Fatma Guven Lisaniler
Eastern Mediterranean University, Economics, Faculty Member
- Gender, Women's Studies, Development Economics, Labor Economics, Social Economy, Competitiveness (Economics), and 13 moreFeminist Economics, Economics, Women's Human Rights, Economic Growth, Health Economics, Labour Economics, Macroeconomics, Population Economics; Public Economics, Political Economy, Discourse Analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis, Neoliberalism, and Sociology of Knowledgeedit
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ABSTRACT Government is the largest employer. In the last three decades government of the North Cyprus kept on its employment 33.3% of all employed people. Also the personnel expenses despite their slowdown in the mid of the 1990’s... more
ABSTRACT Government is the largest employer. In the last three decades government of the North Cyprus kept on its employment 33.3% of all employed people. Also the personnel expenses despite their slowdown in the mid of the 1990’s constitute the second largest category 23.3 % of the budget expenditure (SPO, 2004). There is an ongoing debate about whether current public sector reform, that is aiming at decreasing the size of the public sector and increasing the productivity, should aim at introducing more flexible pay structures based on efficiency and merit to the public sector employees. Given the importance of the public sector and the current discussions on public-private wage gap and the depressing effect of this gap on private sector employment, little attention has been devoted to identifying whether the government-workers are paid more than private-sector. This study will be the first empirical analysis on wage structure of both sectors and shed light on public-private wage gap. It will also provide the necessary scientific input for running public sector reform. The aim of the study is to investigate empirically the wage gap structure in the private and public sectors in the North Cyprus. The analysis employs data from the recent (March, 2004) Household Employment Survey to study the wage differentials between the public and private-sector. Oaxaca and Ransom decomposition method is used to see what parts of the wages are due to the different levels of endowments and characteristics differentials. The paper is organized as follows. Following the introduction, section II presents the data and describes the methodology. Section III presents the empirical results. Section IV concludes.
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This study examines if the low rate of labour force participation of women is the result of demand constraint which creates gender based occupational segregation in north Cyprus labour market between years 2004-2014. Standardized D-index... more
This study examines if the low rate of labour force participation of women is the result of demand constraint which creates gender based occupational segregation in north Cyprus labour market between years 2004-2014. Standardized D-index is used to calculate the level of segregation and to decompose and identify the effect of the changes in the occupational structure of the labour force and the effect of the changes in the gender composition within the occupations on segregation index by employing the data collected from (ISCO-88 one-digit) Household Labour Force Surveys (HLFS) (2004-2014) for nine broad occupational categories. The purpose is to expand the body of research on the extent, trends and sources of occupational gender segregation in the north Cyprus. The results indicate that over the investigated period occupational gender segregation is salient and persistent. It is found that the main source of the changes in segregation index is the shifts in gender composition with...
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Elimination of the gender gap in labour force participation has become one of the main challenges of achieving the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The rapid increase in... more
Elimination of the gender gap in labour force participation has become one of the main challenges of achieving the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The rapid increase in university education and decrease in fertility rate in Iran over the past decades might affect the achievement of the SDGs. However, the country’s female labour force participation (FLFP) rate stagnates at a superficial level. The stagnating FLFP rate is inconsistent with basic labour economics supply-side explanations while drawing attention to demand-side explanations, namely, female labour demand constraints, such as occupational segregation and labour market discrimination. This study empirically investigates the effect on FLFP of primary labour supply factors along with household conditions and gender norms and attitudes for 2 specific years: 2008 and 2018. The aim is to shed light on the causes of stagnation at the FLFP level by using the Household Exp...
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Recent decades have given rise to pronounced economic and political transformation for many, including North Cyprus. Since the late 1970s, a new economic and political paradigm; liberalization, privatization and globalization began to... more
Recent decades have given rise to pronounced economic and political transformation for many, including North Cyprus. Since the late 1970s, a new economic and political paradigm; liberalization, privatization and globalization began to impose its market rationality globally. New paradigm characterized by reduced expenditures on state services, the privatization of public services and state owned enterprises, the expansion and creation of new markets. The general strategy was aimed at providing level playing field to the private sector. In many countries the shift to increasingly market-governed social policies to provide level playing field to the private sector; especially privatization, has been the source of street riots, protest demonstrations, and adverse news coverage. Protest grows from the criticism that market-governed social policies had distinctly varied effects and ramifications on the labour market. It created a jobless growth and transformed employment in favor of unreg...
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PurposeTo discuss the gender dimension of migration and human rights, and to provide an assessment of how to improve human rights protections for migrant women workers in janitorial services and night clubs across registered and... more
PurposeTo discuss the gender dimension of migration and human rights, and to provide an assessment of how to improve human rights protections for migrant women workers in janitorial services and night clubs across registered and unregistered migrant women workers in North Cyprus.Design/methodology/approachA survey is done to establish the employment conditions of migrant women workers in both sectors. The conditions are evaluated to assess the compliance with North Cyprus labor and immigration legislation and international human rights protocols.FindingsRegistered and unregistered segment of the janitorial services and unregistered segment of sex industry are dominated by Turkish migrant women. The registered part of sex industry is dominated by Eastern European migrant women mostly due to the legislative framework within which these two activities operate, primarily with respect to immigration requirements and also as it pertains to the remunerative potential of activity. No eviden...
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This study aims at investigating discriminating factors of low and high performance small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in terms of the perception of the SME owners/managers about profit goal achievement in North Cyprus. The study... more
This study aims at investigating discriminating factors of low and high performance small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in terms of the perception of the SME owners/managers about profit goal achievement in North Cyprus. The study employs the recent and only available micro-data from Manufacturing Industry’s Profile and Expectations Surveys (2009 and 2010) initiated by Chamber of Industry and conducted by Small Business Development and Research Centre (SBDRC). Surveys’ sample covers approximately 70% of the companies in the manufacturing sector. Findings of the Discriminant Analysis (DA) indicates that performing (competitive) manufacturing firms are those who have more competent entrepreneurs, low labor unit cost, high capacity utilization and growth phases of companies. Variables like age of owners/manager, age of the firms, number of employees, target market (domestic or foreign), legal structure of the enterprise, investment on technology and quality have not been statisti...
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This paper discusses the gender dimension of human rights, labour rights and migration in North Cyprus. We focus on two groups of workers in order to facilitate a comparison of conditions across registered and unregistered women migrant... more
This paper discusses the gender dimension of human rights, labour rights and migration in North Cyprus. We focus on two groups of workers in order to facilitate a comparison of conditions across registered and unregistered women migrant workers. One group, Eastern European sex workers, enters North Cyprus with a six months work permit. Although they work in a highly regulated sector, these workers are highly vulnerable to human right abuses and are often considered victims of trafficking. The other group, cleaning workers, is primarily composed of Anatolian Turkish women with or without work permits. Our previous work on migrant sex workers and state regulations in North Cyprus provides some of the initial findings for the study. We have updated and collected new data through a survey of domestic workers and the collection of government information from the labour and migration offices. Having established the employment conditions faced by migrant workers in both sectors, we proceed...
Studies on the impact of economic sanctions show that the impact are negative and the length, the type, the magnitude and one or multi-country characteristics of the sanctions are important determinants of the impact of sanctions.... more
Studies on the impact of economic sanctions show that the impact are negative and the length, the type, the magnitude and one or multi-country characteristics of the sanctions are important determinants of the impact of sanctions. <br><br>This paper provides a discussion on the effect of economic sanctions on women’s economic rights in Iran. It discusses the issue by employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative part of the paper covers the years from 1990 to 2015 and investigates the effect of economic sanctions on women’s economic rights. It is investigated by regressing female labor participation rate; as an index measurement of women’s economic rights on the magnitude of economic sanctions (imposed by one country or more than one country), GDP per capita, and economic cost of sanctions. The qualitative part employed data collected by semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with 20 women from Tehran to investigate the same relationship by employing Sen’s capability approach. The findings of the quantitative study reveal that economic sanctions have significant negative impact on women’s labor force participation. The findings of the qualitative study show that economics sanctions inhibit valued functioning and capabilities of Iranian women. <br>
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The minimum wage is a major factor for the successful implementation of much of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The present research will investigate whether minimum wage (MW) as a sustainable wage policy improves household... more
The minimum wage is a major factor for the successful implementation of much of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The present research will investigate whether minimum wage (MW) as a sustainable wage policy improves household consumption. Thus, a panel-based analysis comparing high wage (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan) and low wage provinces (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfound land/Lab, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec) is employed for the Canadian case within the study period from 1981 to 2019. We analyze the long-term and short-term effects of MW on household consumption using the Dynamic Autoregressive Distributed Lag techniques of the Pooled Mean Group, Dynamic Fixed Effects, and Mean Group estimators. Results show that the long-term impact of MW on household consumption is positive in both the low- and high-wage provinces. The short-term effect is negative in both wage groups, but not significant for the low-wage group. This offers sign...
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This article investigates gender differences in Nigeria, in the impact of marriage and children on location in the self or waged employment sector, and on income from work. Findings show that the pay structure varies across employment... more
This article investigates gender differences in Nigeria, in the impact of marriage and children on location in the self or waged employment sector, and on income from work. Findings show that the pay structure varies across employment sectors – waged and self-employed – and that the determinants of employment sector vary by gender and family roles. Differences in human capital investment and geopolitical zones also need to be considered. The estimates in the study reveal that there is a marriage premium for both males and females in the waged labour market, but partially support Becker’s (1991) gender-based household specialisation model in terms of the relative incidence of self-employment. There is a wage penalty for married women with children in the paid-employment labour market, but motherhood is also negatively associated with income levels for self-employed women. We also find a fatherhood penalty for paid-employed men. Nevertheless, overall, the gender difference is higher i...
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Öz Bu çalışma bir örnek vakadan, özelleştirme programı çerçevesinde tasfiye edilen Kıbrıs Türk Hava Yolları (KTHY) örneğinden, yola çıkarak Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta özelleştirmenin ve özelleştirme sürecinin çalışanların refahı üzerindeki... more
Öz Bu çalışma bir örnek vakadan, özelleştirme programı çerçevesinde tasfiye edilen Kıbrıs Türk Hava Yolları (KTHY) örneğinden, yola çıkarak Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta özelleştirmenin ve özelleştirme sürecinin çalışanların refahı üzerindeki sonuçlarını toplumsal cinsiyet bakış açısıyla analiz etmektedir. Çalışmada kantitatif ve kalitatif veriler kullanılarak KTHY çalışanlarının parasal ve parasal olmayan refah kaybı hesaplanmıştır. Parasal refah kaybının hesaplanması ve analizinde Hava-Sen Sendikası tarafından sağlanan eski ve yeni, aylık ortalama maaşlar, sosyal sigrotalar prime esas kazanç ve ihtiyat sandığı prim ödemeleri verileri ve karşılaştırmalı betimsel analiz yönmeti kullanılmıştır. Parasal olmayan refah kaybının hesaplanmasında ve analizinde yüzyüze derinlemesine görüşmelerden elde edilen kalitatif veriler ve Amartya Sen’in ‘yapabilirlik’ yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Aylık ortalama gelir kaybı %49, yaşlılık (emeklilik) aylığı kaybı %14.6, ihtiyat sandığı (emekli ikramiyesi) kaybı %49.9 o...
In this study we analyze the labor market experiences of Turkish immigrants in Northern Cyprus. Northern Cyprus presents a unique example for Turkish migrants, as many traditional obstacles (language barrier, cultural and ethnic... more
In this study we analyze the labor market experiences of Turkish immigrants in Northern Cyprus. Northern Cyprus presents a unique example for Turkish migrants, as many traditional obstacles (language barrier, cultural and ethnic differences and non-transferability of human capital) for immigrant laborers are not applicable since Turkish immigrants have ethnic and cultural similarities to native citizens and Turkey is considered the “motherland” of Northern Cyprus. Nonetheless, significant differences between Turkish immigrants and natives in regard to the labor market exist in Northern Cyprus. Using data from the period 2004–2011, we find that although occupational attainment of immigrants has improved in favor of high-skilled occupations, the average wage gap has not decreased significantly. The statistical estimations reveal that Turkish immigrants earn, on average, 25 percent less than natives in the private sector. Furthermore, half of this gap cannot be explained by differences in individual characteristics and ethnic discrimination.
Abstract To discuss the gender dimension of migration and human rights, and to provide an assessment of how to improve human rights protections for migrant women workers in janitorial services and night clubs across registered and... more
Abstract
To discuss the gender dimension of migration and human rights, and to provide an assessment of how to improve human rights protections for migrant women workers in janitorial services and night clubs across registered and unregistered migrant women workers in North Cyprus.
A survey is done to establish the employment conditions of migrant women workers in both sectors. The conditions are evaluated to assess the compliance with North Cyprus labor and immigration legislation and international human rights protocols.
Registered and unregistered segment of the janitorial services and unregistered segment of sex industry are dominated by Turkish migrant women. The registered part of sex industry is dominated by Eastern European migrant women mostly due to the legislative framework within which these two activities operate, primarily with respect to immigration requirements and also as it pertains to the remunerative potential of activity. No evidences of human rights abuses of Turkish immigrants in either segment of the cleaning services sector are founded but lack of knowledge of their conditions in unregistered sex work. Eastern European migrants working in the registered segment of the sex industry suffer human rights and basic migrant rights abuses at the hands of the state and the employer.
Lack of knowledge of Turkish migrant women workers’ conditions in unregistered segment of sex work limits the findings of the research. A survey across unregistered Turkish sex workers is suggested for future research. Legalization of commercial sex among registered konsomatrices would provide an opportunity for labor rights legislation to be fully applied to their primary income-earning activities. Most of the human and immigrant rights violations are the result of legislation applied to nightclubs and work visas for konsomatrices. Improvements in the legislation and work visas for konsomatrices would guarantee the women to have access to assistance in case of human rights violations. The paper provides practical suggestion for the improvement of human rights protections for migrant women workers in North Cyprus.
Keywords: Migrant workers, Human rights, Women workers, Cyprus
To discuss the gender dimension of migration and human rights, and to provide an assessment of how to improve human rights protections for migrant women workers in janitorial services and night clubs across registered and unregistered migrant women workers in North Cyprus.
A survey is done to establish the employment conditions of migrant women workers in both sectors. The conditions are evaluated to assess the compliance with North Cyprus labor and immigration legislation and international human rights protocols.
Registered and unregistered segment of the janitorial services and unregistered segment of sex industry are dominated by Turkish migrant women. The registered part of sex industry is dominated by Eastern European migrant women mostly due to the legislative framework within which these two activities operate, primarily with respect to immigration requirements and also as it pertains to the remunerative potential of activity. No evidences of human rights abuses of Turkish immigrants in either segment of the cleaning services sector are founded but lack of knowledge of their conditions in unregistered sex work. Eastern European migrants working in the registered segment of the sex industry suffer human rights and basic migrant rights abuses at the hands of the state and the employer.
Lack of knowledge of Turkish migrant women workers’ conditions in unregistered segment of sex work limits the findings of the research. A survey across unregistered Turkish sex workers is suggested for future research. Legalization of commercial sex among registered konsomatrices would provide an opportunity for labor rights legislation to be fully applied to their primary income-earning activities. Most of the human and immigrant rights violations are the result of legislation applied to nightclubs and work visas for konsomatrices. Improvements in the legislation and work visas for konsomatrices would guarantee the women to have access to assistance in case of human rights violations. The paper provides practical suggestion for the improvement of human rights protections for migrant women workers in North Cyprus.
Keywords: Migrant workers, Human rights, Women workers, Cyprus
This essay is an empirical study of migration in a small, dynamic economy, North Cyprus. Even though it is a small state in a divided country, North Cyprus is rather unique, being both an importer and exporter of labor. It attracts a... more
This essay is an empirical study of migration in a small, dynamic economy, North Cyprus. Even though it is a small state in a divided country, North Cyprus is rather unique, being both an importer and exporter of labor. It attracts a large number of workers from the Turkish mainland, and at the same time it exports labor to South Cyprus. The study
consists of three main parts. First, there is an analytical discussion of migration using the standard rational migration theory, which assumes that migrants carefully weigh the
economic benefits and costs of relocation prior to moving from origin to destination labor market. In the second part, findings from two special survey results are examined, the first
one relating to Turkish Cypriot commuter workers who travel daily from North Cyprus for employment in South Cyprus, and a parallel survey of guest workers from Turkey working in
North Cyprus. The third part of the paper highlights the conclusions and policy implications of the findings.
consists of three main parts. First, there is an analytical discussion of migration using the standard rational migration theory, which assumes that migrants carefully weigh the
economic benefits and costs of relocation prior to moving from origin to destination labor market. In the second part, findings from two special survey results are examined, the first
one relating to Turkish Cypriot commuter workers who travel daily from North Cyprus for employment in South Cyprus, and a parallel survey of guest workers from Turkey working in
North Cyprus. The third part of the paper highlights the conclusions and policy implications of the findings.