Hossam (Sam) Youssef Ph.D., Psy.ThD., M.Sc.

Body language, eye contact, hand gestures, posture, and voice loudness are all examples of non-verbal communication. It is common to express feelings, attitudes, and intentions nonverbally. It can be used to express feelings that are difficult to put into words or to support verbal communication. According to Hall et al. (2019), the study of nonverbal communication (NVC) has a long history and involves a variety of cue modalities, such as face, voice, body, touch, and interpersonal space; various levels of analysis, such as normative, group, and individual differences; and numerous substantive themes that cross over from psychology into other fields. Body language can paint a more complete image of a person than their facial characteristics alone can. Fidgeting or pacing, for instance, may be a sign that someone is feeling anxious or agitated.

It is challenging for researchers to decide people's degrees of self-esteem. Data can be gathered using a variety of tools in the social and psychological sciences. Checklists, rating scales, tests, and questionnaires are a few examples of these. Whatever the researcher employs must be dependable and valid for the task at hand. Whether the investigation is qualitative or quantitative, this is true. The credibility of the researcher is in jeopardy. What test is the most proper one to use to measure self-esteem? Should the researcher develop a fresh idea? If so, what ought they to think about? Does the way a question is structured matter? In the procedure, validity and dependability are essential. Validity comes in four flavors: face, content, criterion, and construct. Additionally, there are four types of reliability: internal consistency, test-retest, equivalent forms, and interrater.

Self-esteem is a subjective sensation about one's own potential and evaluation or inner evaluation of one's own attributes and qualities. According to Kose and Dogan (2019), self-esteem is the sense of confidence that is established by comparing self-recognition and societal approval. The motivation to improve one's self-esteem manifests itself in social interactions. There are two sources of motivation: extrinsic (achievement, acclaim, and wealth) and intrinsic (thinking and moral commitment). It can be both positive (excellent) and negative (negative). Low self-esteem is characterized by symptoms such as clumsiness, incompetence, unlovability, and lack of confidence.

Social schema is the process by which someone develops expectations about how society functions. Social categorization can be explained by the cognitive individuality of social schema since each human operates and understands inside a specific mental framework. According to Rhodes and Baron (2019), social categorization is a universal technique with roots in perceptual, intellectual, and social systems for making sense of a huge social world. These systems manifest themselves startlingly early in life and change significantly throughout infancy. The process of creating social categories involves determining which methods of grouping people are culturally significant, how these methods might be used to forecast, justify, and assess other people's behavior, and how one's own identity relates to these methods of grouping and representation.

Beliefs and attitudes are a couple of the variables that affect intentions. The belief that we should act morally or immorally toward others is the cause of this. What I am thinking and feeling at the time may also have an impact on what I do. There is such a thing as conscious will. Additionally, I think that occasionally, social cognition takes precedence over consciously held intentions. Even though beliefs and attitudes are often used interchangeably in education research, Nelson and Hawk (2020) decided that the two concepts are related but distinct. According to them, a belief is much more specific and associates an object or action with an attribute, while attitudes are general emotions toward an action and object that are the culmination of many beliefs.

The power of human intentions Intentions are the motives and attitudes that motivate our actions. You can have the purest intentions in the world, but if your behavior is not plainly communicated, things will be misunderstood. No one can discern your thoughts. You might have the finest intentions and the purest motives, but again, having good intentions does not excuse misunderstood behavior.

The idea that memories might persist in the brain long after they have been "erased" from conscious awareness is intriguing. Engrams, also known as memory traces, are thought to be the chemical and physical representations of memories kept in the human brain. It is possible that these traces play a key role in understanding how new memories are produced and kept, even though their exact nature is still up for debate. According to Josselyn and Tonegawa (2020), a fascinating new phase in memory research has begun thanks to the discovery and manipulation of engram cells and brain wide engram complexes. According to Nambu et al. (2022), scientists and philosophers have struggled with the subject of where and how memories are recorded and recovered for millennia. Richard Semon first proposed the idea of memory engrams in 1904.

Major Psychological Movements
Psychology arose from the study of consciousness and mental processes, such as perception and sensation. According to Sternberg (2019), two different methods to understanding human behavior—philosophy and physiology—can be used to track the history of the study of the psychology of human cognition. These two research areas are now thought of as being dialectically antagonistic. This means that physiology is often thought of as involving empirical, scientific procedures, while philosophy is thought to use speculative approaches. However, many physiologists and philosophers in Ancient Greece felt that truth could be discovered without the aid of empirical methods. As it developed to the ideas of Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, and Humanistic/Transpersonal/Existential (HTE), psychology was progressing towards new historical dimensions (Schneider 2015). Many American writers, including Royce, thought that this psychological theory would help them better grasp their readers' experiences, but it was Royce who was most instrumental in restoring the notion of self. The concept of "self" is seen as a pattern of constant change. When it comes to human beings, Roger thought that the pattern of change included both the body's and the mind's evolutionary development. Researchers have shown that the drive to learn, improve, and reach one's maximum potential is hardwired (Schneider, Pierson, & Bugental, 2015).

Studies have conclusively shown that stressful events change the immune response's characteristics and make people more susceptible to unfavorable medical outcomes. Everyday stressors can threaten valued aspects of the self. (Sherman et al., 2009) Environment-driven pressure on organism evolution has existed since the beginning of time. According to Segerstrom and Miller (2004), the capacity to respond to threats or stressors posed by the environment, such as predators or natural disasters, increased survival and, so, the capacity for reproduction, and physiological responses that supported such responses could be selected for. These reactions in animals include adjustments that boost the flow of glucose and oxygen to the heart and the major skeletal muscles. Physiological support for adaptive actions like "fight or flight" is the end outcome.

For novice researchers, particularly those conducting phenomenological research, bracketing skills, phenomenological reductions, and an awareness of one's positionality or relationship to their chosen research methodologies, participants, and contexts are crucial. According to Nicholls (2019), these abilities are also necessary in other qualitative research disciplines under the pretense of reflexivity or critical reflective practice. This phenomenological research method began with the publication of Husserl's Logical Investigations. According to Byrne (2020), an intuitive intention is focused on an object that "can either be actually present through accompanying intuitions, or at least appears in representation, e.g., in a mental image".

In general, the phenomenological approach of inquiry seeks to uncover the meanings attached to a phenomenon by individuals who have experienced it. Giorgi (2013) argues that empiricism is not the greatest philosophy for underpinning the science of psychology; rather, the phenomenological theory of science allows for more proper psychological growth. The strategy emphasizes what is experienced and how it is experienced.

Most religious beliefs center on the afterlife or resurrection. Surely the concepts of resurrection and eternity are integral to any discussion of religion. No major religious organization or a little one excludes talk of the hereafter from its teachings. The afterlife is a fascinating and thought-provoking subject for Christians and Muslims since it is inextricably linked to our own lives on Earth. Death, Christians, and Muslims both believe, is only the beginning of eternal life. When we speak of a resurrection, what ideas and concepts do we hold? Christians are firm in their conviction that Christ will rise from the dead. Belief is needed to answer questions about the afterlife.

Christian view versus worldview on physical and afterlife presence Most of us would rather not dwell on the afterlife since it conjures up feelings of hopelessness. Personal death anxiety is a bad emotion caused by the realization of one's impending nonexistence (Cicirelli, 2006). According to Vachon et al. (2012), western civilization is often depicted as being in a state of death denial. This is partially explained by the fact that death confrontation is likely to induce distress, worry, and fear, which can be managed by a variety of psychological systems.

Humanistic psychology versus behaviorism and psychodynamic psychology The two dominant forces in the mid 20 th century, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis, were opposed by the fundamental ideas of the humanistic psychology movement. As a reaction to what some psychologists perceived as the shortcomings of behaviorist and psychodynamic psychology, the humanistic approach to psychology emerged. Maslow emphasized the overarching educational imperatives to be deduced from his beliefs of the process of "selfactualization," as well as the reinforcing effect of "peak experiences." Thus, after psychoanalysis and behaviorism, the humanistic approach to psychology is often referred to as the "third force" (Maslow, 1968). The behaviorist perspective, which is defined as deterministic, focused on reinforcing stimulus-response behavior, and primarily dependent on animal research, was rejected by humanism.

Psychologists at the end of the last century discovered the need to create a psychology that views people in all their complexity and within the context of their reference systems. Many psychologists discovered the benefits of humanistic psychology according to Schneider et al. (2015) when they described how the humanistic psychology movement helps people achieve their full potential. Maslow and his hierarchy of needs was an essential first step in the direction

The humanistic psychology movement and self-actualization Concur with Schneider et al.'s (2015) explanation of how the humanistic psychology movement enables people to self-actualize. People are thought to be more than only their acts, heredity, and prior experiences according to humanistic psychology.

In contrast to behaviorism and psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology supports the idea that each person is a unique individual. DeRobertis (2020), claimed that the humanistic movement proposed an actual revolution in psychology. It was not an attempt to only advocate for the inclusion of some understudied areas of research and promote a collection of the latest information, as is the case with positive psychology, or to merely present a new metaphor for the mind's operation. It suggested rethinking and revising psychology's entire concept of its subject, including a pluralistic approach to data collecting and the creation of new techniques to help psychology better capture the entirety of human psychological life.

The Human Brain Project, headed by neurologist Henry Markram of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland, intends to integrate more than 80 European and global research institutions. One of the largest brain-mapping initiatives in the world, the project is expected to take over 10 years to complete. According to Nowinski (2021), there has been a huge increase in human brain atlas initiatives in recent years, all with different aims, scopes, and scales. This interest in brain mapping is being driven by large-scale, well-funded efforts and projects focused on the brain, such as The BRAIN Initiative, which aims to develop technology to accelerate neuroscience research. (Nowinski, 2021)

Can mental visualization help physical performance? This study tries to provide an answer to this issue by examining existing research on the impact of mental imagery on performance. In the 1960s and 1970s, mental imagery was emphasized as a means of enhancing physical performance (especially in tennis) under the title of visualization. The objective was to envisage performing certain physical tasks successfully without performing them. It has long been believed that mental visualization can serve as a suitable alternative for actual practice. Behaviorist schools oppose this approach, although cognitive and structuralist schools embrace it to varying degrees.

The nature of thinking, according to the prevailing paradigm in the philosophy of mind, may be explained by appealing to the mechanical manipulation of mental representations. Nelson (2017) noted that new computational tools created by computer scientists and computational linguists have positioned sociological content analysis on the cusp of significant change. The rising popularity of these techniques and the newly available "large" and "small" sources of text as data have sparked arguments on the strategies sociologists should employ to extract meaning from text. However, while computation theory and tools have offered strong foundations for understanding how symbolic processes may be mechanized, the challenge of explaining how symbols can really be something – i.e., how they can have content or semantic features – is still the subject of considerable discussion.

I entirely endorse the claim that machines have intellect comparable to that of humans since humans design them. The work reflects the maker. What is the origin of machine intelligence, and what does it mean to label a machine "intelligent"? Intelligence is a term that has been used to humans and other living creatures since the beginning of time, but not to machines until very recently. How does this new machine intelligence connect to and vary from our human intelligence? To address these issues, we must first understand what first prompted humankind to imbue robots with intelligence.

One of psychology's biggest achievements is standardized IQ testing, which is one of the most common and long-lasting inventions in the area. According to Stenberg (2018), intelligence is the capacity to learn from experience, using meta cognitive processes to facilitate learning, and the capability to adapt to the surrounding environment; it may need various adaptations in different social and cultural situations.

The much-debated Turing test is now 70 years old and still very contentious. The article he published in 1950 is viewed as a complicated and dense work, and many of its major problems remain unsolved. Why did Turing choose experience-based learning as the best method for achieving artificial intelligence? Why did he spend several years using chess as a job to demonstrate and evaluate machine intelligence, only to abandon it in 1950 in favor of conversational question-answering? Why did Turing mention gender impersonation in his artificial intelligence test?

Minority patients suffer disproportionately from the excessive cost and high mortality rates associated with health inequality. At the time, Dr. David Satcher calculated that health inequalities based on race and ethnicity were responsible for an annual mortality rate of 83,570. According to Satcher et al. (2005), African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and whites still face considerable disparities in health care (2005). As noted by Torain et al., (2021), research indicates that racial and ethnic disparities in health care might result in greater morbidity and death, as well as inferior patient care. According to Theobald et al. (2018), implementation research is essential for bridging the knowledge-practice gap in real-world contexts and achieving national and global health objectives. According to FitzGerald et al., (2019), implicit bias in healthcare is the unintended manifestation of preconceptions, profiling, or the unfair judgment of a person without evidence. Sim et al., (2021) stated that implicit racial bias is widespread and can increase health disparities among minorities. National policies focused on decreasing housing, education, and economic inequality may assist reduce healthcare-related racism and improve minority patient care in addition to specific anti-racist programs. Minority, underprivileged, or vulnerable patient groups meet disparities in healthcare when they get home health care (Narayan, 2019).

Is it possible for animals to communicate? A typical assumption in the study of language evolution is that "no other animal species have been found to use human language" (Berwick, Friederici, Chomsky, & Bolhuis, 2013, p. 89) Considered to be an overly complicated human communication, language is widely regarded as the most intricate means of human interaction. Language, according to Prat (2019), is a foundational human ability, but its origins remain a mystery. This trait's evolutionary path can be traced by studying how distinct species display it.

The parallel distributed processing (PDP) models in psychology, according to Bowers (2017), are the forerunners of computer science's deep networks. As a result of this, PDP models are solely connected with two key psychological assumptions, namely that knowledge is encoded in a distributed format and non-symbolic computing is used to mediate cognition. Cognitive scientists have contested these issues for a long time, and recent work using deep networks sheds light on the current state of that argument. Individual unit recordings reveal that

Mental Representations and the Mind-Brain Relationship
This paper investigates the mental representation of the mind-brain relationship from the perspectives of psychoanalytic purpose, relations theory, and cognitive developmental psychology, as well as the congruence between these formulations and research and theory in cognitive science or social cognition. In the long-term, patient treatment of severely disturbed adolescents and young adults, the concept of mental representation is applied to the study of psychopathology personality evaluation, social interactions of connection styles, and therapeutic gain. Recognizing the growth of the individual's personality, psychopathology is viewed in a more positive light through therapeutic technique. What research examines the evolution of mental representations or cognitive, affective design to become a major aspect of personality development and group formation? With cognitive neurological knowledge gleaned from the study of philosophy during the past century, the mind-body or mind-brain phenomenon will be accessible to discussion. Since Descartes, no one has unscientifically advocated an alternative real-world perspective on this issue. Researchers and thinkers have uncovered several ways, but none of them have promoted the advancement of intellectuals' inferiority. The separation between an individual's mind and consciousness is rarely examined or discussed during a person's daily labor, nonetheless, it is the root source of most of our existing difficulties. This is not even a known reality, as awareness and mind are a single entity. Still, separation is essential to existence. It is what exposes the materialist to the mind reader, potentially separating humanity from a gradually integrated middle ground. This paper will address whether the mind and brain are totally connected or if they are distinct entities. Motivated by the application of theoretical tools to brain analysis, but human biological constructions, researchers began researching the activity of the human brain.

The split of psychology, the science of the soul, from the ancient field of philosophy, the love of wisdom, was the most significant of the milestones. Compared, for instance, to human physiology, which stretches back considerably further, psychology is a recent study, with its experimental roots dating back to the 19th century. Prior to the nineteenth century, anyone interested in researching mind-related questions typically did so in a philosophical environment, as previously showed.

Psychology gives vital answers to humanity's issues. There are so many problems that people encounter that psychology has failed to address. The issue of discrimination may be addressed via the use of behaviorism theories' psychological perspective (Barrett, 2019). Behaviorism refers to a systematic method to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals. Behaviorism offers key answers to the issue of discrimination, which has had a substantial impact on human relationships (Barrett, 2019). Discrimination refers to the evaluation or treatment of, establishing a divide in favor of or against, an item or a person based on the category, class, or group to which it or he belongs rather than individual merit. According to behavior theorists, all behaviors are acquired via contact with the environment (Commons, 2001). Behaviorism will be used to determine whether discrimination is an environmental interaction-based human behavior. In 1913, John Watson founded behaviorism and explored methodological behaviorism. Later, B.F. Skinner developed radical behaviorism as an outgrowth of Watson's work. Ivan Pavlov's research on classical conditioning is an additional noteworthy contribution by a behaviorist thinker (Barrett, 2019). Using behaviorism, the discrimination problem may be comprehended and treated in the most effective manner. The purpose of this study is to provide a behaviorist perspective on the issue of discrimination and to provide practical strategies for addressing it.

The widespread use of psychotropics must raise ethical and societal problems. Some people are concerned about the hazards of pharmacological therapies, such as the paradoxical finding that depressed teenagers who take antidepressants are more likely to commit suicide than those who take a placebo. Another source of worry is the widespread use of psychotropics, with accusations that nonpsychiatric vendors are the source of many psychotropic prescriptions in the United States. Psychopharmacological competence needs ethical awareness.

Psychology gives vital answers to humanity's issues. There are so many problems that people encounter that psychology has failed to address. The issue of discrimination may be addressed via the use of behaviorism theories' psychological perspective (Barrett, 2019). Behaviorism refers to a systematic method to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals. Behaviorism offers key answers to the issue of discrimination, which has had a substantial impact on human relationships (Barrett, 2019). Discrimination refers to the evaluation or treatment of, establishing a divide in favor of or against, an item or a person based on the category, class, or group to which it or he belongs rather than individual merit. According to behavior theorists, all behaviors are acquired via contact with the environment (Commons, 2001). Behaviorism will be used to determine whether discrimination is an environmental interaction-based human behavior. In 1913, John Watson founded behaviorism and explored methodological behaviorism. Later, B.F. Skinner developed radical behaviorism as an outgrowth of Watson's work. Ivan Pavlov's research on classical conditioning is an additional noteworthy contribution by a behaviorist thinker (Barrett, 2019). Using behaviorism, the discrimination problem may be comprehended and treated in the most effective manner. The purpose of this study is to provide a behaviorist perspective on the issue of discrimination and to provide practical strategies for addressing it.

A significant separation exists between behavioral psychology and cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology is centered on the mental thinking process that changes a person's behavior, while behaviorism is concerned with the behaviors of individuals in response to external environmental stimuli.

Behaviorism originated some time ago and was mostly pioneered by a single man who established behaviorism as a distinct area of psychology. Ledoux (2012) provided a detailed examination of Behaviorism during the previous century and how it developed into a distinct field distinct from psychology. As Moore (2011) stated, behaviorism was founded by John B. Watson in 1913 in response to Watson's dissatisfaction with the way in which psychology was headed. Watson founded behaviorism to transform psychology into a more experimental research-based science. Moore (2011) also discussed how Skinner contributed to the creation of psychology by expanding on Watson's Classical Conditioning and coining the term Operant Conditioning. Clark (2004) examined the scientific origins of classical conditioning. As Moore (2011), Clark (2004), and Ledoux (2012) highlighted, behaviorism originated as a field of study that appeared in the 1950s with an emphasis on accomplishment. The three earlier researchers defined behavior as the result of a potentially important event in an individual's past or a stimulus in the environment; this might include the individual's present motivational state, controlling stimuli, and penalties and rewards.

This essay confirms that neither Chomsky nor Skinner supported their beliefs with evidence or study. The theories and hypotheses surrounding the origin of language have been highly contentious and extensively explored for millennia. Language is either inherent, as argued by Chomsky (as "a footnote to Plato"), or it is acquired by experience, as proposed by Skinner. Frankly, the argument around these two concepts is much "settled." This is not because one theory is inherently superior to the other, but because one theory cannot explain so many issues. Countless times, Skinner's behaviorist paradigm of operant conditioning has been rejected (but still always seems to reappear amongst dedicated behaviorists). Thus, there is nothing inherently "wrong" with Skinner's theory, just as there is no empirical evidence to support Chomsky's theory; nonetheless, Chomsky's theory may explain more issues than a behaviorist approach.

Classical S-R behaviorism looks at observable behavior approaches that are clearly linked with stimulus response theory. According to Hull and Tolman's work, neo-behaviorism was the best response to the issue of classical S-R behaviorism, they believed that learning is always purposive, and goal directed. According to Ziafar and Namaziandost (2019), neo behaviorism serves as a bridge between behaviorism and cognitivism. As with Thorndike, Watson, and Pavlov, neo behaviorists argue that studying learning and emphasizing strictly objective observational techniques are critical components of scientific psychology. Individuals do more than merely respond to stimuli, they act on belief, attitudes, changing conditions, and they strive towards a goal.

Classical S-R behaviorism looks at observable behavior approaches that are clearly linked with stimulus response theory. According to Hull and Tolman's work, neo-behaviorism was the best response to the issue of classical S-R behaviorism, they believed that learning is always purposive, and goal directed. According to Ziafar and Namaziandost (2019), neo behaviorism serves as a bridge between behaviorism and cognitivism. As with Thorndike, Watson, and Pavlov, neo behaviorists argue that studying learning and emphasizing strictly objective observational techniques are critical components of scientific psychology. Individuals do more than merely respond to stimuli, they act on belief, attitudes, changing conditions, and they strive towards a goal.

About the Book

As a thinker and a researcher, I have always been pulled deeper into the spiritual dimension of healing over my many years of clinical practice in the field of therapy. Had many questions about an inner power inside us as humans that is waiting to be called out. This power was simply our spiritual power. Adding spirituality to the counseling psychology process would lead to a greater sense of humility, compassion, and forgiveness, as well as divine healing. In this book, I will examine the developing role of spirituality in counseling psychology by analyzing several counseling programs that used the combination of spiritual and psychological/ mental counseling methods in counseling clients. In addition, this book asserts that this integrated approach to counseling psychology causes momentous changes in the human subconscious mind. Human souls co-exist with the human body, and so, must be nurtured. The psycho-spiritual approach touches on the spiritual part of man to sort things out. We shall uncover a hidden healing pattern throughout human history and the development of world faiths that demands humans to acknowledge that they are inadequate and insufficient without the spiritual link. Researchers have shown that those who are more spiritually linked and interested in connecting to their higher mind are healthier, less sad, and more confident than their counterparts who are not connected spiritually. Studying counseling psychology programs in depth was a wonderful way for me to prove that incorporating the spiritual aspect into the counseling process can help people achieve their ultimate full mental health by connecting them to the divine higher intelligence both consciously and subconsciously, and by learning that healing faith teaches us who we are and what our true meaning in this world is.

People spend their lives day by day, guided by the same principles as their forefathers, and they frequently question their own existence in the universe and attempt to comprehend the world around them. People frequently question their own existence in relation to the rest of the universe. Philosophers try to solve topics that most people would never consider in their daily lives. Most philosophers use empiricism to try to figure out the truth of logical questions. Epistemology is a “branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge”. Philosophers employ reason to arrive at conclusions about the world's existence through rationalism. Rationalists use two methods: a priori and a posteriori. To identify the truth, a priori knowledge is information derived through reason (and prior to experience).

Processing information with and without awareness The concept of information processing with and without consciousness is my primary research interest. A significant element of mind-wandering manages the unconscious perception of information. Smallwood et al. (2007) examined the information-processing correlates of mind

Mental Representations and the Mind-Brain Relationship
This paper investigates the mental representation of the mind-brain relationship from the perspectives of psychoanalytic purpose, relations theory, and cognitive developmental psychology, as well as the congruence between these formulations and research and theory in cognitive science or social cognition. In the long-term, patient treatment of severely disturbed adolescents and young adults, the concept of mental representation is applied to the study of psychopathology personality evaluation, social interactions of connection styles, and therapeutic gain. Recognizing the growth of the individual's personality, psychopathology is viewed in a more positive light through therapeutic technique. What research examines the evolution of mental representations or cognitive, affective design to become a major aspect of personality development and group formation? With cognitive neurological knowledge gleaned from the study of philosophy during the past century, the mind-body or mind-brain phenomenon will be accessible to discussion. Since Descartes, no one has unscientifically advocated an alternative real-world perspective on this issue. Researchers and thinkers have uncovered several ways, but none of them have promoted the advancement of intellectuals' inferiority. The separation between an individual's mind and consciousness is rarely examined or discussed during a person's daily labor, nonetheless, it is the root source of most of our existing difficulties. This is not even a known reality, as awareness and mind are a single entity. Still, separation is essential to existence. It is what exposes the materialist to the mind reader, potentially separating humanity from a gradually integrated middle ground. This paper will address whether the mind and brain are totally connected or if they are distinct entities. Motivated by the application of theoretical tools to brain analysis, but human biological constructions, researchers began researching the activity of the human brain.

We always heard about morality and values since we were little kids from our teachers, priests, parents, and most of the philosophers. We learned in the church that God’s commandments are the main source of morality that we should base our value on. But the question is what is the origin of morality?

A person’s belief system and customary behaviors about his or her relationship to or with a higher power are both included in definitions of religion and spirituality. A religious theory is normally followed by a particular faith, although spirituality is more open-ended. Due to the lack of established procedures and doctrines in spirituality, it is often less regimented than religion.

he history of twentieth-century American psychology is sometimes portrayed as a tale of behaviorism's growth and decline. While historians debate about the theoretical and social causes that influenced the development of experimental psychology, there is universal agreement about behaviorism's growth and (later) decline between around 1920 and 1970 (Braat et al., 2020).

B. F. Skinner, according to Baum (2013), was the father of radical behaviorism as well as behavioral analysis. As a result of his early work, he was able to develop a versatile method for studying behavior, explain the generic nature of stimuli and responses, and define behavioral units. He also developed concepts such as stimulus control, verbal behavior, and how contingencies explain behavior. Skinner's main goal was to prove that all conduct is ordered in the sense that discovering an instinct is a proof that things are orderly. Skinner built his theory of human behavior on classical behavioristic ideas. Since then, research psychologists have refined and applied his ideas to a wide range of real-world situations. (Schultz & Schultz, 2016).

Motivation of Behavior


B. F. Skinner, according to Baum (2013), was the father of radical behaviorism as well as behavioral analysis. As a result of his early work, he was able to develop a versatile method for studying behavior, explain the generic nature of stimuli and responses, and define behavioral units. He also developed concepts such as stimulus control, verbal behavior, and how contingencies explain behavior. Skinner's main goal was to prove that all conduct is ordered in the sense that discovering an instinct is a proof that things are orderly. Skinner built his theory of human behavior on classical behavioristic ideas. Since then, research psychologists have refined and applied his ideas to a wide range of real-world situations. (Schultz & Schultz, 2016).
The basics of Skinner's psychology that were used in education and behavioral therapy programs have never been fully addressed despite Skinner's fame, his large written corpus, and several authoritative explanations of his approach to psychology by others. By looking at contemporary applications of reinforcement and operant conditioning in learning and behavioral therapy fields, the author will try in this paper to fill up this knowledge vacuum. By examining and analyzing the contributions of behavioral scientists like B. F. Skinner, we may better understand his place as the field's pioneer and creator. This paper will also prove that Skinner himself formulated a theory of behavior as an alternative to traditional theoretical approaches in psychology.

Historical conceptions of reality and the nature of being:

People spend their lives day by day, guided by the same principles as their forefathers, and they frequently question their own existence in the universe and attempt to comprehend the world around them. People frequently question their own existence in relation to the rest of the universe. Philosophers try to solve topics that most people would never consider in their daily lives. Most philosophers use empiricism to try to figure out the truth of logical questions. Epistemology is a “branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge”. Philosophers employ reason to arrive at conclusions about the world's existence through rationalism. Rationalists use two methods: a priori and a posteriori. To identify the truth, a priori knowledge is information derived through reason (and prior to experience).

People spend their lives day by day, guided by the same principles as their forefathers, and they frequently question their own existence in the universe and attempt to comprehend the world around them. People frequently question their own existence in relation to the rest of the universe. Philosophers try to solve topics that most people would never consider in their daily lives. Most philosophers use empiricism to try to figure out the truth of logical questions. Epistemology is a “branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge”. Philosophers employ reason to arrive at conclusions about the world's existence through rationalism. Rationalists use two methods: a priori and a posteriori. To identify the truth, a priori knowledge is information derived through reason (and prior to experience).

B. F. Skinner derived his theory of human behavior from classical behaviorism, according to our study. Since then, behaviorist psychologists have developed and implemented his ideas in a wide range of real-world situations. This study examined contemporary implementations of Skinner's reinforcement learning principles and behavioral therapy applications to examine Skinner's human behavior theory and prove that Skinner's operant conditioning and reinforcement learning method is clear in present implementations. To conclude, B.F. Skinner was a pioneer in education and behavioral therapy because he developed operant research and theory across disciplines. The joint impact of operant learning research, theory, and practice on human learning development and behavioral therapy has been nothing short of astounding.

Sigmund Freud, born in Austria in 1856, was the most important and instrumental personality and mind scientist in the twentieth century. First 10 years (1886-1896) in Freud's career as a psychoanalyst were crucial and useful for everyone in the psychology field. Freud's interest in the evolutionary roots of the human mind and its neurotic and psychotic diseases was shown in his first ten years of his career as a psychiatrist and continued throughout his writing career, according to Young (2006). Freud's theoretical insights and innovative psychotherapy approach transformed psychiatry according to Ellman (2018). The seduction theory, the theory of regression, and the theory of dream are some of his most important ideas. In laying the groundwork, Freud had a tremendous effect on later thinkers and his ideas are still being debated and discussed in psychology today. II. The First 10 Years A. The Beginning of Freud's Career as a Therapist According to Messias (2014), Sigmund Freud is the most important historical figure, followed by Carl Jung and John Dewey. Talk therapy, popularized by Freud, became popular among persons suffering from anxiety and mood problems throughout the third period. In addition to the seduction and regression ideas, and the theory of dreams, he speculated about psychological problems and the unconscious mind.

This study shows that structuralism was crucial to the development of experimental psychology since it was the first significant school of thought in psychology. Functionalism laid the groundwork for behaviorism, which was then utilized by researchers in an effort to provide psychology a more rigorous, experimental framework. This article discussed with a greater understanding of how psychology went from being a young discipline to a well-established science by learning the varying points of view that these two schools of thought have.
This study concluded that both structuralism, and functionalism are essential in modern experimental psychology and have each played an important role. The most noteworthy aspect of this study was emphasizing the application of science in several psychology fields and the fact that the tenets of behaviorism have been impacted by these views. Through the use of structuralism and introspection, psychology went from the humanities to the laboratory and, in the process, fostered the growth of linguistics, cultural and social psychology.

Freud's ideas set the groundwork for a wide range of study, allowing for a wide range of studies to be conducted. In the future, these theories will serve as a foundation for even greater advancements in contemporary medicine. Doctors and nurses can benefit from using the psychoanalytical paradigm to understand the patient's illness's unconscious meaning. With this equipment, consider the opportunities for medical advancements that might be possible. In the scientific community, psychoanalysis will always be questioned since it lacks a clear interpretation and there is no substantial data to support it. There are numerous theories in psychology that cannot be experimentally assessed, which is a constant difficulty in the subject. When it comes to psychology, it is a multifaceted science that cannot be confined to only addressing one specific issue. Some misunderstanding can come into the psychological sector and how we can genuinely treat patients because of the lack of clarity. In addition, it seems that the discipline of psychology is difficult to describe because so much study overlaps. Psychologists can use Freud's theories as a basis to keep expanding the science of psychology.

What is the subconscious mind? A large majority of individuals would have said they do know what the subconscious mind is. When the truth is that they do not. The first time the author became aware of this subliminal material was while studying analytical psychology which deals with dreams and the influence of the subconscious mind. To have a better grasp of the subconscious mind's strength and the common misconceptions about conscious and subconscious minds, the author picked this topic to examine the role of this vital subliminal mind in affecting the human personality. Zhang and Yuan (2021) said that researchers and scientists have been exploring the subconscious for many years, including Freud's hypnosis treatment. There are more complex studies on the subconscious, such as how it influences awareness, decision-making, and ethical conduct in the present scientific era. Understanding our subconscious mind is the best way to know oneself better, according to Kamble (2021). The "autopilot" of our conscious mind is our subconscious mind. It is the place where we save all our memories. When our conscious mind has forgotten everything, we have learned or experienced, our subconscious mind remembers everything we have learned or experienced. Our conscious self, actions, habits, decision-making, and thinking all originate here.
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how the subconscious higher mind influences human conduct. How it influences human communication, decision-making, and thinking, and how it has a direct impact on people's lives without them even recognizing it. The public is still unsure of what the term "subconscious mind" means, and many are likely to confuse it with the term "unconscious mind." Is it true that the unconscious mind with its higher levels of values and morals has the greatest influence on our ability to make decisions? People's actions appear to be linked to their subconscious higher minds. Is the subconscious higher mind a God-centered mind that connects us to a higher divine spiritual level?
This dissertation claims that human behavior and the mechanics of how things work in forming our personalities are affected by the subconscious higher mind. It also claims that as part of the conscious mind, the subconscious higher mind is a strong aspect of our thinking process that we do not even realize that it exists. Our faith in God, positive personal efforts, meditation, and God-Centered prayers are well-known as variables that might lead to a happy existence, but we may not be aware that we can reach our subconscious higher mind to help us reach our goals. When it comes to developing our personalities, we are mostly responsible for the outcome. This dissertation will conclude that we can create a more balanced and mindful life by connecting our conscious mind to our subconscious higher mind, the God-Centered mind.

While working as a therapist for many years before having my illustrious career shift to the field of research psychology, and through working with individuals who were suffering from pain both physically and mentally, I was always interested in the field of psychology, especially the area of psycho-somatic pain. I found psychology to be the most fascinating of all the sciences I studied. While conducting my study as a research psychologist, I have always thought that psychology serves as a bridge between the human spirit and our minds. When it comes to understanding how our ideas, words, and actions are influenced by our thoughts and the mental processes that take place in our brains, physiology is the best place to start. Therapists employ counseling as one of the most essential therapeutic methods for dealing with psychological issues. For this therapeutic technique of learning to work, the therapist must be enthusiastic about the therapeutic healing relationship that he/she and the client have. Soul care was mostly, if not entirely, the responsibility of the clergy for many decades. However, in the last several decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of occupations claiming to do soul healing in North America. As the vice president of Richmont Graduate University, Gary Moon, explains, "Sibling soul care disciplines" are Christian counseling, pastoral counseling, biblical counseling, and spiritual direction. According to Moon, these four fields of study are unique, yet they interact with one another and have many of the same underlying ideals.