Technology-Mediated Non-pharmacological Interventions for Dementia: Needs for and Challenges in Professional, Personalized and Multi-Stakeholder Collaborative Interventions
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Dementia and Non-pharmacological Intervention
2.2 Technologies and Non-Pharmacological Intervention
2.3 Technologies and NPI practitioners
3 Methodology
3.1 Data Collection: Observations
ID | Intervention activities | Scale of older adults | Practitioners | Dementia degree of older adults | Settings |
N1 | Music therapy | 6 | 1 therapist | Mild and moderate | Nursing home |
N2 | Music therapy | 5 | 1 therapist | Moderate | Nursing home |
N3 | Art therapy | 16 | 1 therapist | Mild | Community center |
N4 | Horticulture Therapy | 6 | 1 therapist | Mild | Community center |
N5 | Pet intervention | 12 | 1 therapist | Mild | Community center |
3.1.1 Recruitment and Criteria.
3.1.2 Data Collection.
3.1.3 Ethical Considerations.
ID | Gender | Work Experience | Education Background | Workplace |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | F | 3 years | Rehabilitation | Care facility |
P2 | M | 8 years | Social support and rehabilitation | Care facility |
P3 | F | 2 years | Geriatric nursing | Care facility |
P4 | F | 3 years | Nursing | Mental health center |
P5 | M | > 10 years | Computer science | Pet intervention center |
P6 | F | 4 years | Geriatric nursing | Community aged-care center |
P7 | F | 4 years | Social work | Nursing home |
P8 | F | 8 years | Nursing and social work | Hospital |
P9 | F | > 20 years | Psychology | Mental health center |
P10 | F | 7 years | Social work | Nursing home |
P11 | F | 5 years | Nursing | Care facility |
C12 | F | 4 years | - | Hospital |
C13 | F | 7 years | - | Care facility |
C14 | F | 6 years | - | Care facility |
C15 | F | 4 years | - | Community aged-care center |
C16 | F | 1 years | - | Community aged-care center |
3.2 Data collection: Semi-structured Interviews
3.2.1 Recruitment and Criteria.
ID | Tools | Technologies | Functions | Descriptions |
T1 | VR-supported Way-finding Application [17] | VR | Reminiscence Intervention | Training PwD’s spatial orientation skills through the VR way-finding task |
T2 | Augmented Reality (AR) System [4] | AR | Simulation activity | Promoting autonomy by engaging PwD in game-like AR activities |
T3 | Pillow-like Sound Player Vita [41] | Tangible | Music Intervention | Stimulating meaningful conversation, playfulness, and connection between PwD and caregivers by playing everyday sounds |
T4 | Happje [68] | Screen-based | Occupational Therapy | Promoting autonomy and social engagement for PwD by guiding them to complete cooking tasks |
T5 | Robot Eva [21] | Robot | Cognitive Stimulation Therapy | Facilitating social interaction using a huggable humanly shaped communication medium |
T6 | AI-supported Automatic Reminiscence Tool [15] | Dialogue-based | Reminiscence Therapy | Providing more accessible reminiscence activities for PwD using photos as input to generate questions about their life |
3.2.2 Data Collection.
3.2.3 Ethical Considerations.
3.3 Data Analysis
4 Results
4.1 Activities and Use of Technologies in Practical NPIs
4.1.1 Overview of Practical NPI.
4.1.2 Existing Usage of Technologies.
4.2 Challenges for PwDs to Adopting and Engaging in Technology-Mediated NPIs
4.2.1 “ It is Challenging for PwDs to Adopt and Engage into Technology-Mediated NPIs Proactively”.
“We usually do not consider older PwD to be independent individuals who can take care of themselves. For PwD, their caring and intervention processes become long-term and inseparable with us and their caregivers. Therefore, the intervention technologies would become useless without taking us or caregivers into consideration.” (P1)
4.2.2 “It is Hard for PwD to Trust Technologies”.
“We begin our sessions by communicating with PwD to build a rapport with them, without claiming any clear goals. I usually guide PwD gradually to do something. For instance, let them listen to music and relax, and ask them their feelings. Once they feel calm, safe, and comfortable about me and the environment, I then move forward to my interventions.” (P6)
“We are not professional therapists, but therapists need us very much when they conduct NPI. Because the elderly may not be familiar with therapists, but they trust us the most. In the beginning, we help therapists communicate with the elderly and encourage their participation. If the elderly encounter issues during NPI, such as emotional instability, we are the most capable of comforting them.” (C14)
4.2.3 “It is Potentially Risky when Adopting Technologies to Mediate NPIs for PwD”.
4.3 Challenges of Technologies in Supporting Professional, Personalized, Situated, and Multi-Stakeholder Collaborative NPIs
4.3.1 Challenges in Supporting Professional NPIs.
“You can design a new tool, for example, setting a vintage enamel cup and asking the individual to reminisce if it belongs to the 60s or 70s. Designing such a tool is very easy, but it is just one aspect of the entire system. Reminiscence intervention requires a professional procedure, starting with a professional assessment of PwD and followed by standardized validation. The usage process also requires a professional evaluation to determine which types of PwD the specific scenario and difficulty level are suitable for.” (P9)
“Music therapy is not just about singing or playing songs; it involves many professional elements and emphasizes a structured process. Currently, many tools, such as what you just showed me, seem to have transferred kindergarten or elementary school music classes to nursing homes and labeled themselves as music therapy applications.” (P2)
4.3.2 Challenges in Supporting Flexible, Situated, and Multi-Therapies Combined NPIs.
“If we notice that a patient is having difficulty with a particular movement, we might say, ’you did that wonderfully’ to facilitate his/her confidence. If a patient seems unhappy with participating in the activity, we might encourage him/her, or switch him/her to an alternative intervention approach.” (P6)
“During our practical intervention, the physical and emotional responses of PwD are taken into account. We make adjustments based on their reactions. If the frequency is too high, we decrease it or take a break. If the difficulty level is too low, we increase it. Any issues that arise require adjustments. This process relies on the observation of practitioners. However, when it comes to machines, how can machines achieve this observation and adjustment?” (P9)
4.3.3 Challenges in Supporting Highly Personalized NPIs.
“We will carefully select activities for each intervention. For instance, if one PwD has hemiplegia symptoms or Parkinsons, they might fall down if they stand. For her/him, we will not carry out somatic interventions because of the high risk. We will customize the activities and let PwD sit around a table to do handcraft, which is also called occupational therapy.” (P7)
“ Guiding PwD through this design step by step is very challenging. Some PwD may have poor hand motor skills; some may have poor vision and can’t see the screen clearly; some may have cognitive impairments and can’t understand your instructions. Each person’s BPSD symptoms are different. ” (P2)
4.3.4 Challenges in Supporting Multi-Stakeholder Collaborative NPIs.
4.3.5 Challenges in Supporting Care-Centered NPIs.
“Horticulture therapy is not just about putting seeds in the soil; it’s a process in which we need to pay attention to PwD’s experiences, observe their reactions, and allow them to feel the soil or the scent of plants. Observing their responses is a complex process. However, technology only knows asking PwD to plant the seed and then fertilize and water it daily.” (P3)
4.4 Therapists’ Expected Technological Supports in NPIs for PwD
4.4.1 Supporting NPI Practitioners’ Learning and Training.
“Horticulture therapy is a process that we want PwD to experience and feel the soil and the smell. We need to observe their responses and provide guidance. However, I’m concerned about how to ensure the quality of training so that anyone can achieve the same results. I feel they (caregivers) might have learned the operational procedures, but it is challenging for them to effectively perceive and learn these details.” (P3)
4.4.2 Providing Semi-Immersive Senses and Rich Materials for NPIs.
4.4.3 Assisting in Evaluating PwD’s Status and Changes.
5 Discussion
5.1 Technology-Mediated Personalized NPIs for PwD: Considering Beyond PwD’s Group-Level Cognitive Conditions
5.2 Technology-Mediated Professional NPIs for PwD: Engaging and Empowering Professional Stakeholders at Multiple Intervention Stages
5.3 Technology-Mediated Actionable and Practical NPIs for PwD: Enabling a Collaborative Caring Ecosystem Among Multi-Stakeholders
5.4 Limitations and Future Work
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
A Interview Questions
B Non-Pharmacological Intervention Methods Mentioned by Therapists
Types | Descriptions | Therapists who use the intervention |
Music therapy | Music therapy (MT) offers a promising non-pharmacologic solution for addressing BPSD by systematically utilizing musical instruments to enhance communication, with a growing focus on managing symptoms like agitation and aggressiveness [73]. | P2, P3, P5, P10 |
Art Therapy | Art therapy is a way that utilizes art to help people with dementia express and communicate emotions and thoughts, benefiting individuals with dementia by promoting personal growth and well-being through creative expression [24]. | P6, P10 |
Reminiscence Therapy | Reminiscence therapy is a way to encourage individuals to recall past events and experiences, using memory triggers like household items, objects from the past, photos, and music [84]. | P5, P6, P7 |
Horticulture Therapy | Horticultural therapy involves engaging participants in horticultural activities under the guidance of a registered therapist to attain specific goals within a structured treatment, rehabilitation, or vocational program [6]. | P2, P3 |
Aromatherapy | Aromatherapy involves the use of natural essential oils derived from fragrant plants such as peppermint, sweet marjoram, and rose, to alleviate health concerns and improve one’s overall well-being [32]. | P3, P8 |
Pet Intervention (Animal-assisted Intervention) | Pet Intervention (Animal-assisted intervention) usually includes the interaction between PwD and a specifically trained animal under the supervision of a human handler, to relieve symptoms and enhance social engagement [60]. | P5 |
Reality Orientation | Reality orientation is a technique to improve the quality of life of confused elderly people through the presentation of repeated and meaningful time-place-person orientation stimulation [71]. | P2, P3 |
Exercise Therapy | Exercise-based interventions are systematic approaches that involve engaging in regular physical movements according to a routine recommended by a trained therapist, which may encompass a variety of programs, such as walking, dancing, Yoga, to martial arts [61]. | P3, P6, P10 |
Occupational Therapy | Occupational therapy focuses on supporting PwD to perform everyday activities and enhancing independence and participation in social activities [35]. | P7 |
Palm Physical Therapy | Palm Physical Therapy uses a "hands on" treatment for many conditions, usually as a result of muscle dysfunction such as minor soft tissue injuries that our bodies experience due to our occupations and lifestyle. | P2 |
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- Technology-Mediated Non-pharmacological Interventions for Dementia: Needs for and Challenges in Professional, Personalized and Multi-Stakeholder Collaborative Interventions
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