Monsieur Ian Walker

Phantom Africa : Photography between Surrealism and Ethnography

Citer ce document / Cite this document : Walker Ian. Phantom Africa : Photography between Surrealism and Ethnography. In: Cahiers d'tudes africaines. Vol. 37 N147. 1997. pp. 635-655. doi : 10.3406/cea.1997.1374 http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/cea_0008-0055_1997_num_37_147_1374

Abstract Abstract James Clifford's 1981 essay 'On Ethnographic Surrealism', which proposed an intimate connection between surrealism and ethnography in Paris in the early thirties, has resulted in much debate. The present text considers the place of photography in that debate in two ways. Firstly, the essay traces the placement of photographs of Dogon masks (taken by Marcel Griaule on the Dakar-Djibouti expedition of 1931-33) in a number of siteson display in the Musee de l'Homme, in Griaule's book Masques dogons (1938), in the Surrealist-oriented magazine Minotaure (1933), and finally in Michel Leiris's L'Afrique fantome (1934). In each site, the meaning of the image shifts, with Leiris in particular investing it with elements of extreme subjectivity. In the second part of the essay, this 'surrealist ethnography' is related to the 'surrealist documentary' of the same period, as exemplified by Andre Breton's Nadja (1928) and the photographs and films of Brassa, Eli Lotar, Jean Painlev and Luis Buuel. Finally, one might ask, what do these practices hold for a more contemporary 'post-modem' ethnographic or documentary practice? Rsum Rsum L'Afrique fantme. La photographie entre surralisme et ethnographie. L'tude de J. Clifford de 1981, On Ethnographie Surrealism , qui tablissait un lien troit entre le surralisme et l'ethnographie parisiens du dbut de annes 1930, a donn lieu de nombreuses discussions. Cet article envisage le rle de la photographie dans ces dbats de deux faons. En premier lieu, l'article examine la localisation des photos de masques dogons prises par Marcel Griaule au cours de la Mission DakarDjibouti (1931-33) dans certains sites: le Muse de l'Homme, le livre de Griaule, Masques dogons (1938), la revue d'inspiration surraliste, Minotaure (1933) et enfin L'Afrique fantme (1934) de Michel Leiris. Dans chaque site, le sens des images se modifie, en particulier dans le livre de Leiris o elles sont investies d'une subjectivit exacerbe. Dans la seconde partie de l'article, cette ethnographie surraliste est mise en rapport avec l' imagerie surraliste de la mme priode, telle qu'elle est reprsente par Nadja (1928) d'Andr Breton ainsi que par les photographies et les films de Brassa, Eli Lotar, Jean Painlev et Luis Buuel. Enfin, on s'interroge sur la signification que peuvent revtir ces pratiques pour une ethnographie ou un usage de l'image post-modernes.

lan Walker

Phantom

Africa

Photography between Surrealism and Ethnography

In Paris in the Muse de Homme in the gallery devoted to artifacts from tropical Africa in rather dusty glass case is small photograph It depicts native of the Dogo tribe wearing an extraordinary mask the face and false breasts of which are decorated with rows of white shells According to the label this is Masque jeune and the image is displayed next to an actual mask of the same type In this context then the photograph has seemingly simple documentary role to show how the museumized decontextualized mask hanging next to it might have originally been worn in Dogo ceremony But just as there has been in the last decade an intense questioning of the supposed scientific objectivity of anthropology so parallel acknowledgement of the inevitable presence of our own cultural and subjective impulses in the making and reading of photographs has filtered into documentary theory and practice.1 Photographs as documents are we now realize far from simple objects The photograph of the Masque jeune has travelled long way to this site in the museum not only in space but also now in time and it has passed through great many culturally mediated screens on the way We may think of our sensitivity to these issues as comparatively recent post-colonialist post-modernist But when one looks back to the point in time Paris in the early thirties when this image first came to Europe it is perhaps already possible to discern an anticipation of these repositionings in the complex and ambiguous relationship between Sur realism and ethnography In the wake of James essay On Ethnographic the debate about this relationship has com prised crucial aspect of both the re-thinking of the relevance of Sur realism and the development of more critically self-reflexive ethno graphic practice For discussion of the use of photography within anthropology see EDWARDS 1992 In two recent essays have discussed aspects of contemporary docu mentary photography in parallel terms see WALKER 1995a 19950 Originally published in 1981 it was reprinted in revised form in CLIFFORD 1988 117-151 Cahiers tudes africaines 47 XXXVII-3 1997 pp 635-655

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argument that in the thirties Surrealism and ethnography were closely bound together has been both very influential and much criticized and do not have the space here to fully rehearse those argu ments Rather want to extend consideration of this relationship in two directions First will take as examples two particular photographs of Dogo masks made at that point in time and examine their placement in number of different contexts of which the Museum is the first Through this process hope to demonstrate how their apparently obvious directness can also be revealed as complex and ambiguous Secondly will sketch in the context of documentary surrealism which was devel oping contemporaneously with this ethnographic surrealism and to which it can be related This will illuminate from another direction the status of such images as documents and suggest that there are still useful lessons to be learnt from Surrealism for anyone who wishes to use pho tography as tool for recording and for understanding The photograph of the Masque jeune is but one image brought back from what was perhaps the most extraordinary of French ethnographic expeditions the Mission Dakar-Djibouti which traversed central Africa between 1931 and 1933 The Mission was of course primarily scientific expedition gathering material and data for the new Muse de ethnogra phie in Paris the institution that was to become the Muse de Flomme It collected great deal including 3500 objects 200 sound recordings and several zoological specimens.4 And 6000 photographs of which this was one These were primarily taken by the leader of the expedition Marcel Griaule an avowed believer in the use of photography to provide context for the artifacts collected by the Mission understanding of the cultural implications of his ethnographic practice was in many ways highly sophisticated and in text such as Un coup de 5 he had written about it with good deal of scepticism.6 Nevertheless he did believe that the primary role summary of this debate and references to further discussion around it can be found in RICHARDSON 1993 want to thank Michael Richardson for reading an earlier version of this essay and making several valuable comments on it The acquisition of the actual mask that is next to the photograph in the Muse de Homme is credited to the Mission Labouret with the accession number 30.31.22 However many of the other objects in these glass cases are either from the Mission Dakar-Djibouti or from Marcel later expeditions and photographs are used in several parts of the display GRIAULE 1930 Translated by Dominic Faccini as it was published in BATAILLE et al 1995 96-99) See the quotation from GRIAULE 1930 towards the end of this text Griaule was to spend the rest of his life studying Dogo culture and his enterprise was to develop enormously in complexity from these early stages For sympathetic account of his work see CALAME-GRIAULE GUIART 1987) while more critical view is that in CLIFFORD 1988 55-91) Power and Dialogue in Eth nography Marcel

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of the ethnographer was documentation and interpretation came later When the findings of the mission were placed on display in the Muse in 1933 special issue of the new magazine Minotaure was produced In his Introduction Griaule listed the many forms that ethnographic investigation could take but ended by saying observation directe des faits semble tre le procd le plus sr le plus naturel le plus simple qui soit Griaule 1933 10 For Griaule photography appears to have been part of that process of direct observation Certainly this is the role such photographic images play in own massively detailed study Masques dogons first published in 1938 The same photograph of the Masque jeune appears 539 fig 139 as one aspect of the recording of the mask and its function These documentations include description of the mask tran scription of the chants that accompany the ceremony in which it was featured both in Dogo and translated into French and drawings of variations on the mask type Griaule 1938 536-541 There is no sense that we are witnessing here different representational systems each coded to signal the authenticity and neutrality of this ethnographic observation dry precise description is notably lacking in evaluative adjectives the drawings have naive crudity the photograph is undemonstrative and frontal None of these images or texts is intended to have any visual or literary value itself They are records and together they elaborate and reinforce an overall sense of documentation The siting of this photograph in the museum and the siting of it in book are of course different in several respects each context offering what it offers best given that we ourselves cannot travel to West Africa an apparently direct confrontation with the object on the one hand and an elaboration of its cultural placement on the other But they are parallel in that they each use the photograph as unproblematic primary material first hand evidence And beyond them lies third less accessible siting which subtly underlines this status For the original glass plates and set of first generation prints from the Dakar-Djibouti expedition are carefully filed in the archives of the Muse de Homme and it is partly their very inaccessiblity which lends them that aura of the primary which the archival so often effects When picture such as the Masque jeune emerges into the light of the public gallery or the book it brings with it something of this aura precisely because the image carries no artistic overtones It appears to be and we are asked to take it as the purest simplest form of evidence document fact However the Dakar-Djibouti expedition was far more complex and multiple phenomenon in the Paris of the early thirties than this suggests Certainly it was serious scientific expedition But as Jean Jmin 1987 has described the Mission also became enmeshed with the contemporary

Masque jeune

as reproduced in GRIAULE 1938 539

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fashion for all things .7 At the same time it intersected crucially with the artistic avant-garde The departure was signalled in George magazine Documents with an essay by Michel Leiris 1930) and as already mentioned its findings were displayed in 1933 in special number of the new magazine Minotaure issue no The materials collected by the Mission had been put on display in the Trocadero and this publication acted both as publicity and as catalogue Scanning this issue of Minotaure today its version of the Mission Dakar-Djibouti remains sober and detailed account of the findings Yet in the context of the early thirties the account of the expedition and the photographs that represented it must have had addi tional dimensions both social and artistic Although Minotaure was independently produced by Albert Skira its tone was heavily influenced by Surrealism But it was also most luxurious production with large format pages an elegant layout and lavish use of colour reproduction very different from the asceticism of La Rvolution surraliste It sig nalled in other words the shift of Surrealism from the street to the salon which Susan Rubin Suleiman 1991 has described However these two aspects of the presentation of both the Mission and of Minotaure the fashionable and the avant-garde cannot quite be collapsed together and still need for the moment to be considered separately On second level then beyond the specifically ethnographic the materials presented in Minotaure must have acquired Surrealist mean ing within the context of an advanced taste which could admire them both for their aesthetic frisson and for the anti-colonial stance their pres ence represented true though that one would probably not be able to grasp such meaning from viewing this issue of Minotaure alone But it must certainly come into play when one views issue no next to issue no published in fact on the same date 1st June 1933 There one would have found series of drawings Une paranoiac-critical interpretation of Anglus Maurice Heine on Sade luard on Baudelaire drawings of Dr study of paranoia Seen in that context the ethnographic materials presented in issue no of Minotaure become entangled in web of meanings which fascinated the Surrealists the desire to espouse the primitive in opposition to high or fine art the desire to emphasise the unconscious disquieting urges which erupt from behind the facade of bourgeois rectitude Although its luxuriousness meant that its audience had in part to be members of the bourgeoisie Minotaure was neverthless prime site for such continuing Surrealist quest and however distinctive the Dakar-Djibouti issue was its like to also acknowledge here the help of Jmin in discussing these issues with me in Paris in 1993 On the fashionable Negrophilia of the period see also CLIFFORD 1989

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reception must at the same time have been inevitably affected by that context James Clifford largely centred his 1981 essay on the role of Georges Bataille and Documents in bringing together ethnography and dissident Surrealism His text was thus part of more general theoretical shift for the seventies and eighties saw an extraordinary burgeoning of interest in work more generally.8 Certainly it is in denigration of the values of modern Western culture in favour of the base and the primal where one finds the most extreme espousal of the Primitive But this desire to embrace the Otherness of other cultures ran through all of Surrealism In 1926 La Rvolution surraliste had placed photograph of Scne Rituelle Nouvelle-Bretagne in the middle of poem by Philippe Soupault.9 As Dawn Ades 1985 63 comments It is there not to illustrate text but as text in its own right ... Nor is there any attempt to mediate the strangeness of the ritual There would have been no mistaking the challenge posed by the image of the ritual dropped into La Rvolution surraliste or by the uncomfortable juxtapositions of tribal and modern in Documents and that other fascinating site of Surrealist magazine montage Varits.1 But the Surrealist dimen sion of the Dakar-Djibouti pictures in Minotaure is far less evident only perceptible if one is aware of the broader context in which they were placed That status remains ambiguous It can be read as evidence of new respect for the self-sufficient scientific nature of the Mission indeed as an example of the fascination that such rigour held for Surrealism.11 Or it can be seen as symptom of the taming of Surrealism by the luxuriousness of Minotaure Or simply as sign of insistence on the pluralism of his new magazine.12 For brief account of this process see SULEIMAN 1990 72-85 For devel opment of his initial essay in these terms see CLIFFORD 1990 La Rvolution surraliste no 15 Juin 1926 16 It is worth noting that the taste of Andr Breton and the Official Surrealist group was for tribal art other than African in particular Oceanic and American Indian sculpture perhaps because the African connection had already been so well-worked by the Cubists Thus the concern in Documents for African culture was not only an extension of the popular and ethnographic interest of the time but may also have been position taken up contra Breton Varits was published in Brussels and edited by the Belgian Surrealist E.L.T Mesens who albeit in less provocative context worked even more consistantly than did Bataille with the creation of meaning through the juxtaposition of photographs For examples involving ethnographic materials see the pages reproduced in FOSTER 1993 138-139 See for example the formal restrained layout of La Rvolution surraliste based upon that of the scientific magazine La Nature In the words of the first co-editor Pierre NAVILLE 1977 104) this was intended to provide la garantie que notre entreprise ne tournerait pas trop vite talage de productions esthtiques Skira initially wanted to bring Breton and Bataille together in Minotaure and one can perhaps see deliberate balance between the first issue which is

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Jean Jmin 1987 86 has commented that the Dakar-Djibouti Mission was principally interested in the spectacular dimension let us say of African societies though he adds it did not ignore what animated those The term spectacular might also be used to describe the presentation of Mmotaure And it might also be used negatively to describe at least the visual aspect of version of the Mission col lection of images that are rich and tantalizing but which intrigue without fundamentally challenging re)presentation running dangerously close to the touristic But perhaps there was more to Minotaur version just as there was to the Mission itself In the magazine the photographs were generally attributed to the Mission Dakar-Djibouti and the preface made point of this anonymous collectivity.]3 Jmin notes however that the issue was organized and co-ordinated by Michel Leiris who refused Skira offer of an editorial credit out of loyalty to that collective spirit.14 The main essay by Leiris himself was on Masques dogons Leiris 1933) and above the title was photograph of several dancers wearing masks an image which has more recently been included as an example of collage in an exhibition of Surrealist art Robertson 1986 111 Which indeed it can be made to represent but in the original context there was not whiff of Surrealism nor indeed collage to either the presentation or text His approach seems to have been as resolutely detached and descriptive as was the rest of this issue of the magazine The photographs that accompanied his text amplified but did not clash with it Only now and then by reading between the lines with degree of hindsight that derives from what one knows Leiris will later make of the images can one presume to look beyond the straightforward use of the photographs as documentation One of the most striking images that illustrated article was the Masque jeune photograph This was placed next to text which described the taboos surrounding the use of such mask for example if women came into contact with it they would become obsessed Then below the image of the jeune fille was placed another photograph of pile of Masques uss abandonns sous une roche The captions are of course important here in focusing our reading of the images would we otherwise know that those masks have been As in different way the very title Masque jeune gives us the frame in which we now must see that object.

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dominated by Breton with his long essay on Picasso and the second issue devoted to the ethnographic concerns that had been established in Documents This collective credit continued to be used through the various editions of Afrique fantme see below and in the Muse de Homme itself MIN 1987 87 fn indicates that this information came directly from Leiris himself

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In this layout then the Dogo mask is shown above as spectacle and below as debris while the text speaks of it as ritual and belief Caught thus between varied meanings one begins to realize the limitations of demanding any single fixed meaning for these objects either for us as European viewers or perhaps for the Dogo themselves It may be that one only reads so much into this juxtaposition of images and text because such intertextual meanings are common within the Surrealist magazines of the period But one can also start to see these juxtapositions as creating meanings which might operate around this apparently objective documen tation However even if that is so it is minimal gesture perhaps all that Leiris could manage in this context controlled by the demands of both the Mission and Minotaure But some of those suppressed meanings had been gathering over the previous two years within private expedition diary and were to pour out in public in the book that he made from that journal Afrique fantme published the following year.15 That first edition of Afrique fantme 1934 carried the dedication mon ami Marcel Griaule This is missing from later editions and Leiris referred to the publication of his book as Ie premier coup to their friendship.16 Evidently project was very different from what Griaule thought of as Michel Leiris former Surrealist turned dissident now trained as an ethnographer but continuing to practice as stood in unique position astride the differing sites of scientific fieldwork and avant-garde reflexivity It was not necessarily very comfortable position but it was this complexity that made Afrique fantme such an extraordinary and perhaps unique document By its very nature it defies definition but at one point in his essay On Ethnographic Clifford 1988 142143 briefly reverses his terms and seeks examples of surrealist eth nography One is Afrique fantme The other he cites in foot note is Mass Observation the project formed in Britain in the late thirties it is parallel which suggests intriguing possibilities that cannot be explored here.]7 15 There have been two subsequent editions 1951 and 1981 both with updated Prambules added by Leiris on the various versions o Afrique fantme see MIN 1982 Unless otherwise indicated all subsequent page references here are to the 1981 edition LEIRIS 1981 It is great omission that Afrique fantme has not been translated into English For translations of some extracts see the special issue of Slfr dedicated to Leiris no 15 1986) pp 30-34 and 42-45 introduced by another essay by CLIFFORD 1986) Prambule to the 1951 edition LEIRIS 1981 12 Leiris himself gave more detailed information on the context of Afrique fantme including disapproval cf PRICE MIN 1988 Mass Observation was formed in 1937 by Tom Harrisson an anthropologist recently returned from Borneo Charles Madge journalist and poet and Hum phrey Jennings film-maker photographer painter poet and member of the English Surrealist group Their proposition was to make an ethnographic study

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Afrique fantme is the final siting of the Dakar-Djibouti photographs that want to discuss containing as it does small selection of the images.18 In the first instance Leiris had very direct relationship with the photographs for one of his jobs as secrtaire-archiviste of the Mission was to record in carnet photographique the details of each image as Griaule took it Leiris 1981 67 In this context the factual descripti venes of the photograph on the one hand and the text on the other would operate in mutual confirmation and this seems initially to be the way that the photographs in Afrique fantme relate to the text But the more subjective elements in text break down this naturalizing convention and reveal the photographs themselves as potentially disruptive and disturbing To the extent that in his Prambule to the 1981 edition of the book Leiris could describe the cliches Mission Dakar-Djibouti as being used pour imager au gr presque de ma fantaisie dition originale et ladite rdition ibid. Not it should be noted in accor dance with the factual account he made at the time nor even with his memory of those events but rather with his fantasy On the cover of the first edition was reproduced photograph of very similar mask to the Masque jeune It was presumably considered provocative exotic indeed spectacular enough to act as advertisement But in the book itself the image played far more problematic role It was now captioned Le Masque femme du cordon nier avec ses seins en fruits de baobab Sangra 1er novembre) l9 Moving to that date in the text one reads La femme du cordonnier de mer veilleux seins pointus et dresss en demi-fruits de baobab beaucoup plus excitants que des vrais La cagoule de fibre entirement couverte de cauris surmonte une coiffure en crte trois pointes fait au danseur un visage lunaire extraordinairement sduisant ibid. 148) Whatever the complex impulses that lay behind reaction here it is hard not to situate them now in terms of fetishism indeed to read them as fusing together of the anthropological sense of that term with the psychoanalytic For as Ades 1995 68 points out more generally Surrealism was constituted in an awareness of what Foucault later called the confrontation in fundamental correlation of ethnography and psyof British culture itself including its collective unconscious MO was thus an extraordinary hybrid of anthropology journalism and surrealism Much of the most interesting material is in the detail of the participants diaries see CALDER SHERIDAN 1985 Thirty-two in the first edition 1934) thirty-six in the 1981 edition Opposite 80 in the 1934 edition plate between pp 234-235 in the 1981 edition The reproduction in each case is slightly different with the 1934 version showing more of the head-dress and more of the background including part of drum on the left There is incidently no indication why the mask is called the Masque femme du but again the name affects the effect in small but significant ways.

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Masque femme du cordonnier as reproduced in LEIRIS Ph Griaule- colldp Mnmm

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.20 Evidently one part of excitement did lie in the unknowability of the mask crucial example of this surrealist ethno graphy which did not seek to explicate but rather to celebrate otherness But the more overtly sexual aspect of his pleasure with its emphasis on the seins pointus et is classically Freudian example of fetish ism seeking signs of the missing phallus elsewhere on the female body Though that is complicated by the unacknowledged irony that this phallic behind below her disguise actually does possess penis However one wishes to analyze the implications of description one can certainly see how he suffused his text with personal and emotive elements in manner that must have earned the disapproval of Griaule Leiris was unafraid indeed unashamed of merging his observations and his fantasies to the point of being unnervingly frank in the inclusivity of his remarks The next entry November began with note about pollution nocturne aprs rve peine rotique He say whether this wet dream was related to the extraordinarily seductive face seen the day before but the proximity of these two entries does dem onstrate the extent to which he was interested not only in documenting Dogo culture but also in documenting himself This is an admittedly extreme example but it nevertheless represents something of tactics with Afrique fantme The tone of his text was coolly descriptive yet all the time he showed himself to be highly sceptical of any pretence of scientific neutrality removed from its object of study He deliberately wove into his factual narrative another account that of his own implication Sometimes this implication was personal as here) at other points it involved his own strong sense of colonial guilt when for example he found himself in the uncomfortable position of honorary colonial administrator.21 Looking back in 1981 Leiris described Afrique fantme as ce journal double entre essentiellement succession de flashes relatifs des faits subjectifs aussi bien des choses extrieures vcues vues ou apprises et qui regard sous un angle mi-documentaire mi-potique me semble valoir tre propos apprciation Leiris 1981 This last comment sounds striking anticipation of Kathleen 1975 81 equally hybrid description of Mass Observation as half-poetic for what the two projects shared was an understanding 20 The quotation is from FOUCAULT 1970 379 and continues Since Totem and Taboo the establishment of common field for these two the possibility of discourse that could move from one to the other without discontinuity the double articulation of the history of individuals upon the unconscious of culture and of the historicity of those cultures upon the consciousness of individuals has opened up without doubt the most general problems with regard to man. For another examination of the Surrealist interest in the fetish which links it with the prevailing see GOLAN 1994 See CLIFFORD 1988 169) Tell about your Trip Michel

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unusual for their time that the collection of evidence can never stand alone can never attain self-sufficient scientific objectivity It must inevitably be intermeshed with the subjectivity indeed the desires of the person collecting the evidence More than he or she might know and in ways often not acknowledged the participant-observer must par ticipate if not in the observed event itself then certainly in the construction of its meaning There is no observation that is free of interpretation James Clifford has written of presentation of his unadorned notes in Afrique fantme as stubbornly naive holding off acceptable forms of exploiting the merely chronological collection of citations and snapshots Clifford 1988 172 The photographic term snapshot is particularly appropriate with its dual connotations of spon taneous directness and personal witness Such combination of effects has often been exploited in ethnography and documentary photography to lend authenticity and through that authority to the records and comments What is particular about use of these tactics is that they rather serve to undermine any such idea of authority He cannot help but be simultaneously implicated in what he is observing and dis tanced from it Towards Surrealist Documentary

The experience of Afrique fantme was unique and unrepeatable Leilater writings split between his professional work as an anthropologist based at the Muse de Homme and sequence of autobiographical volumes the first of which was Age homme first published in 1939.22 In his introduction De la littrature considre comme une Leiris himself invoked photographic metaphor for his procedure in this book describing it as une sorte de collage surraliste ou plutt de photo montage aucun lment est utilis qui ne soit une vracit rigoureuse ou ait valeur de document Leiris 1973 16 And little later he amplified his metaphor Envisageant mon entreprise la manire un photo-montage et choisissant pour exprimer un ton aussi objectif que possible tentant de ramasser ma vie en un seul bloc solide objet que je pourrais toucher comme assurer contre la mort alors mme que paradoxalement je prtendais tout risquer) si ouvrais bien ma porte aux rves lment psychologiquement justifi mais color de romantisme...) je imposais en somme une rgle aussi svre que si avais voulu faire une uvre classique ibid. 20) Again what is most important to note here is the deliberate conjunction of the objective the cool and classical with the subjective and roman22 References here arc to the 1973 Gallimard edition It was translated into English by Richard Howard as Manhood and published in London by Jonathan Cape in 1968 Republished by Chicago University Press in 1992

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tic It is common dialectic within Surrealism and in his introduction to ge homme Leiris is explicit about the continuing influence of Surrealist method on his autobiographical enterprise Rceptivit gard de ce qui apparat comme nous tant donn sans que nous ayons cherch sur le mode de la dicte intrieure ou de la rencontre de hasard rpugnance gard de tout ce qui est transposition ou arrangement est--dire compromis fallacieux entre les faits rels et les produits purs de imagination ibid. 16) Within the same passage Leiris cited Andr 1928 book Nadja23 as primary example of these fundamental Surrealist attitudes and tactics and indeed there were several parallels with his own project Though Nadja has often been classified as novel Breton insisted on the truthfulness of his account and deliberately used the present tense form of diary with tone which gave the extraordinary events of the book an air of removed actuality he himself later said that le ton adopt pour le rcit se calque sur celui de observation mdicale Breton 1963 The disorientating amour fou between Nadja and Breton is set very precisely in contemporary Paris and Michel Beaujour 1967 797) making an early comparison between Nadja and Afrique fantme com mented that Nadja est le rcit une expdition ethnologique vers in trieur une ville And of course there was in both books the use of photographs to add to the effect of veracity Throughout Nadja Breton scattered images of the Parisian streets and squares where he and Nadja had walked the deliberate plainness and anonymity of the photographs rendering them all the more susceptible to suffusion of subjective meaning As Walter Benjamin 1979 231 wrote In such passages in Breton photography intervenes in strange way It draws off the banal obviousness of this ancient architecture to inject it with the most pristine intensity towards the events described In the first edition of Nadja in 1928 the photo graphs were unattributed as were in Afrique fantme which increased their status as direct almost unmediated records In the second edition of 1963 however the photographer was cited as Jacques-Andr Boiffard and with the recent recognition of the extraordinary quality of later photographs in Documents his pictures for Nadja are now highly authored images which have been published and exhibited under name. Following Nadja one can find in the early thirties many examples of Surrealist where tension is set up between highly emotive subject matter and restrained even laconic form of represen tation Sometimes this tension is between the subject matter and how it is portrayed In other cases as with Nadja and Afrique fantme it 23 In 1963 new French edition entirely revised by the author was published and this is the version now available French BRETON 1963)

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is between two different forms of representation usually of course between image and text. This approach achieves what Lydia Davis 1992 has claimed for autobiographical books Taking himself as subject with sort of ethnographic objectivity he examines what is familiar to him and often to us so closely and from such an odd angle that in the end it becomes strange an exotic close to home It is tactic to be found in Surrealist writings besides Nadja there is Louis Le Paysan de Paris) even in Surrealist painting work of the period shares these qualities) but above all and most obviously it is to be seen in the way that the Surrealists approached documentary photog raphy and film-making during this period In the last decade Surrealist photography has been almost entirely considered within the terms laid out by Rosalind Krauss and Jane Liv ingston in their exhibition and book Amour Fou 1985) largely manip ulated or staged images focused above all on the usually female body But the study of this other strand of Surrealist photography Surrealist documentary and an examination of how it intersects with Surrealist ethnography offers another an alternative or parallel route into the subject.24 Here one can only briefly describe few disparate examples of this work One would be Brassats photographs of Parisian graffiti first published in Minotaure six months after the Dakar-Djibouti issue with the provocative title Du mur des cavernes au mur usine Brassai 1933 Though his subject the revelation of primal unconscious at the heart of the cultured city was highly emotive actual images were recordative and neutral with the violently gouged and often macabre graffiti precisely framed in the centre of each image In his text he drew an explicit parallel with the objectifying stance of the ethnographer an idea he took further quarter of century later when the graffiti photo graphs were finally published in book form Attracted as we are by the strangeness of primitive customs we know more about the habits of the pygmy or African bushman than we do about Parisian from the rue des .25 His own work he claimed was ethnography brought home what Marc Auge 1995 has recently called an anthroplogy of the near however like the Surrealists themselves was not interested in the mainstream of culture but rather in the hidden marginal and unacknowledged elements which undermined the structures of that culture Such positioning can be found elsewhere in this Surrealist docu mentary The photographs made by Eli Lotar of the Parisian abattoir 24 In my unpublished thesis WALKER 1995 discuss this subject at length with chapters on Nadja and La Rvolution surraliste on the work of individual photographers such as Atget Brassai Kertsz and Cartier-Bresson and on urban sites such as the abattoir and the flea-market The present essay has been adapted from the conclusion of this thesis BRASSAI I960 10 This translation is that given by WAREHIME 1996 88)

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first published with short text by Bataille in Documents 1929) also dealt with troubling and convulsive subject in precise and restrained way Lotar had previously worked with Germaine Krull the leading Parisian exponent of the formalizing New Objectivity photography and he had adapted that approach to his own ends So while Bataille indulged himself in an evocation of orgies and slaughter Lotar quietly kept his distance casting an unflinching gaze at the primitive scenes that were to be found on the margins of the urban metropolis scenes of transformation that were both hidden and essential to the existence of that metropolis.26 During this period Lotar worked as cameraman for the natural history filmmaker Jean Painleve who was also close to the Surrealist group without being member Painleve was best known for series of short films about underwater creatures most famously Hippocampe 1934) which reveal natural world that is so other that it comes to seem natural films are embued with an absolute scientific rigour and filled with coolly delivered factual information But they are also startling in the use of an almost deliberately excessive anthropomorphic and cultural referencing which provides an ironic commentary on how we react to these alien creatures Once again observation and interpre tation cannot be disentangled Thus films might be taken to represent Surrealist natural history to be placed alongside Surrealist documentary and Surrealist .27 Painleve apparently greatly admired the opening of Luis and Salvador 1928 film Un chien andalou where the slicing of the eye is indeed observed with the sort of clinical precision which Painleve brought to his own films In turn next film ge or 1930 starts with sequence of two scorpions fighting shot in the style of Painleve In his autobiography My Last Breath Bunuel 1985 138 claimed that after that he himself was asked to go on the Mission DakarDjibouti but refused and gave his place to Leiris Instead he went to one of the poorest areas of Spain and with Lotar as his cameraman shot his caustic documentary film Las Uurdes Terre sans pain 1932) made Las Uurdes because had Surrealist vision and because was interested in the problem of man saw reality in different manner from the way seen it before .28 26 There is no room here to extend this discussion of the imagery of the abattoir but the influence of pictures can surely be found in Georges similarly clinical film Le sang des btes 1949) with its commentary written by Jean Painleve Recently work has become more available In France most of his films have been released on video set are held in the Bibliothque publique information at the Centre Pompidou) with an accompanying publication BERG 1991 In Britain compilation tape Surrealism and Science The Weird World of Jean Painleve was released by Academy Video 1995 ARANDA 1975 90-91 On Las Uurdes see also CONLEY 1987 and THOMAS 1994 highly critical view of the film as colonialist is reductive and

27

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As much might have been said by Leiris or Breton by Lotar Painlev or Brassai by any of the Surrealist or Surrealist-influenced writers artists photographers and film-makers of the period For Surrealism contrary to how it has often been characterized was never only about the devel opment of individual subjectivity it always emphasized the necessity to seek out heightened interaction between that subjectivity and the reality around it The usual opposition between the inner and the outer the individual and the world the subjective and the objective should thus become meaningless as these elements are merged together in heightened state of existence surresity Just as the facts that Griaule discovered about the Dogo masks should not be separated from the emotions that the objects aroused in Leiris Both aspects are and must be part of its possible meaning The moment of Surrealist ethnography was brief and quickly passed Afrique fantme and Mass Observation were two different products of particular moment in time and particular confluence of effects Yet they do in some ways seem to prefigure later developments When Fred Inglis 1990 82 recently defined ethnography as highly specific nar rative about the form of life in front of us but narrative always suspicious of its own common it was very contemporary definition which at the same time sounded an echo of Marcel 1930 46 comment ethnographie se mfie elle-mme car elle est science blanche est--dire entache de prjugs What Leiris did however in Afrique fantme was to double up on that suspiciousness to apply it not only to his cultural positioning but also to his own subjectivity Thus he delib erately questioned the objectifying distance that Griaule sought to main tain at one point in Afrique fantme Leiris 1981 433 expressed his ressentiment contre ethnographie qui fait prendre cette position si inhu maine observateur dans des circonstances o il faudrait abandonner But as with use of photography in Nadja one might here ask to what extent Leiris was also suspicious of the documentary veracity of the photographs he used Did both he and Breton take that veracity for granted solid indeed stolid donne against which to throw the uncertainties of their texts Or did they recognize that the juxtaposition of images and text cast shadow of doubt not only across their written accounts but also across the photographs they used In 1981 Leiris was aware that the photographs in Afrique fantme were chosen au gr presque de ma but had he been aware of it in 1934 To what extent can more contemporary understandings both and ours of the complexity of representation be retrospectively applied Can one extrapolate back to the thirties and find there an understanding of these issues misses its profoundly dark and anti-humanist irony but he does site the film in relation to the Surrealist ethnography of the early thirties

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It has been central tenet of some recent theory that reading and indeed is more important than the original act of writing In such an argument perhaps it matter that we know if what Nadja and Afrique fantme now seem to mean is what they meant to Breton Leiris and their contemporary audience But this stance is surely only one element in how we should approach these texts The place of intentionality and historical positioning must necessarily be recon sidered within this different context and we must attempt an archaeology of this recent past that now seems so far away even if in the process we run the danger of over-estimating the radical intentions behind these images and texts For in the end we cannot know how much of what has been proposed here was intended or indeed how much of it was noticed since such issues were not at the time discussed let alone theo rized Nevertheless and with all that in mind it is possible to trace in the Surrealist ethnography of Afrique fantme significant problematization however untheorized of its own production complex celebration of otherness that at the same time suggests its own self-critique In his response to the Masque femme du Leiris throws into question the status of any neutral relationship one might have with that object His immediate reaction in the heart of Africa was in the context of direct confrontation with the mask itself But in Afrique fantme the mask was now only to be seen through the photograph seen as as part of the phantomatic structure that Leiris constructed from his African experience In the process the apparent straightfor wardness of the photograph itself was also implicitly thrown into question and one can surely already see there an intuitive apprehension that no document is ever just document Or rather that what we call document can be indeed must be threaded through with enculturation with sub jectivity with desire au gr presque de la University of Wales College Newport

BIBLIOGRAPHY ADES 1985 Paolozzi Surrealism in PAOLOZZI ed Lost Magic King doms and Six Paper Moons from huatl London Museum of Mankind) 61-66 1995 Surrealism in SHELTON ed. Fetishism Visualising Power and Desire London South Bank Centre/Brighton The Royal Pavil ion Art Galleries and Museums) 67-85

652 ARAGON 1972 Paris Peasant ed 1926) ARANDA 1975 Luis Bunuel

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TAYLOR London Jonathan Cape 1st

Critical Biography London Seeker and Warburg)

AUGE 1995 Non-Places Introduction to an Anthropology of Super-modernity London Verso) BATAILLE 1929 Documents 6) 328-330

BATAILLE et al 1995 Encyclopaedia Acephalica London Atlas Press) BEAUJOUR 1967 est-ce que Nouvelle Revue fran aise XV 172 780-799 in BEN SONTAG trans

BENJAMIN 1979 Surrealism the Last Snapshot of the European JAMIN One Way Street and Other Writings Intro JEPHCOTT London New Left Books) 225-239

BERG ed 1991 Jean Painlev Paris Les Documents cinmatographiques) BRASSA 1933 Du mur des cavernes au mur usine Minotaure 1960 Graffiti Paris ditions du Temps) BRETON 1963 Nadja Paris Gallimard 1st d 1928) BUNUEL 1985 My Last Breath London Flamingo) CALAME-GRIAULE GUIART 1987 Dakar-Djibouti le Minotaure et Marcel in Regards sur Minotaure la revue tte de bte Genve Muse art et histoire) 89-94 CALDER SHER DAN D. eds 1985 Speak for Yourself Mass-Observation Anthology University Press) CLIFFORD 1981 On Ethnographic 4) 539-564 937-]949 Oxford 3-4) 6-7

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The Tropological Realism of Michel Slfr 15 4-18 The Predicament of Culture Cambridge MA Harvard University Press) in HOLUER ed. New History of French Literature Cambridge MA Harvard University Press) 901-908 Documents in STICH ed. Anxious Visions Berkeley CA University Art Museum/New York Abbeville Press) 177-199

CONLEY 1987 Documentary Surrealism On Land without in KUENZLI ed. Dada and Surrealist Film New York Willis Locker and Owens) 176198 DAVIS 1992 An Excerpt from Studies 81 3-20 On special issue of the Yale French

EDWARDS E. ed 1992 Anthropology and Photography 1860-1920 New Haven University Press) FOSTER 1993 Compulsive Beauty Cambridge MA MIT Press) FOUCAULT 1970 The Order of Things Archaeology stock 1st ed 1966) GOLAN 1994 Triangulating the Surrealist 50-65

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GRIALJLE 1930 Un coup de Documents II l) 46 1933 Introduction Minotaure 2) 7-12 1938 Masques dogons Paris Institut ethnologie thse de doctorat) INGLIS 1990 Media Theory An Introduction Oxford Blackwell) MIN 1982 Les mtamorphoses de Afrique fantme Critique 418 200-212 1987 De humaine condition de in Regards sur Minotaure la revue tte de bte Genve Muse art et histoire) 79-87 KRAUSS LIVINGSTON 1985 Amour Fou Washington Corcoran Gallery/New York Abbeville Press)

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ROBERTSON A- ed 1986 Surrealism in Britain in the Thirties Leeds City Art Galleries) SULEIMAN 1990 Subversive Intent Gender Politics and the Avant-Garde Cambridge MA Harvard University Press) 1991 Between the Street and the Salon The Dilemma of Surrealist Politics in the Visual Anthropology Review XVII I) 39-50 THOMAS 1994 Colonial Surrealism Luis 25-32 Land without Bread Third Text 26

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PHANTOM AFRICA ABSTRACT

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James 1981 essay On Ethnographic which proposed an inti mate connection between surrealism and ethnography in Paris in the early thirties has resulted in much debate The present text considers the place of photography in that debate in two ways Firstly the essay traces the placement of photographs of Dogo masks taken by Marcel Griaule on the Dakar-Djibouti expedition of 1931-33 in number of sites on display in the Muse de Homme book Masques dogons 1938) in the Surrealist-oriented magazine Minotaure 1933) and finally in Michel Afrique fantme 1934 In each site the meaning of the mage shifts with Leiris in particular investing it with elements of extreme subjectivity In the second part of the essay this surrealist ethnography is related to the surrealist documentary of the same period as exemplified by Andr Nadja 1928 and the photographs and films of Eli Lotar Jean Painlev and Luis Bunuel Finally one might ask what do these practices hold for more contemporary post-modern ethnographic or documentary practice

RESUME Afrique fantme La photographie entre surralisme et ethnographie tude de Clifford de 1981 On Ethnographie Surrealism qui tablissait un lien troit entre le surralisme et ethnographie parisiens du dbut de annes 1930 donn lieu de nombreuses discussions Cet article envisage le rle de la photographie dans ces dbats de deux fa ons En premier lieu article examine la localisation des photos de masques dogons prises par Marcel Griaule au cours de la Mission Dakar-Djibouti 1931-33 dans certains sites le Muse de Homme le livre de Griaule Masques dogons 1938) la revue inspiration surraliste Minotaure 1933 et enfin Afrique fantme 1934 de Michel Leiris Dans chaque site le sens des mages se modifie en particulier dans le livre de Leiris o elles sont investies une subjectivit exacerbe Dans la seconde partie de article cette ethnographie surraliste est mise en rapport avec imagerie surraliste de la mme priode telle elle est reprsente par Nadja 1928 Andr Breton ainsi que par les photographies et les films de Eli Lotar Jean Painlev et Luis Bunuel Enfin on interroge sur la signification que peuvent revtir ces pratiques pour une eth nographie ou un usage de image post-modernes Keywords/A/lors-c/s mask/masque photography/p/ioto rap/i/e surrealism/surra/isme mission Dakar-Djibouti/m/ss/on Dakar-Djibouti