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Este artículo analiza el movimiento de los Chalecos Amarillos (Gilets Jaunes) en Francia. Para ello, en un primer momento se repasa el contexto histórico, los antecedentes de movilización, y se ofrece una caracterización del mismo. A... more
Este artículo analiza el movimiento de los Chalecos Amarillos (Gilets Jaunes) en Francia. Para ello, en un primer momento se repasa el contexto histórico, los antecedentes de movilización, y se ofrece una caracterización del mismo. A continuación se indaga en cuatro dimensiones en las que los Chalecos Amarillos inciden de forma particular: en la lucha por el espacio social, en la movilización del precariado y otras clases subalternas, en las dinámicas de organización en un marco de tiempo social acelerado, y en la resignificación de símbolos y prácticas populares. Las conclusiones apuntan a considerar los Chalecos Amarillos como un movimiento sui generis, que escapa al modelo clásico de movimientos sociales y se asemeja al de una revuelta popular contemporánea.
Demonstrations, strikes, direct actions, and acts of civil disobedience are just a few examples of the broad set of protest tactics potentially available to citizens in order to raise their demands and call the public’s attention to... more
Demonstrations, strikes, direct actions, and acts of civil disobedience are just a few examples of the broad set of protest tactics potentially available to citizens in order to raise their demands and call the public’s attention to unjust situations. Each of these forms of claim-making can be more or less modular. Modularity, a concept originally introduced by Sidney Tarrow (1993) and popularized by Charles Tilly (1993, 1995), refers to the adaptability or degree of transferability of protest forms to different circumstances of contention. A protest form is strongly modular when it belongs to the regular repertoire of diverse actors and is employed for the defense of varied issues, against distinct targets, and in different places. Nonetheless, despite the considerable popularity of the concept for theoretical elaboration, its empirical operationalization has so far remained underdeveloped. In this article, building upon the conceptual bases set up by Wada (2012), we lay out a new perspective for the evaluation of the modularity of protest forms. Drawing upon social network analysis, we propose to analyze contingency tables generated from protest event catalogs as two-mode networks, measuring tactical transferability as weighted degree centrality (Opsahl et al. 2010). To demonstrate the usefulness of our proposed operationalization, we examine a large original dataset of protest events, applying our measure in order to evaluate repertoire change in the Basque Country over the last four decades, tracing the evolution of ten different protest forms in terms of actor transferability. Results show a relatively rigid repertoire in which demonstrations appear as dominant, at the same time that symbolic protests have gradually increased its modularity in recent years, at the expense of civil disobedience and violent direct action, which used to be significantly more relevant during the 80s and 90s. In comparison with Wada’s original proposal, the new measure of modularity proposed in this article derives from a more intuitive operationalization and offers an easily interpretable visual representation of the data. These advantages could eventually encourage more empirical research comparing the varying modularity of forms of contention across diverse contexts and periods.
Resumen. El presente trabajo pretende ser una reflexión teórica sobre las rupturas y nuevas articulaciones de las formas de movilización política en el periodo postcrisis. Proponemos que en la década de 2010, catalizadas por las... more
Resumen. El presente trabajo pretende ser una reflexión teórica sobre las rupturas y nuevas articulaciones de las formas de movilización política en el periodo postcrisis. Proponemos que en la década de 2010, catalizadas por las tecnologías digitales, cristalizan tres grandes rupturas: socioeconómicas, en las que la precarización de las condiciones laborales y vitales supone la reemergencia de una crítica social material; temporales, en las que la dinámica aceleradora del capitalismo tardío intensifica la primacía del corto plazo; y socioculturales, en las que la fragmentación se traduce en una sensación de inseguridad e incertidumbre. Todo ello deriva en una transformación en las formas de movilización, que tienden hacia una acción colectiva efímera, espasmódica. Esta puede dar pie al surgimiento del gran evento, donde lo primordial es juntar físicamente a personas y recuperar el sentido de comunidad. Abstract. This paper aims to offer a theoretical reflection on the changes and new articulations of forms of political mobilization in the postcrisis period. We propose that in the decade following 2010, and catalyzed by digital technologies, three major rifts crystallized: a socioeconomic one in which the precariousness of work and life conditions have led to the re-emergence of a material social critique; a temporal one in which the accelerated dynamics of late capitalism have intensified the primacy of the short term; and a cultural one in which fragmentation translates into a sense of insecurity and uncertainty. All of this results in a transformation of the forms of mobilization, which now tend toward ephemeral, spasmodic collective action. This can lead to the emergence of the need for a great event, where the main thing is to physically bring people together and recover a sense of community. El capitalismo tardío y la globalización neoliberal han erosionado muchas de las instituciones sociales que han or-ganizado la vida política de las sociedades occidentales a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo veinte. Estas transfor-maciones han cristalizado y estallado públicamente en las movilizaciones postcrisis de la segunda década del siglo veintiuno, en lo que también supone su contestación, en muchos casos espontánea. En este sentido, el presente trabajo pretende ser una reflexión teórica sobre las rupturas y nuevas articulaciones de las formas de movilización política en el periodo postcrisis. Situamos el foco, por tanto, en aquello que cambia desde 2008, sin pretender con ello que todo haya cambiado desde entonces, algo que supondría alimentar la producción de una historia sin memoria política 4. En efecto, persisten dinámicas y movimientos que provienen de periodos anterio-1
The arrival of the Internet-based digital age has modified the relationships between the media and resistances. This chapter proposes the notion of the “neodialectic” in order to designate a new model of interactions among power, digital... more
The arrival of the Internet-based digital age has modified the relationships between the media and resistances. This chapter proposes the notion of the “neodialectic” in order to designate a new model of interactions among power, digital media, and resistances. In this neodialectic model, a number of distinctive characteristics emerge that differentiate it from the dialectic of the pre-digital era: first, an acceleration of the social time that affects the expressions of popular resistance, which become more spasmodic; second, a conditioning of human action through digital filters, meaning that collective agency is more mediated; and last, a dissociation between power structures that are strongly material— distribution of resources, governmental control of means of coercion—and forms of protest that are increasingly visual, symbolic, and self-communicative. In order to test this proposal and inquire into its consequences, I consider two case studies of contemporary resistances: the development of forms of protest in the Basque Country in the early 2010s and the disobedient mass mobilization of citizens during the Catalan self-determination referendum of October 1, 2017 (hereinafter referred to as 1-O). The study’s consequences indicate that, in the neodialectic, a new kind of conflict emerges, defined by the digital media’s role with regard to resistances, which opens up the possibility of two opposing scenarios. One of them is the aestheticization of resistances, by which they become media products, are emptied of political content, and lose their capacity for profound transformation. The other scenario is the possibility of the “Great Event,” whereby digital mediation helps to gather large numbers of people over short time frames in specific places, where community spirit and the potential for popular resistance is strengthened. In this second scenario, represented by the Catalan 1-O, resistances do show a capacity for profound transformation and an impact on existing power structures.
La cuestión de si desde el terreno del arte sigue siendo todavía posible la disidencia remite a su significación política, a su capacidad de transformar el entorno. Para indagar en el papel del arte y la disidencia, en este artículo... more
La cuestión de si desde el terreno del arte sigue siendo todavía posible la disidencia
remite a su significación política, a su capacidad de transformar el entorno. Para indagar en
el papel del arte y la disidencia, en este artículo profundizamos en qué tipo de arte y prácticas
culturales conectan con disidencias con incidencia política. Proponemos para ello contextualizar
históricamente los dos grandes marcos culturalesy artísticos del último siglo, el moderno y el
postmoderno. A través de estos marcos abordamos cronológicamente el papel de las vanguardias artísticas modernas, las subculturas musicales y los youtubers digitales en las actuales
sociedades, y sus potencialidades de transformación política. Concluimos que la disidencia en el
arte, en unas sociedades fragmentadas social y culturalmente como las de hoy, remite especialmente a su reconstrucción colectiva.
Are we facing a process of aestheticisation of the resistances in the digital age? To answer this question, I propose a concept that characterises modes of resistance in specific places and historical times: the Social Form of the Protest... more
Are we facing a process of aestheticisation of the resistances in the digital age? To answer this question, I propose a concept that characterises modes of resistance in specific places and historical times: the Social Form of the Protest (SFP). The SFP is defined by protest tactics, such as demonstrations and barricades, and structural axes of confrontation, such as capital-labour and centre-periphery. Previous resistances to the inequalities generated by modern industrial capitalism were expressed through an equally modern SFP, born as a reaction to its power structures. At present, digital innovation appears to be modifying the parameters of this dialectical relationship. On the one hand, digital social networks increase communicative potential of the contemporary SFP; but on the other they dilute its deep transformation capacity. If confined to the communicative sphere, digital social media filters may turn resistances into media products. In this process the medium and how—through Information and communications technology—are imposed on the content and what—deep transformation objectives. This results in the emergence of the aestheticisation of resistance and limits its ability to resist growing social inequalities.
In this article we propose a historical chronicle about the role of the free radios and community spaces of social communication in the Southern Basque Country, analysing recent changes in this field and its implications. The Basque case... more
In this article we propose a historical chronicle about the role of the free radios and community spaces of social communication in the Southern Basque Country, analysing recent changes in this field and its implications. The Basque case is meaningful in two ways: quantitatively, because of the high number of these free radio stations since the eighties; and also, because of the current changes in the political context, a less conflictual scenario. Starting with an analysis of the contemporary reality of the Southern Basque Country and of two free radio stations – Hala Bedi Irratia and Eguzki Irratia – this article looks at the hybridisation between alternative social movements and media. We look at the progressive evolution towards stable funding formulas (memberships) and the openness and quality of this type of radio. Finally, we highlight a fundamental difference between media such as free radio in contrast to mass self-communication through ICTs: besides the message, the media is (self-)constructed collectively by those involved.
In this work, we study the parallelism between the acceleration of the rotation of the Capital and the hastening of the rhythm of music. The modernity was the time for the development of Total Artworks, able to reflect the essence of... more
In this work, we study the parallelism between the acceleration of the rotation of the Capital and the hastening of the rhythm of music. The modernity was the time for the development of Total Artworks, able to reflect the essence of their unhurried time. Beethoven could be considered as an example of it: the era of Total Sound. When the 20th century began, Italian futurists perceived the arrival of noise like a form of art; they claimed for the velocity, the energy and the rush of the industrial city. Progressively, the rhythm of the music becomes more accelerated. On the second half of the century, electronic, punk, and industrial music makes explicit the noise (and the speediness) of their own time. But this noise aspires to be sound, even if lack of communication is what it wants to communicate: the Sound of Noise. Today, accelerated capitalism of the 21st century turns into the fragmentation of the historical time, and together with its postmodern logic, the cultural products get empty: the era of Total Noise. As a result, nowadays, the social meaning of music is not about differentiation or strong construction of group (sub)cultural identities. Now its main function is that of sharing, providing a common language for sociality.
Research Interests:
¿Nos encontramos ante un declive del significado social de la música? Por un lado las innovaciones tecnológicas, especialmente la digitalización, modifican las formas sociales de acceso a la música, con un progresivo aumento de... more
¿Nos encontramos ante un declive del significado social de la música? Por un lado las innovaciones tecnológicas, especialmente la digitalización, modifican las formas sociales de acceso a la música, con un progresivo aumento de disposiciones más individuales que no requieren redes personales cara a cara –las cuales potenciaban la construcción identitaria alrededor de la música. Por otra parte, la lógica del mercado cultural global, del usar y tirar, impacta en la música, disminuyendo su capacidad de proveer significado social e identidad. Como resultado, planteamos que el “declive” se refiere a un cambio en el significado social de la música, pasando de ser un elemento de construcción identitaria hacia uno de socialidad comunicativa. Hoy en día su principal función es la de compartir, proveyendo un lenguaje común para la socialidad, donde las neotribus se disuelven.
Laburpena. Modernitatearen helburua artelan totalak garatzea zen, bere garaiaren esentzia antzematen zutenak. Beethovenen " Sinfonia Heroiko " artelan musikala dugu honen adibide: soinu totala. Bestetik, XX. mendearen hasieran italiar... more
Laburpena. Modernitatearen helburua artelan totalak garatzea zen, bere garaiaren esentzia antzematen zutenak. Beethovenen " Sinfonia Heroiko " artelan musikala dugu honen adibide: soinu totala. Bestetik, XX. mendearen hasieran italiar futuristak zarataren artearen etorrera sumatzen hasi ziren; hiriko eta industria paisaiaren abiadura, energia eta zarata aldarrikatuz. Kapitalaren errotazio abiaduraren bizkortzearekin batera, musikaren erritmoa ere azeleratu egin da. Musika industrialak, elektronikoak eta punkak bere garaiko zarata (eta abiadura) hartzen dute oinarri. Zarata hauek soinu izan nahi dute, garaiko inkomunikazioa bada ere komunikatzen dutena: zarataren soinua. Egungo kapitalismo azeleratuak denbora historikoaren zatiketa dakar, logika postmodernoaren bitartez produktu kulturalen hustuketa sustatuz. Musikan diskoaren narratibaren aurrean zatiketa nagusituz doa; abesti solteak, bere testuinguru orokorretik erauziak. Deskonexioa ultra konexioaren garaian: zarata totala.

Abstract. The goal of the modernity was to develop total artworks, able to reflect the essence of their time. Beethoven's " Eroica " could be considered as an example of it: Total Sound. At the beginning of the 20 th century Italian futurists perceived the arrival of the Art of the Noise; they claimed for the velocity, the energy and the noise of the city and the industrial landscape. Together with the acceleration of the rotation of the Capital, the rhythm of the music itself also gets accelerated. Industrial, electronic and punk musics express the noise (and the velocity) of their own time. But this noise wants to become sound, even if it is the lack of communication what it wants to communicate: the Sound of the Noise. Today's accelerated capitalism results in the fragmentation of the historical time, and together with its postmodern logic, the cultural products get empty. The musical narrative of the full disc splits up: isolated songs emerge, away from their own context. Disconnection in the ultra connection era: Total Noise.
Laburpena Modernitatearen helburua artelan totalak garatzea zen, bere garaiaren esentzia antzematen zutenak. Beethovenen " Sinfonia Heroiko " artelan musikala dugu honen adibide: soinu totala. Bestetik, XX. mendearen hasieran italiar... more
Laburpena Modernitatearen helburua artelan totalak garatzea zen, bere garaiaren esentzia antzematen zutenak. Beethovenen " Sinfonia Heroiko " artelan musikala dugu honen adibide: soinu totala. Bestetik, XX. mendearen hasieran italiar futuristak zarataren artearen etorrera sumatzen hasi ziren; hiriko eta industria paisaiaren abiadura, energia eta zarata aldarrikatuz. Kapitalaren errotazio abiaduraren bizkortzearekin batera, musikaren erritmoa ere azeleratu egin da. Musika industrialak, elektronikoak eta punkak bere garaiko zarata (eta abiadura) hartzen dute oinarri. Zarata hauek soinu izan nahi dute, garaiko inkomunikazioa bada ere komunikatzen dutena: zarataren soinua. Egungo kapitalismo azeleratuak denbora historikoaren zatiketa dakar, logika postmodernoaren bitartez produktu kulturalen hustuketa sustatuz. Musikan diskoaren narratibaren aurrean zatiketa nagusituz doa; abesti solteak, bere testuinguru orokorretik erauziak. Deskonexioa ultra konexioaren garaian: zarata totala. Abstract The goal of the modernity was to develop total artworks, able to reflect the essence of their time. Beethoven's " Eroica " could be considered as an example of it: Total Sound. At the beginning of the 20 th century Italian futurists perceived the arrival of the Art of the Noise; they claimed for the velocity, the energy and the noise of the city and the industrial landscape. Together with the acceleration of the rotation of the Capital, the rhythm of the music itself also gets accelerated. Industrial, electronic and punk musics express the noise (and the velocity) of their own time. But this noise wants to become sound, even if it is the lack of communication what it wants to communicate: the Sound of the Noise. Today's accelerated capitalism results in the fragmentation of the historical time, and together with its postmodern logic, the cultural products get empty. The musical narrative of the full disc splits up: isolated songs emerge, away from their own context. Disconnection in the ultra connection era: Total Noise.
Research Interests:
[ES] Introducción. El trabajo pretende ser una aportación en el debate en torno al papel que los medios de comunicación tienen en el cultivo de asunciones sobre la realidad, especialmente a raíz de la emergencia de las nuevas tecnologías... more
[ES] Introducción. El trabajo pretende ser una aportación en el debate en torno al papel que los medios de comunicación tienen en el cultivo de asunciones sobre la realidad, especialmente a raíz de la emergencia de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs). Objetivos. Se analizarán dos formas específicas y novedosas de disputa comunicativa por parte de los movimientos sociales: los lip dub reivindicativos y las grabaciones ciudadanas de actuaciones policiales. Englobamos a ambas bajo la categoría de Artefacto Cultural Audiovisual de Reivindicación y Protesta (ACARP). Metodología. Se realiza un análisis teórico acerca de las relaciones entre poder, comunicación y resistencias, proponiendo una lectura acerca de los distintos planos en los que resistencias y disputas se articulan. Para el análisis empírico, atendemos a las reflexiones metodológicas en torno a la sociología visual, aplicándolas a seis de estos artefactos audiovisuales en el contexto vasco. Resultados y conclusiones. Los resultados proporcionan una caracterización general de estos artefactos audiovisuales. El análisis del caso vasco permite situar estas innovaciones tácticas y comunicativas, y discutir acerca de la importancia del contexto, la construcción del discurso, las posibles tendencias a la espectacularización y las posibilidades de contrarrestrar estereotipaciones.
[EN] Introduction. This article aims to make a contribution to the debate on the role of the media in the cultivation of assumptions about reality, especially after the emergence of the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Objectives. The study focuses on the analysis of two specific new forms of communicative conflict that have been used in social movements: the protest lip dubs and videos of police misconduct filmed by civilians. Both of these communicative forms are types of what we have termed Audiovisual Cultural Artefacts of Protest and Demand (ACAPD). Method. The study is based on a theoretical analysis of the relationship between power, communication and resistance, and offers an interpretation of the different dimensions in which resistance and conflict are articulated. For the empirical analysis, six audiovisual artefacts that have been used in the Basque context have been examined based on the methodological reflections on visual sociology. Results and conclusions. The results provide a general characterisation of these audiovisual artefacts, while the analysis of the Basque case allows us to contextualise these tactical and communicative innovations, and to discuss the importance of context, the construction of the discourse, the possible tendencies towards spectacularisation and the possibilities of counter-stereotyping.
"El libro que aquí presentamos es fruto de un congreso que se realizó en Bilbao en noviembre de 2008 y que contó con la asistencia de unas doscientas personas y más de cien comunicaciones. El encuentro no quería nada más que crear un... more
"El libro que aquí presentamos es fruto de un congreso que se realizó en Bilbao en noviembre de 2008 y que contó con la asistencia de unas doscientas personas y más de cien comunicaciones. El encuentro no quería nada más que crear
un espacio de análisis crítico sobre el espacio político y, en la medida que se hallaban relacionados con él, los contextos y las estructuras sociales.
Más específi camente, pretendíamos, desde el mundo académico, hacer converger las distintas posiciones críticas, alternativas que existían y existen sobre estas cuestiones.
Los que allí nos encontramos echábamos en falta un espacio propio desde el que refl exionar desde nuestra propia perspectiva, la crítica, en torno al mundo.
En este sentido, desde el congreso se entendía que la teoría política, en el sentido más amplio del término, no podía ni debía ser una simple y neutra descripción de la realidad, sino que implicaba una toma de partido, un posicionamiento crítico y,
al mismo tiempo, una propuesta alternativa sobre la política, el poder y la sociedad."