Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
10.1145/3613904.3642005acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Computing and the Stigmatized: Trust, Surveillance, and Spatial Politics with the Sex Workers in Bangladesh

Published: 11 May 2024 Publication History

Abstract

The sex workers in the Global South represent a significant portion of the world sex industry. However, when compared to the relevant HCI literature on sex work and computing, there exists a noticeable gap in comprehending the experiences and circumstances of the sex workers in this region. This study fills the void by presenting the findings of a three-month-long ethnography with 25 legal sex workers in Daulatdia brothel, Bangladesh, revealing their struggles with stigma, low-tech literacy, and the emerging threats of online security, along with their skills and creativity to bypass those. Drawing on the previous literature on South Asian feminism, postcolonial computing, and critical urban studies, we demonstrate how these findings are deeply rooted in the country’s history and culture and propelled by a modernist vision of “development” that marginalizes such communities. Our discussion advances HCI’s discourse on sexuality, privacy, equity, and generates implications for design and policy changes.

Supplemental Material

MP4 File - Video Presentation
Video Presentation
Transcript for: Video Presentation

References

[1]
2022. Bkash remains country’s best brand for 4 consecutive years. Dhaka Tribune (Dec. 2022). https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/280641/bkash-remains-country%E2%80%99s-best-brand-for-4
[2]
Manuel B Aalbers and Magdalena Sabat. 2012. Re-making a landscape of prostitution: the Amsterdam Red Light District: introduction. City 16, 1-2 (2012), 112–128.
[3]
Dane Acena and Guo Freeman. 2021. “in my safe space”: Social support for lgbtq users in social virtual reality. In Extended abstracts of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1–6.
[4]
Tanisha Afnan, Yixin Zou, Maryam Mustafa, Mustafa Naseem, and Florian Schaub. 2022. Aunties, Strangers, and the { FBI} : Online Privacy Concerns and Experiences of { Muslim-American} Women. In Eighteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2022). 387–406.
[5]
Anand Agrawala, Anthony Tang, and Saul Greenberg. 2006. Browsing Pornography: An Interface Design Perspective. In Sexual Interactions - Workshop at CHI 2006, Joanna Brewer, Jofish Kaye, Amanda Williams, and Susan Wyche (Eds.). http://www.ics.uci.edu/ johannab/sexual.interactions.2006/chi2006.sex.FRONT.htm
[6]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Nova Ahmed, Faheem Hussain, and Neha Kumar. 2016. Computing beyond gender-imposed limits. In proceedings of the Second workshop on Computing within Limits. 1–7.
[7]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Shion Guha, Md Rashidujjaman Rifat, Faysal Hossain Shezan, and Nicola Dell. 2016. Privacy in repair: An analysis of the privacy challenges surrounding broken digital artifacts in bangladesh. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. 1–10.
[8]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Md Romael Haque, Shion Guha, Md Rashidujjaman Rifat, and Nicola Dell. 2017. Privacy, security, and surveillance in the Global South: A study of biometric mobile SIM registration in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 906–918.
[9]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Md Romael Haque, Irtaza Haider, Jay Chen, and Nicola Dell. 2019. " Everyone Has Some Personal Stuff" Designing to Support Digital Privacy with Shared Mobile Phone Use in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–13.
[10]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Steven J Jackson, Nova Ahmed, Hasan Shahid Ferdous, Md Rashidujjaman Rifat, ASM Rizvi, Shamir Ahmed, and Rifat Sabbir Mansur. 2014. Protibadi: A platform for fighting sexual harassment in urban Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2695–2704.
[11]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Steven J Jackson, Maruf Zaber, Mehrab Bin Morshed, Md Habibullah Bin Ismail, and Sharmin Afrose. 2013. Ecologies of use and design: individual and social practices of mobile phone use within low-literate rickshawpuller communities in urban Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Computing for Development. 1–10.
[12]
Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Maruf Hasan Zaber, Mehrab Bin Morshed, Md Habibullah Bin Ismail, Dan Cosley, and Steven J Jackson. 2015. Suhrid: A collaborative mobile phone interface for low literate people. In Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Symposium on Computing for Development. 95–103.
[13]
P Alam and L Faiz. 2012. Commercial sex work in Dhaka City: Social exclusion and effective intervention. Sex Workers and Their Children in Bangladesh: Addressing Risks and Vulnerabilities. University of Liberal Arts and ActionAid Bangladesh, Dhaka (2012).
[14]
Md Ruhul Amin and Md Rashidul Islam Sheikh. 2011. Trafficking women and children in Bangladesh: A silent Tsunami of Bangladesh. J. Econ. Sustain. Dev 2 (2011), 202–211.
[15]
Zinat Ara. 2005. Violation & denial of access to healthrights for women involved in commercial sex work in Bangladesh. (2005).
[16]
Greg J Ashworth, Paul E White, and Hillary PM Winchester. 1988. The red-light district in the West European city: a neglected aspect of the urban landscape. Geoforum 19, 2 (1988), 201–212.
[17]
Marc Askew. 1998. City of women, city of foreign men: Working spaces and re-working identities among female sex workers in Bangkok’s tourist zone. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 19, 2 (1998), 130 – 150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1998.tb00256.x Cited by: 19.
[18]
Tania Rashid and Soraya Auer. 2015. ’I Am Not Like Before’: Sex Workers in Bangladesh’s Mega-Brothel Are Stuck in a Life of Drugs and Slavery. https://www.vice.com/en/article/bjaqam/i-am-not-like-before-sex-workers-in-bangladeshs-mega-brothel-are-stuck-in-a-life-of-drugs-and-slavery
[19]
Sumanta Banerjee. 1998. Under the Raj: Prostitution in Colonial Bengal. NYU Press.
[20]
Stefan Baral, Chris Beyrer, Kathryn Muessig, Tonia Poteat, Andrea L. Wirtz, Michele R. Decker, Susan G. Sherman, and Deanna Kerrigan. 2012. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 12, 7 (2012), 538 – 549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70066-X Cited by: 881.
[21]
Jeffrey Bardzell and Shaowen Bardzell. 2011. "Pleasure is your birthright": Digitally enabled designer sex toys as a case of third-wave HCI. In CHI 2011 - 29th Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Conference Proceedings and Extended Abstracts(Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings). Association for Computing Machinery, 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1978979
[22]
Kathleen Barry. 1995. The Prostitution of Sexuality. NYU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg779
[23]
Catherine Barwulor, Allison McDonald, Eszter Hargittai, and Elissa M. Redmiles. 2021. “Disadvantaged in the American-Dominated Internet”: Sex, Work, and Technology. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 563, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445378
[24]
Eric PS Baumer. 2018. Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Non use of Facebook. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1–14.
[25]
Eric PS Baumer, Phil Adams, Vera D Khovanskaya, Tony C Liao, Madeline E Smith, Victoria Schwanda Sosik, and Kaiton Williams. 2013. Limiting, leaving, and (re) lapsing: an exploration of facebook non-use practices and experiences. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 3257–3266.
[26]
Eric PS Baumer, Morgan G Ames, Jenna Burrell, Jed R Brubaker, and Paul Dourish. 2015. Why study technology non-use?First Monday (2015).
[27]
Eric PS Baumer, Jenna Burrell, Morgan G Ames, Jed R Brubaker, and Paul Dourish. 2015. On the importance and implications of studying technology non-use. interactions 22, 2 (2015), 52–56.
[28]
Eric PS Baumer, Shion Guha, Emily Quan, David Mimno, and Geri K Gay. 2015. Missing photos, suffering withdrawal, or finding freedom? How experiences of social media non-use influence the likelihood of reversion. Social Media+ Society 1, 2 (2015), 2056305115614851.
[29]
Eric PS Baumer, Shion Guha, Patrick Skeba, and Geraldine Gay. 2019. all users are (not) created equal: predictors vary for different forms of Facebook non/use. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1–28.
[30]
Genevieve Bell, Mark Blythe, and Phoebe Sengers. 2005. Making by making strange. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 12 (06 2005), 149–173. https://doi.org/10.1145/1067860.1067862
[31]
Heather Berg. 2014. Working for love, loving for work: Discourses of labor in feminist sex-work activism. Feminist Studies 40, 3 (2014), 693–721.
[32]
Ryan Bishop and Lillian S Robinson. 1999. In the night market: Tourism, sex, and commerce in contemporary Thailand. Women’s Studies Quarterly 27, 1/2 (1999), 32–46.
[33]
A Biswas. 2015. Human trafficking scenario in Bangladesh: Some concerns. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies 1, 4 (2015), 85–90.
[34]
bKash. 2021. Bkash. https://www.bkash.com/en/about
[35]
Bigo Live Blog. 2023. Bigo Live Wiki: What is Bigo Live. https://blog.bigo.tv/faq/what-is-bigo-live/
[36]
Richard E Boyatzis. 1998. Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. sage.
[37]
Daniel Bunn. 2011. Sex tourism. Gabler, Wiesbaden, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6231-7_3
[38]
Ernest Burgess. 2008. The Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project. Vol. 18. 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_5
[39]
Rosie Campbell, Teela Sanders, Jane Scoular, Jane Pitcher, and Stewart Cunningham. 2019. Risking safety and rights: online sex work, crimes and ‘blended safety repertoires’. The British Journal of Sociology 70, 4 (2019), 1539–1560. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12493 arXiv:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1468-4446.12493
[40]
Matthew Carrasco and Andruid Kerne. 2018. Queer Visibility: Supporting LGBT+ Selective Visibility on Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173824
[41]
Pew Research Center. 2007. Chapter 8. Computers and Technology. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2007/10/04/chapter-8-computers-and-technology/
[42]
Brandeis University Center for Spiritual Life. 2022. A Guide to Religious Observances. https://www.brandeis.edu/spiritual-life/resources/guide-to-observances/ramadan.html
[43]
Priyank Chandra, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, and Joyojeet Pal. 2017. Market practices and the bazaar: Technology consumption in ICT markets in the global south. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 4741–4752.
[44]
Priyank Chandra and Jay Chen. 2019. Taming the Amazon: the domestication of online shopping in Bangalore, India. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. 1–11.
[45]
Amandine Chapuis. 2017. Touring the immoral. Affective geographies of visitors to the Amsterdam Red-Light district. Urban studies 54, 3 (2017), 616–632.
[46]
Reshmi Chowdhury. 2006. “OUTSIDERS” AND IDENTITY RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SEX WORKERS’MOVEMENT IN BANGLADESH. Sociological Spectrum 26, 3 (2006), 335–357.
[47]
Claire Clinton. 2017. Sexuality - What the Major World Religions Teach // FRYP. http://fryp.org.uk/professionals/understand/sexuality/
[48]
Jacqueline Comte. 2014. Decriminalization of sex work: Feminist discourses in light of research. Sexuality & Culture 18 (2014), 196–217.
[49]
Nick Cowen and Rachela Colosi. 2021. Sex work and online platforms: what should regulation do?Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy (07 2021). https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-03-2019-0009
[50]
Anthony Cunningham and Todd Kendall. 2010. Risk behaviours among internet-facilitated sex workers: Evidence from two new datasets. Sexually transmitted infections 86 Suppl 3 (12 2010), iii100–105. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2010.044875
[51]
Anthony Cunningham and Todd Kendall. 2011. Prostitution, Technology, and the Law: New Data and Directions. Research Handbook On The Economics Of Family Law (07 2011). https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857930644.00015
[52]
Scott Cunningham, Gregory DeAngelo, and Brock Smith. 2020. Fracking and risky sexual activity. Journal of Health Economics 72 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102322 Cited by: 9.
[53]
Scott Cunningham and Todd D. Kendall. 2011. Prostitution 2.0: The changing face of sex work. Journal of Urban Economics 69, 3 (2011), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2010.12.001
[54]
Jan van Dijk. 2020. The digital divide. Policy Press.
[55]
Emile Durkheim. 2016. The elementary forms of religious life. In Social theory re-wired. Routledge, 52–67.
[56]
Aakash Gautam and Deborah Tatar. 2020. p for political: Participation Without Agency Is Not Enough. In Proceedings of the 16th Participatory Design Conference 2020 - Participation(s) Otherwise - Volume 2. ACM, Manizales Colombia, 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1145/3384772.3385142
[57]
Anita Ghimire, Fiona Samuels, and Sarmila Mainali. 2021. Changing patterns of commercial sex work amongst adolescent girls in Nepal: the role of technology. The European Journal of Development Research 33, 5 (2021), 1390–1408.
[58]
Sayantan Ghosal, Smarajit Jana, Anandi Mani, Sandip Mitra, and Sanchari Roy. 2022. Sex workers, stigma, and self-image: Evidence from Kolkata brothels. Review of Economics and Statistics 104, 3 (2022), 431–448.
[59]
Varsha Gopal. 2022. Respatialising the digitised and Globalised sex industry. https://www.epw.in/engage/article/respatialising-digitised-and-globalised-sex
[60]
Jesse Graham and Jonathan Haidt. 2012. Sacred values and evil adversaries: A moral foundations approach. (2012).
[61]
Alexander C. Halavais. 2005. Small Pornographies. SIGGROUP Bull. 25, 2 (feb 2005), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1145/1067721.1067725
[62]
Janet Halley, Prabha Kotiswaran, Hila Shamir, and Chantal Thomas. 2006. From the international to the local in feminist legal responses to rape, prostitution/sex work, and sex trafficking: Four studies in contemporary governance feminism. Harv. JL & Gender 29 (2006), 335.
[63]
Vaughn Hamilton, Hanna Barakat, and Elissa M. Redmiles. 2022. Risk, Resilience and Reward: Impacts of Shifting to Digital Sex Work. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 6, CSCW2, Article 537 (nov 2022), 37 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555650
[64]
Vaughn Hamilton, Gabriel Kaptchuk, Allie McDonald, and Elissa M. Redmiles. 2022. Safe Digital Intimacy: A Research Agenda. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253162791
[65]
Vaughn Hamilton, Ananta Soneji, Allison Mcdonald, and Elissa M. Redmiles. 2023. “Nudes? Shouldn’t I Charge for These?”: Motivations of New Sexual Content Creators on OnlyFans. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 666, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580730
[66]
SM Taiabul Haque, Rayhan Rashed, Mehrab Bin Morshed, Md Main Uddin Rony, Naeemul Hassan, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2021. Exploring the Tensions between the Owners and the Drivers of Uber Cars in Urban Bangladesh. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW1 (2021), 1–25.
[67]
SM Taiabul Haque, Pratyasha Saha, Muhammad Sajidur Rahman, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2019. Of Ulti, ‘hajano’, and “Matachetar otanetak datam” Exploring Local Practices of Exchanging Confidential and Sensitive Information in Urban Bangladesh. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1–22.
[68]
Naeemul Hassan, Manash Kumar Mandal, Mansurul Bhuiyan, Aparna Moitra, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2019. Nonparticipation of bangladeshi women in# MeToo movement. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. 1–5.
[69]
Rahma Hassan, Teela Sanders, Susan Gichuna, Rosie Campbell, Mercy Mutonyi, and Peninah Mwangi. 2023. Informal settlements, Covid-19 and sex workers in Kenya. Urban Studies 60, 8 (2023), 1483 – 1496. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211044628 Cited by: 5; All Open Access, Green Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access.
[70]
Havocscope. 2015. Prostitution: Prices and Statistics of the Global Sex Trade.
[71]
Michael P Hengartner, Md Nazrul Islam, Helene Haker, and Wulf Rössler. 2015. Mental health and functioning of female sex workers in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Frontiers in psychiatry 6 (2015), 176.
[72]
Phil Hubbard. 2004. Cleansing the metropolis: Sex work and the politics of zero tolerance. Urban Studies 41, 9 (2004), 1687 – 1702. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000243101 Cited by: 185.
[73]
Phil Hubbard. 2013. Cleansing the metropolis: sex work and the politics of zero tolerance. In Cities of Pleasure. Routledge, 57–72.
[74]
Md. Nazmul Huda, Syeda Zakia Hossain, Tinashe Moira Dune, A. S. M. Amanullah, and Andre M. N. Renzaho. 2022. The Involvement of Bangladeshi Girls and Women in Sex Work: Sex Trafficking, Victimhood, and Agency. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, 12 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127458
[75]
Sigma Huda. 2006. Sex trafficking in south Asia. International journal of gynecology & obstetrics 94, 3 (2006), 374–381.
[76]
Shireen Huq. 2012. My Body, My Life, Whose Rights?–Bangladeshi women’s struggle for a fair deal. Contemporary South Asia 20, 1 (2012), 11–18.
[77]
Samia Ibtasam, Lubna Razaq, Maryam Ayub, Jennifer R Webster, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, and Richard Anderson. 2019. " My cousin bought the phone for me. I never go to mobile shops." The Role of Family in Women’s Technological Inclusion in Islamic Culture. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1–33.
[78]
Qadri Inzamam, Qadri Inzamam is an independent journalist based out of New Delhi., Divya Chirayath, Kimberly Mutandiro, Viola Zhou Chen, and Caiwei. 2023. India’s sex workers turn to WhatsApp, Instagram to find clients safely. https://restofworld.org/2023/india-sex-workers-online-safety/
[79]
Elaine Jeffreys. 2004. China, sex and prostitution. Vol. 18. Routledge.
[80]
Sheila Jeffreys. 2008. The Industrial Vagina: The political economy of the global sex trade. 1 – 244 pages. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203698303 Cited by: 189.
[81]
Carol Jenkins and Habibur Rahman. 2002. Rapidly changing conditions in the brothels of Bangladesh: impact on HIV/STD. AIDS Education and Prevention 14, 3 Supplement (2002), 97–106.
[82]
Bethany Jennings, Viviene E Cree, and Steve Kirkwood. 2022. Agency and exploitation: Two sides of one coin? Women’s experiences of selling sex and engaging with NGOs in Dhaka. International Social Work 65, 4 (2022), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820959371 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820959371
[83]
Angela Jones. 2015. Sex Work in a Digital Era. Sociology Compass 9, 7 (2015), 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12282 arXiv:https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/soc4.12282
[84]
Angela Jones. 2016. “I Get Paid to Have Orgasms”: Adult Webcam Models’ Negotiation of Pleasure and Danger. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 42, 1 (2016), 227–256. https://doi.org/10.1086/686758 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1086/686758
[85]
Gopinaath Kannabiran, Jeffrey Bardzell, and Shaowen Bardzell. 2011. How HCI talks about sexuality: discursive strategies, blind spots, and opportunities for future research. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 695–704.
[86]
Gopinaath Kannabiran, Shaowen Bardzell, and Jeffrey Bardzell. 2012. Designing (for) Desire: A Critical Study of Technosexuality in HCI. In Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Making Sense Through Design (Copenhagen, Denmark) (NordiCHI ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 655–664. https://doi.org/10.1145/2399016.2399116
[87]
Kalpana Kannabiran. 1995. Judiciary, Social Reform and Debate on’Religious Prostitution’in Colonial India. Economic and political weekly (1995), WS59–WS69.
[88]
Naimul Karim. 2020. Sex workers in one of world’s largest brothel appeal for funds due coronavirus. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-bangladesh-idUSL8N2BG6B1
[89]
Joseph ’Jofish’ Kaye and Liz Goulding. 2004. Intimate Objects. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques (Cambridge, MA, USA) (DIS ’04). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 341–344. https://doi.org/10.1145/1013115.1013175
[90]
Ibne Kayesh, Mahabuba Huq, Md Omar Faruk, Sifat Manjur, Sajeda Begum, and Sheuly Akhter. 2023. Mental Health Morbidity and Its Contributing Factors among Female Sex Workers in Daulatdia, Bangladesh. OIRT Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, 1 (2023), 1–7.
[91]
Patrick Keeler. 2021. Regulating online access to sex work: Catching up with the world’s oldest profession. https://www.mcgill.ca/business-law/article/regulating-online-access-sex-work-catching-worlds-oldest-profession
[92]
Kamala Kempadoo. 2001. Women of color and the global sex trade: Transnational feminist perspectives. Meridians 1, 2 (2001), 28–51.
[93]
Harsha Kiran and Lorie Tonogbanua. 2023. OnlyFans: Legal Status and Understanding What It Offers. https://techjury.net/blog/what-is-onlyfans-and-is-it-legal/
[94]
Lisa Law. 2000. Sex work in Southeast Asia: The place of desire in a time of HIV/AIDS.
[95]
Henri Lefebvre. 2012. From the production of space. In Theatre and performance design. Routledge, 81–84.
[96]
Marie-Amélie Lombard-Latune. 2012. 40 à 42 millions de personnes se prostituent dans le monde. https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2012/01/13/01016-20120113ARTFIG00766-40-a-42-millions-de-personnes-se-prostituent-dans-le-monde.php
[97]
Lisa Marten. 2005. Commercial sex workers: Victims, vectors or fighters of the HIV epidemic in Cambodia?Asia Pacific Viewpoint 46, 1 (2005), 21–34.
[98]
Tracy L McClair, Tarik Hossain, Nargis Sultana, Brady Burnett-Zieman, Eileen A Yam, Sharif Hossain, Reena Yasmin, Najmus Sadiq, Michele R Decker, and Saifuddin Ahmed. 2017. Paying for sex by young men who live on the streets in Dhaka City: Compounded sexual risk in a vulnerable migrant community. Journal of Adolescent Health 60, 2 (2017), S29–S34.
[99]
Allison McDonald, Catherine Barwulor, Michelle L. Mazurek, Florian Schaub, and Elissa M. Redmiles. 2021. "It’s stressful having all these phones": Investigating Sex Workers’ Safety Goals, Risks, and Practices Online. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21). USENIX Association, 375–392. https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity21/presentation/mcdonald
[100]
Janisse Miles. 2023. Another form of gig work: the 2020s sex-work boom. https://www.workers.org/2023/03/70026/ Section: U.S. and Canada.
[101]
Nusrat Jahan Mim. 2021. Gospels of modernity: Digital cattle markets, urban religiosity, and secular computing in the global South. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–17.
[102]
Nusrat Jahan Mim and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2020. Others’ Images: Online Social Media, Architectural Improvisations, and Spatial Marginalization in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–14.
[103]
Nusrat Jahan Mim, Dipannita Nandi, Sadaf Sumyia Khan, and Arundhuti Dey. 2022. F-commerce and Urban Modernities: The Changing Terrain of Housing Design in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–20.
[104]
Laura Minestroni and Edoardo Elia Avio. 2020. WhatsApp and Cell Phones Among Sex Workers in India: The Impact of ICT in the Banaras Red-Light District. American Behavioral Scientist 64, 13 (2020), 1834–1849.
[105]
Chandra Talpade Mohanty. 2003. “Under western eyes” revisited: Feminist solidarity through anticapitalist struggles. Signs: Journal of Women in culture and Society 28, 2 (2003), 499–535.
[106]
Aparna Moitra, Naeemul Hassan, Manash Kumar Mandal, Mansurul Bhuiyan, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2020. Understanding the challenges for bangladeshi women to participate in# metoo movement. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, GROUP (2020), 1–25.
[107]
Jessica Moorman and Kristen Harrison. 2015. Gender, Race, and Risk: Intersectional Risk Management in the Sale of Sex Online. Journal of sex research 53 (10 2015), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1065950
[108]
Seetharam Mukkavilli. 1998. Licensed to Traffic: The Sex Trade in Bangladesh. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 17, 5 (1998), 24–25.
[109]
Indra Munshi. 2006. Tourism Processes and Gender Relations: Issues for Exploration and Intervention. Economic and Political Weekly 41, 42 (2006), 4461–4468. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4418837
[110]
Sonia Navani-Vazirani, Davidson Solomon, Gopalakrishnan, Elsa Heylen, Aylur Kailasom Srikrishnan, Canjeevaram K Vasudevan, and Maria L Ekstrand. 2015. Mobile phones and sex work in South India: the emerging role of mobile phones in condom use by female sex workers in two Indian states. Culture, health & sexuality 17, 2 (2015), 252–265.
[111]
Amin Nazra. 2019. Daulatdia: A Look Into One of the World’s Largest Brothels. https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2019/09/daulatdia-worlds-largest-brothels/
[112]
Cyd Nova. 2016. Vectors of disease: Sex workers as bodies to be managed. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking 3, 3 (2016), 196–200.
[113]
Fayika Farhat Nova, Md Rashidujjaman Rifat, Pratyasha Saha, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, and Shion Guha. 2018. Silenced voices: Understanding sexual harassment on anonymous social media among Bangladeshi people. In Companion of the 2018 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. 209–212.
[114]
Fayika Farhat Nova, MD Rashidujjaman Rifat, Pratyasha Saha, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, and Shion Guha. 2019. Online sexual harassment over anonymous social media in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. 1–12.
[115]
NSWP. 2019. Bangladesh | Global Network of Sex Work Projects. https://www.nswp.org/country/bangladesh
[116]
M. O’Neill. 2013. Prostitution and Feminism: Towards a Politics of Feeling. Polity Press. https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=wcxFAAAAQBAJ
[117]
Christine Overall. 1992. What’s Wrong with Prostitution? Evaluating Sex Work. Signs 17, 4 (1992), 705–724. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174532
[118]
Cheryl Overs. 2003. SEX WORKERS : PART OF THE SOLUTION. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167260797
[119]
Subadra Panchanadeswaran, Ardra Manasi Unnithan, Shubha Chacko, Michael Brazda, and Santushi Kuruppu. 2017. What’s technology got to do with it? Exploring the impact of mobile phones on female sex workers’ lives and livelihood in India. Gender, Technology and Development 21, 1-2 (2017), 152–167.
[120]
Tapan Parikh, Kaushik Ghosh, and Apala Chavan. 2002. Design studies for a financial management system for micro-credit groups in rural India. Acm sigcaph computers and the physically handicapped73-74 (2002), 15–22.
[121]
Piact-Bangladesh. 2023. Homepage. https://piactbangladesh.org.bd/
[122]
Catherine Pirkle, Riswana Soundardjee, and Artuso Stella. 2007. Female sex workers in China: vectors of disease?Sexually transmitted diseases (2007), 695–703.
[123]
Mr Pranay Prakash and Namita Singh Malik. 2022. The Upswing of Online Sex Work in Indian Society. Specialusis Ugdymas 1, 43 (2022), 8099–8107.
[124]
Pranay Prakash. 2019. Cyber Prostitution. Available at SSRN 3509202 (2019).
[125]
ProCon.org. 2018. Countries and Their Prostitution Policies - Prostitution - ProCon.org. https://prostitution.procon.org/countries-and-their-prostitution-policies/
[126]
Helen M. Rand. 2019. Challenging the Invisibility of Sex Work in Digital Labour Politics. Feminist Review 123, 1 (2019), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141778919879749 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/0141778919879749
[127]
Star Business Report. 2021. Cryptocurrency trading not allowed at all: Bangladesh Bank. https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/cryptocurrency-trading-not-allowed-all-bangladesh-bank-2140141
[128]
S.M. Rizvi and Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation. 1990. Marriage & Morals in Islam. Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation. https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=cpYQAQAAIAAJ
[129]
Michael W Ross, Beth R Crisp, Sven-Axel Månsson, and Sarah Hawkes. 2012. Occupational health and safety among commercial sex workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 38, 2 (2012), 105 – 119. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3184 Cited by: 48; All Open Access, Green Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access.
[130]
Aahir Mrittika Saadia A. Tasneem. 2020. The women’s movement in Bangladesh throughout the years. https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/the-womens-movement-bangladesh-throughout-the-years-1889908
[131]
Magdalena Sabat. 2012. From red light to black light: spatial transformation and global effects in Amsterdam’s Red Light District. City 16, 1-2 (2012), 158–171.
[132]
Fouzia Saeed. 2006. Good women, bad women: prostitution in Pakistan. In International approaches to prostitution. Policy Press, 141–164.
[133]
Rohini Sahni, V Kalyan Shankar, and Hemant Apte. 2008. Prostitution and Beyond: An Analysis of Sex Workers in India. SAGE Publications India.
[134]
Catherine Salmon. 2008. 121The World’s Oldest Profession: Evolutionary Insights into Prostitution. In Evolutionary Forensic Psychology: Darwinian Foundations of Crime and Law. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325188.003.0007 arXiv:https://academic.oup.com/book/0/chapter/140911747/chapter-ag-pdf/45211934/book_1492_section_140911747.ag.pdf
[135]
Nithya Sambasivan, Amna Batool, Nova Ahmed, Tara Matthews, Kurt Thomas, Laura Sanely Gaytán-Lugo, David Nemer, Elie Bursztein, Elizabeth Churchill, and Sunny Consolvo. 2019. " They Don’t Leave Us Alone Anywhere We Go" Gender and Digital Abuse in South Asia. In proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–14.
[136]
Nithya Sambasivan, Garen Checkley, Nova Ahmed, and Amna Batool. 2017. Gender equity in technologies: considerations for design in the global south. Interactions 25, 1 (2017), 58–61.
[137]
Nithya Sambasivan, Ed Cutrell, Kentaro Toyama, and Bonnie Nardi. 2010. Intermediated technology use in developing communities. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2583–2592.
[138]
Nithya Sambasivan, Julie Weber, and Edward Cutrell. 2011. Designing a Phone Broadcasting System for Urban Sex Workers in India. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI ’11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1978980
[139]
Adrienne Sanders. 2012. Sex trafficking in Southeast Asia: how neo-liberalism has bolstered the global sex trade. On Politics 6, 1 (2012).
[140]
Teela Sanders, Maggie O’Neill, and Jane Pitcher. 2018. Prostitution: Sex Work, Policy & Politics. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714944
[141]
Teela Sanders, Jane Scoular, Rosie Campbell, Jane Pitcher, and Stewart Cunningham. 2018. Crimes and Safety in the Online Sex Industry. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4_4
[142]
Teela Sanders, Jane Scoular, Rosie Campbell, Jane Pitcher, and Stewart Cunningham. 2018. The Digital Sexual Commerce Landscape. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 23–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4_2
[143]
Teela Sanders, Jane Scoular, Rosie Campbell, Jane Pitcher, and Stewart Cunningham. 2018. Introduction: Technology, Social Change and Commercial Sex Online. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4_1
[144]
Kamalesh Sarkar, Baishali Bal, Rita Mukherjee, Sekhar Chakraborty, Suman Saha, Arundhuti Ghosh, and Scott Parsons. 2008. Sex-trafficking, violence, negotiating skill, and HIV infection in brothel-based sex workers of eastern India, adjoining Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. Journal of health, population, and nutrition 26, 2 (2008), 223.
[145]
S Sassen. 1999. Digital Networks and Power’, M. Featherstone and S. Lash (ed.) Spaces of Culture (pp. 48-63).
[146]
Saskia Sassen. 2001. The city: between topographic representation and spatialized power projects. Art journal 60, 2 (2001), 12–20.
[147]
Saskia Sassen. 2002. Towards a sociology of information technology. Current Sociology 50, 3 (2002), 365–388.
[148]
Saskia Sassen. 2005. The City: Localizations of the Global. Perspecta 36 (2005), 73–77. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1567371
[149]
Sheree Schwartz, Erin Papworth, Marguerite Thiam-Niangoin, Kouame Abo, Fatou Drame, Daouda Diouf, Amara Bamba, Rebecca Ezouatchi, Josiane Tety, Elise Grover, and Stefan Baral. 2015. An urgent need for integration of family planning services into HIV care: The high burden of unplanned pregnancy, termination of pregnancy, and limited contraception use among female sex workers in Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 68 (2015), S91 – S98. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000448 Cited by: 72; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access.
[150]
Jane Scoular. 2004. The ‘subject’of prostitution: Interpreting the discursive, symbolic and material position of sex/work in feminist theory. Feminist Theory 5, 3 (2004), 343–355.
[151]
Kate Shannon, Steffanie A. Strathdee, Shira M. Goldenberg, Putu Duff, Peninah Mwangi, Maia Rusakova, Sushena Reza-Paul, Joseph Lau, Kathleen Deering, Michael R. Pickles, and Marie-Claude Boily. 2015. Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: Influence of structural determinants. The Lancet 385, 9962 (2015), 55 – 71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60931-4 Cited by: 556; All Open Access, Green Open Access.
[152]
Rumana Sharmin, Md Afzal Hossain Sarwar, MD Abdullah Al Mamun, and MD Rahmat Ullah. 2023. Making money online. Dhaka Tribune (July 2023). https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/longform/320215/making-money-online
[153]
Hosna J. Shewly, Lorraine Nencel, Ellen Bal, and Kathinka Sinha-Kerkhoff. 2020. Invisible mobilities: stigma, immobilities, and female sex workers’ mundane socio-legal negotiations of Dhaka’s urban space. Mobilities 15, 4 (2020), 500–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2020.1739867
[154]
Ankur Shingal. 2015. The devadasi system: Temple prostitution in India. UCLA Women’s LJ 22 (2015), 107.
[155]
Jean-François Staszak. 2008. Other/otherness. International encyclopedia of human geography 8 (2008), 43–47.
[156]
Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1990. Open coding. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques 2, 1990 (1990), 101–121.
[157]
Angelika Strohmayer. 2019. Using technologies to commemorate International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers in the North East of England.
[158]
Angelika Strohmayer, Jenn Clamen, and Mary Laing. 2019. Technologies for Social Justice: Lessons from Sex Workers on the Front Lines. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300882
[159]
Angelika Strohmayer, Mary Laing, and Rob Comber. 2017. Technologies and Social Justice Outcomes in Sex Work Charities: Fighting Stigma, Saving Lives. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3352–3364. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025615
[160]
Habiba Sultana. 2015. Sex worker activism, feminist discourse and HIV in Bangladesh. Culture, Health & Sexuality 17, 6 (2015), 777–788.
[161]
Habiba Sultana. 2020. Towards a southern approach to sex work: Lived experience and resilience in a Bangladeshi brothel. Routledge.
[162]
Habiba Sultana. 2022. Intimacy, trust, and exploitation: Sex workers’ relationship with their intimate partners in a Bangladeshi brothel. Asian Journal of Social Science 50, 4 (2022), 284–291.
[163]
Habiba Sultana and DB Subedi. 2021. Power, identity and precarity: Sex workers’“lived experience” of violence and social injustice in Bangladesh. The Australian Journal of Anthropology 32, 3 (2021), 324–339.
[164]
Sharifa Sultana, Mitrasree Deb, Ananya Bhattacharjee, Shaid Hasan, SM Raihanul Alam, Trishna Chakraborty, Prianka Roy, Samira Fairuz Ahmed, Aparna Moitra, M Ashraful Amin, 2021. ‘Unmochon’: A Tool to Combat Online Sexual Harassment over Facebook Messenger. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–18.
[165]
Sharifa Sultana, François Guimbretière, Phoebe Sengers, and Nicola Dell. 2018. Design within a patriarchal society: Opportunities and challenges in designing for rural women in bangladesh. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–13.
[166]
Sharifa Sultana, Ilan Mandel, Shaid Hasan, SM Raihanul Alam, Khandaker Reaz Mahmud, Zinnat Sultana, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2021. Opaque Obstacles: The Role of Stigma, Rumor, and Superstition in Limiting Women’s Access to Computing in Rural Bangladesh. In ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies. 243–260.
[167]
Jon Swords, Mary Laing, and Ian R Cook. 2023. Platforms, sex work and their interconnectedness. Sexualities 26, 3 (2023), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634607211023013 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/13634607211023013
[168]
Raymonde Séchet. 2009. Prostitution, an issue of moral geography in the entrepreneurial city. Readings by English-speaking geographers; [La prostitution, enjeu de géographie morale dans la ville entrepreneuriale. Lectures par les géographes anglophones]. Espace Geographique 38, 1 (2009), 59 – 72. https://doi.org/10.3917/eg.381.0059 Cited by: 10; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access.
[169]
Qurratul Ain Tahmina and Shishir Moral. 2004. Sex-workers in Bangladesh, Livelihood, at what Price?Society for Environment and Human Development.
[170]
AKM Ullah. 2005. Prostitution in Bangladesh: An empirical profile of sex workers. Journal of International Women’s Studies 7, 2 (2005), 111–122.
[171]
Feldman Valerie. 2014. 243Sex Work Politics and the Internet: Carving Out Political Space in the Blogosphere. In Negotiating Sex Work: Unintended Consequences of Policy and Activism. University of Minnesota Press. https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816689583.003.0011 arXiv:https://academic.oup.com/minnesota-scholarship-online/book/0/chapter/181013715/chapter-ag-pdf/44691290/book_21305_section_181013715.ag.pdf
[172]
Ilse van liempt and Milena Chimienti. 2017. The gentrification of progressive red-light districts and new moral geographies: the case of Amsterdam and Zurich. Gender Place and Culture A Journal of Feminist Geography 24 (09 2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1382452
[173]
Tasnuva Wahed, Anadil Alam, Salima Sultana, Monjur Rahman, Nazmul Alam, Monika Martens, and Ratana Somrongthong. 2017. Barriers to sexual and reproductive healthcare services as experienced by female sex workers and service providers in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. PloS one 12, 7 (2017), e0182249.
[174]
Yang Wang, Gregory Norcie, Saranga Komanduri, Alessandro Acquisti, Pedro Giovanni Leon, and Lorrie Faith Cranor. 2011. "I Regretted the Minute I Pressed Share": A Qualitative Study of Regrets on Facebook. In Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) (SOUPS ’11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 10, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2078827.2078841
[175]
Eilís Ward and Gillian Wylie. 2017. Feminism, prostitution and the state: The politics of neo-abolitionism. 1 – 162 pages. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315671437 Cited by: 29.
[176]
Ann Weatherall and Anna Priestley. 2001. A feminist discourse analysis of sexwork’. Feminism & Psychology 11, 3 (2001), 323–340.
[177]
Matthew Wood, Gavin Wood, and Madeline Balaam. 2017. "They’re Just Tixel Pits, Man": Disputing the ’Reality’ of Virtual Reality Pornography through the Story Completion Method. 5439–5451. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025762
[178]
Global Sex Workers. 1998. Rights, Resistance, and Redefinition. Kamala Kempadoo and (1998).
[179]
Melissa W. Wright. 2004. From protests to politics: Sex work, women’s worth, and ciudad Juárez modernity. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94, 2 (2004), 369 – 386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402013.x Cited by: 86.

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
CHI '24: Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
May 2024
18961 pages
ISBN:9798400703300
DOI:10.1145/3613904
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 11 May 2024

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Badges

  • Best Paper

Author Tags

  1. Global South
  2. HCI4D
  3. ICTD
  4. feminism
  5. gender
  6. marginalized
  7. patriarchy
  8. qualitative
  9. sex work
  10. stigma
  11. surveillance
  12. technology-facilitated abuse
  13. women

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed limited

Funding Sources

  • The Data Sciences Institute Catalyst Grant
  • NSERC Discovery Grant
  • Schwartz Reizman Institute for Technology and Society Fellowship

Conference

CHI '24

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

Upcoming Conference

CHI 2025
ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
April 26 - May 1, 2025
Yokohama , Japan

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • 0
    Total Citations
  • 2,545
    Total Downloads
  • Downloads (Last 12 months)2,545
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)246
Reflects downloads up to 08 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Full Text

View this article in Full Text.

Full Text

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

HTML Format

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media