigitte Meillon. 2013. Design and evaluation of a smart home voice interface for the elderly: acceptability and objection aspects. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 17, 1: 127--144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0470--5

Digital Library

[56]

Alisha Pradhan, Kanika Mehta, and Leah Findlater. 2018. "Accessibility Came by Accident": Use of Voice-Controlled Intelligent Personal Assistants by People with Disabilities. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18), 459:1--459:13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174033

Digital Library

[57]

Amanda Purington, Jessie G. Taft, Shruti Sannon, Natalya N. Bazarova, and Samuel Hardman Taylor. 2017. "Alexa is My New BFF": Social Roles, User Satisfaction, and Personification of the Amazon Echo. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '17), 2853--2859. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027063.3053246

Digital Library

[58]

Byron Reeves and Clifford Ivar Nass. 1996. The media equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, US.

Digital Library

[59]

Simon Robinson, Jennifer Pearson, Shashank Ahire, Rini Ahirwar, Bhakti Bhikne, Nimish Maravi, and Matt Jones. 2018. Revisiting "Hole in the Wall" Computing: Private Smart Speakers and Public Slum Settings. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18), 498:1--498:11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174072

Digital Library

[60]

S. Sabanovic, C. C. Bennett, W. Chang, and L. Huber. 2013. PARO robot affects diverse interaction modalities in group sensory therapy for older adults with dementia. In 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), 1--6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2013.6650427

[61]

Anara Sandygulova and Gregory MP O'Hare. 2018. Age-related Differences in Children's Associations and Preferences for a Robot's Gender. In Companion of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction - HRI '18, 235--236. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173386.3177077

Digital Library

[62]

Alex Sciuto, Arnita Saini, Jodi Forlizzi, and Jason I. Hong. 2018. "Hey Alexa, What's Up?": A Mixed-Methods Studies of In-Home Conversational Agent Usage. In Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '18), 857--868. https://doi.org/10.1145/3196709.3196772

Digital Library

[63]

Amanda Sharkey and Noel Sharkey. 2012. Granny and the robots: ethical issues in robot care for the elderly. Ethics and Information Technology 14, 1: 27--40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-010--9234--6

Digital Library

[64]

Lee Sproull, Mani Subramani, Sara Kiesler, Janet H. Walker, and Keith Waters. 1996. When the Interface Is a Face. Human-Computer Interaction 11, 2: 97--124. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1

Digital Library

[65]

Clare Thorp. 2018. I tried to make Alexa my best friend. BBC Three. Retrieved March 28, 2019 from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/5a0449e7--1b2b-46f6-bacf-0cdc5f196383

[66]

Victoria Turk. 2016. Home invasion. New Scientist 232, 3104: 16--17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262--4079(16)32318--1

[67]

Sherry Turkle. Connected, but alone? | Ted Talk. Retrieved June 18, 2019 from https://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_alone_together

[68]

UNESCO. 2019. I'd blush if I could: closing gender divides in digital skills through education. Retrieved June 18, 2019 from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367416.page=1

[69]

Alexandra Vtyurina and Adam Fourney. 2018. Exploring the Role of Conversational Cues in Guided Task Support with Virtual Assistants. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18), 208:1--208:7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173782

Digital Library

[70]

Ipke Wachsmuth. 2018. Robots Like Me: Challenges and Ethical Issues in Aged Care. Frontiers in Psychology 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00432

[71]

Wenhuan Wang. 2017. Smartphones as Social Actors? Social dispositional factors in assessing anthropomorphism. Computers in Human Behavior 68: 334--344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.022

Digital Library

Cited By

Gültekin MŞahin M(2024)The use of artificial intelligence in mental health services in Turkey: What do mental health professionals think?Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace10.5817/CP2024-1-618:1Online publication date: 1-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2024-1-6
Yan CJohnson KJones V(2024)The Impact of Interaction Time and Verbal Engagement with Personal Voice Assistants on Alleviating Loneliness among Older Adults: An Exploratory StudyInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health10.3390/ijerph2101010021:1(100)Online publication date: 16-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010100
Hellström TKaiser NBensch S(2024)A Taxonomy of Embodiment in the AI EraElectronics10.3390/electronics1322444113:22(4441)Online publication date: 13-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224441
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

"Phantom Friend" or "Just a Box with Information": Personification and Ontological Categorization of Smart Speaker-based Voice Assistants by Older Adults
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Ubiquitous and mobile computing
    1. Ubiquitous and mobile devices
      1. Personal digital assistants

Recommendations

"Alexa is a Toy": Exploring Older Adults' Reasons for Using, Limiting, and Abandoning Echo
CHI '20: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Intelligent voice assistants (IVAs) have the potential to support older adults' independent living. However, despite a growing body of research focusing on IVA use, we know little about why older adults become IVA non-users. This paper examines the ...
Use of Intelligent Voice Assistants by Older Adults with Low Technology Use
Special Issue on HCI and the Body:?Reimagining Women's Health and Regular Papers

Voice assistants embodied in smart speakers (e.g., Amazon Echo, Google Home) enable voice-based interaction that does not necessarily rely on expertise with mobile or desktop computing. Hence, these voice assistants offer new opportunities to different ...
An Empirical Study of Older Adult’s Voice Assistant Use for Health Information Seeking
Although voice assistants are increasingly being adopted by older adults, we lack empirical research on how they interact with these devices for health information seeking. Also, prior work shows how voice assistant responses can provide misleading or ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction Volume 3, Issue CSCW

November 2019

5026 pages

EISSN:2573-0142

DOI:10.1145/3371885

Editors:
Airi Lampinen
Stockholm University, Sweden
,
Darren Gergle
Northwestern University, USA
,
David A. Shamma
FXPAL, USA

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2019 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 07 November 2019

Published in PACMHCI Volume 3, Issue CSCW

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

131
Total Citations
View Citations
4,667
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)959
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)100

Reflects downloads up to 23 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Gültekin MŞahin M(2024)The use of artificial intelligence in mental health services in Turkey: What do mental health professionals think?Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace10.5817/CP2024-1-618:1Online publication date: 1-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2024-1-6
Yan CJohnson KJones V(2024)The Impact of Interaction Time and Verbal Engagement with Personal Voice Assistants on Alleviating Loneliness among Older Adults: An Exploratory StudyInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health10.3390/ijerph2101010021:1(100)Online publication date: 16-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010100
Hellström TKaiser NBensch S(2024)A Taxonomy of Embodiment in the AI EraElectronics10.3390/electronics1322444113:22(4441)Online publication date: 13-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224441
Bosco CShojaei FTheisz AOsorio Torres JCureton BHimes AJessup NBarnes PLu YHendrie HHill CShih P(2024)Testing 3 Modalities (Voice Assistant, Chatbot, and Mobile App) to Assist Older African American and Black Adults in Seeking Information on Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias: Wizard of Oz Usability StudyJMIR Formative Research10.2196/606508(e60650)Online publication date: 9-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.2196/60650
Chang FSheng LGu Z(2024)Investigating the Integration and the Long-Term Use of Smart Speakers in Older Adults’ Daily Practices: Qualitative StudyJMIR mHealth and uHealth10.2196/4747212(e47472)Online publication date: 12-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.2196/47472
Shim HCho JSung Y(2024)Unveiling Secrets to AI Agents: Exploring the Interplay of Conversation Type, Self-Disclosure, and Privacy InsensitivityAsian Communication Research10.20879/acr.2024.21.01921:2(11-11)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.20879/acr.2024.21.019
SARIOĞLU EGÜREGEN E(2024)Duygusal Yalnızlığa Bir Çözüm Olarak Chatgpt: Kişilerarası İletişimin Yeni AracıChatGPT as a Solution to Emotional Loneliness: A New Tool for Interpersonal CommunicationTürkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi10.17829/turcom.1360418Online publication date: 5-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1360418
Kim KKim S(2024)Experience of the Use of AI Conversational Agents Among Low-Income Older Adults Living AloneSage Open10.1177/2158244024130102214:4Online publication date: 16-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241301022
Arakawa RLehman JGoel M(2024)PrISM-Q&A: Step-Aware Voice Assistant on a Smartwatch Enabled by Multimodal Procedure Tracking and Large Language ModelsProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36997598:4(1-26)Online publication date: 21-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3699759
Zhang RDuan WFlathmann CMcNeese NKnijnenburg BFreeman G(2024)Verbal vs. Visual: How Humans Perceive and Collaborate with AI Teammates Using Different Communication Modalities in Various Human-AI Team CompositionsProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36869768:CSCW2(1-34)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3686976
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents