Michael Plesniak
The George Washington University, Mechanical Engineering, Faculty Member
3D bioprinting has begun to show great promise in advancing the development of functional tissue/organ replacements. However, to realize the true potential of 3D bioprinted tissues for clinical use requires the fabrication of an... more
3D bioprinting has begun to show great promise in advancing the development of functional tissue/organ replacements. However, to realize the true potential of 3D bioprinted tissues for clinical use requires the fabrication of an interconnected and effective vascular network. Solving this challenge is critical, as human tissue relies on an adequate network of blood vessels to transport oxygen, nutrients, other chemicals, biological factors and waste, in and out of the tissue. Here, we have successfully designed and printed a series of novel 3D bone scaffolds with both bone formation supporting structures and highly interconnected 3D microvascular mimicking channels, for efficient and enhanced osteogenic bone regeneration as well as vascular cell growth. Using a chemical functionalization process, we have conjugated our samples with nano hydroxyapatite (nHA), for the creation of novel micro and nano featured devices for vascularized bone growth. We evaluated our scaffolds with mechani...
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The cabin air ventilation system in wide body jetliners is designed to provide a comfortable and controlled environment for passengers. Inside the cabin, the air flows continuously from overhead vents into sidewall exhausts, forming a... more
The cabin air ventilation system in wide body jetliners is designed to provide a comfortable and controlled environment for passengers. Inside the cabin, the air flows continuously from overhead vents into sidewall exhausts, forming a circular pattern designed to minimize cross flow between adjacent seat rows. However, spreading of gaseous or particulate contaminants is possible when flight attendants or passengers walk along an aisle, perturbing the ventilation flow. Such unsteady flow perturbations have been found to alter the cabin air distribution and quality. A better fundamental understanding of the turbulent transport phenomena is needed to improve air quality monitoring and control systems and to validate numerical simulations. The velocity field in a 15:1 model of a simplified aircraft cabin is probed to investigate the wake of a rectangular body moving through a steady two-dimensional flow at a Reynolds number (based on body height) of the order of 50,000. Planar Laser Ind...
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ABSTRACT Secondary flow vortical patterns in arterial curvatures have the potential to affect several cardiovascular phenomena, e. g., progression of atherosclerosis by altering wall shear stresses, carotid atheromatous disease, thoracic... more
ABSTRACT Secondary flow vortical patterns in arterial curvatures have the potential to affect several cardiovascular phenomena, e. g., progression of atherosclerosis by altering wall shear stresses, carotid atheromatous disease, thoracic aortic aneurysms and Marfan's syndrome. Temporal characteristics of secondary flow structures vis-a-vis physiological (pulsatile) inflow waveform were explored by continuous wavelet transform (CWT) analysis of phase-locked, two-component, two-dimensional particle image velocimeter data. Measurements were made in a 180 degrees curved artery test section upstream of the curvature and at the 90 degrees cross-sectional plane. Streamwise, upstream flow rate measurements were analyzed using a one-dimensional antisymmetric wavelet. Cross-stream measurements at the 90 degrees location of the curved artery revealed interesting multi-scale, multi-strength coherent secondary flow structures. An automated process for coherent structure detection and vortical feature quantification was applied to large ensembles of PIV data. Metrics such as the number of secondary flow structures, their sizes and strengths were generated at every discrete time instance of the physiological inflow waveform. An autonomous data post-processing method incorporating two-dimensional CWT for coherent structure detection was implemented. Loss of coherence in secondary flow structures during the systolic deceleration phase is observed in accordance with previous research. The algorithmic approach presented herein further elucidated the sensitivity and dependence of morphological changes in secondary flow structures on quasiperiodicity and magnitude of temporal gradients in physiological inflow conditions.
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An indeterminate-origin (IO) nozzle consisting of a four-point tapered crown geometry is used to control jet structure and evolution. The near-field structure and flow field of round water jets were studied with particle image velocimetry... more
An indeterminate-origin (IO) nozzle consisting of a four-point tapered crown geometry is used to control jet structure and evolution. The near-field structure and flow field of round water jets were studied with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques. Typical jet Reynolds numbers (based on the nozzle diameter) are 5 000–10 000. The jet structures for IO nozzles
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An experimental research program was undertaken to examine the influence of large-scale high-intensity turbulence on vane exit losses, wake growth, and exit turbulence characteristics. The experiment was conducted in a four-vane linear... more
An experimental research program was undertaken to examine the influence of large-scale high-intensity turbulence on vane exit losses, wake growth, and exit turbulence characteristics. The experiment was conducted in a four-vane linear cascade at an exit Reynolds number of 800,000 based on chord length and an exit Mach number of 0.27. Exit measurements were made for four inlet turbulence conditions
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Page 1. www.coatingstech.org Transfer Efficiency for Airless Painting Systems Michael W. Plesniak, Paul E. Sojka, and Anshul K. SinghPurdue University* *Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratories, School of Mechanical Engineering, West Lafayette,... more
Page 1. www.coatingstech.org Transfer Efficiency for Airless Painting Systems Michael W. Plesniak, Paul E. Sojka, and Anshul K. SinghPurdue University* *Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratories, School of Mechanical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1003. ...
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Under forced harmonic oscillation at sufficiently high Womersley number, the secondary flow pattern in a tube can exhibit Lyne-type vortices, where an inviscid core in the center of the tube experiences inward centrifuging. The present... more
Under forced harmonic oscillation at sufficiently high Womersley number, the secondary flow pattern in a tube can exhibit Lyne-type vortices, where an inviscid core in the center of the tube experiences inward centrifuging. The present study investigates the evolution of secondary flow development in a curved tube subjected to a physiologically-inspired pulsatile waveform constructed using 10 harmonics. Specifically, the study seeks to address whether a Lyne-type effect is possible at a nominally low Womersley number. Experimental data were acquired using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and numerical simulations were conducted using Fluent. Experimental and numerical results show fully developed flow after approximately 150 degrees for all phases of the driving waveform. This is in agreement with previous studies of harmonic forcing. For the lower Reynolds number portions of the waveform, flow development can occur as early as 135 degrees according to experimental data. Lyne-type vortices were observed at portions of the waveform dominated by higher harmonics, such as the peak associated with systole.
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Human speech is made possible by the air flow interaction with the vocal folds. During phonation, asymmetries in the glottal flow field may arise from flow phenomena (e.g. the Coanda effect) as well as from pathological vocal fold motion... more
Human speech is made possible by the air flow interaction with the vocal folds. During phonation, asymmetries in the glottal flow field may arise from flow phenomena (e.g. the Coanda effect) as well as from pathological vocal fold motion (e.g. unilateral paralysis). In this study, the effects of flow asymmetries on glottal sound sources were investigated. Dynamically-programmable 7.5 times life-size vocal fold models with 2 degrees-of-freedom (linear and rotational) were constructed to provide a first-order approximation of vocal fold motion. Important parameters (Reynolds, Strouhal, and Euler numbers) were scaled to physiological values. Normal and abnormal vocal fold motions were synthesized, and the velocity field and instantaneous transglottal pressure drop were measured. Variability in the glottal jet trajectory necessitated sorting of the data according to the resulting flow configuration. The dipole sound source is related to the transglottal pressure drop via acoustic analogies. Variations in the transglottal pressure drop (and subsequently the dipole sound source) arising from flow asymmetries are discussed.
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An experimental study was conducted concerning the influence of small changes in initial conditions on the near- and far-field evolution of the three-dimensional structure of a plan mixing layer. A two-stream mixing layer with a velocity... more
An experimental study was conducted concerning the influence of small changes in initial conditions on the near- and far-field evolution of the three-dimensional structure of a plan mixing layer. A two-stream mixing layer with a velocity ratio of 0.6 was generated with the initial boundary layers on the splitter plate laminar and was nominally two-dimensional. The initial conditions were changed slightly by interchanging the high- and low-speed sides of the wind tunnel, while maintaining the same velocities, and hence velocity ratio. This resulted in small changes in the initial boundary layer properties, and the perturbations present in the boundary layers were interchanged between the high- and low-speed sides for the two cases. The results indicate that, even with this relatively minor change in initial conditions, the near-field regions of the two cases differ significantly. The peak Reynolds stress levels in the near-field differ by up to 100 percent, and this is attributed to a difference in the location of the initial spanwise vortex roll-up. In addition, the positions and shapes of the individual streamwise vortical structures differ for the two cases, although the overall structures differ for the two cases, although the overall qualitative description of these structures is comparable. The subsequent reorganization and decay of the streamwise vortical structures is very similar for the two cases. As a result, in the far field, both mixing layers achieve similar structure, yielding comparable growth rates, Reynolds stress, distribution, and spectral content.
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Human speech is initiated as air passing through the glottis triggers self-sustained oscillations of the vocal folds. These oscillations, caused by aerodynamic air pressures, glottal geometry and tissue properties, result in the glottis... more
Human speech is initiated as air passing through the glottis triggers self-sustained oscillations of the vocal folds. These oscillations, caused by aerodynamic air pressures, glottal geometry and tissue properties, result in the glottis cyclically forming into a converging, straight, then diverging passage and finally closing. The varying shape of the glottis throughout the cycle causes different coherent structures to form. One such phenomenon evident in quasi-steady flow experiments is the skewing of the glottal jet towards one wall and attachment, i.e. the Coanda effect. It is not understood if the high frequency oscillations inherent in human phonation allow sufficient time for this oscillating jet to attach to the glottal wall, and thereby influence sound production. Unsteady flow through a high aspect ratio slot with an adjacent plate angled at 30 degrees to the streamwise direction was investigated. The driven, unsteady flow oscillation through the slot was chosen to represent known in-vivo velocity wave forms. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the phase-averaged development of the Coanda effect. The evolution of the unsteady Coanda effect over a range of frequencies typical of human phonation will be discussed.
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Secondary flow structures were investigated in a 180-degree circular bend under physiological (pulsatile) flow conditions with a stent model installed upstream of the bend. Upstream Reynolds number ranged from 200 to 1400 and the cardiac... more
Secondary flow structures were investigated in a 180-degree circular bend under physiological (pulsatile) flow conditions with a stent model installed upstream of the bend. Upstream Reynolds number ranged from 200 to 1400 and the cardiac cycle period was scaled to match the physiological Womersley number, Wo=4.2. Experimental data were acquired using 2-D PIV at various cross-sectional planes along the bend. Similar to the results in absence of the stent model, symmetric counter-rotating vortex pairs were observed to develop during the cardiac cycle. In addition, transient unstable flow was initiated at the deceleration phase of the systolic peak (t/T=0.21). This complex flow is mainly attributable to perturbations induced by the stent model. It is characterized by breakdown of Dean- and Lyne-type vortices into various multiple-scale vortices. The phase-averaged flow fields were analyzed using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method to gain further insight regarding the stru...
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Large eddy simulations (LES) of low-speed, wall-bounded turbulent flows were conducted by numerically integrating the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in a generalized curvilinear coordinate system. An efficient numerical scheme based... more
Large eddy simulations (LES) of low-speed, wall-bounded turbulent flows were conducted by numerically integrating the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in a generalized curvilinear coordinate system. An efficient numerical scheme based on a third-order ...
ABSTRACT Human speech is initiated when the lungs achieve a critical pressure forcing the vocal folds apart, expelling air through the glottis, and beginning self-sustained oscillations. The oscillations arise due to coupling between the... more
ABSTRACT Human speech is initiated when the lungs achieve a critical pressure forcing the vocal folds apart, expelling air through the glottis, and beginning self-sustained oscillations. The oscillations arise due to coupling between the aerodynamic forces and the structural properties of the vocal folds. During each phonation cycle the glottis transitions from a convergent channel upon opening, to a uniform, and finally a divergent channel before closing and repeating the cycle. The resulting pulsatile flow field which emanates from the vocal folds forms the raw component of speech.
Secondary flow vortical structures were observed in a 180 degree circular bend under physiological flow conditions with a stent model installed upstream of the bend. Phase-locked 2-D PIV measurements were made at various cross-sectional... more
Secondary flow vortical structures were observed in a 180 degree circular bend under physiological flow conditions with a stent model installed upstream of the bend. Phase-locked 2-D PIV measurements were made at various cross-sectional planes along the bend. Stent-induced perturbations led to a transient flow regime with a multiplicity of vortical patterns initiated during the deceleration phase of the systolic peak (starting at t/T=0.21). An exploratory investigation of vortical scale-count metrics from continuous wavelet transforms, was performed using a Ricker wavelet. The metrics highlight the evolution of a pair of ordered, coherent, high-circulation, counter-rotating vortical structures (at t/T=0.21) into multiple, disordered, low-circulation, coherent vortical structures (by t/T=0.30). The overarching goal of this study is to create a regime map of secondary flow morphologies based on the driving physiological waveform. An approach to develop a regime map using vortical scal...
The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. Polyps and nodules, which are geometric abnormalities that form on the medial surface... more
The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. Polyps and nodules, which are geometric abnormalities that form on the medial surface of the vocal folds, can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient's ability to communicate. Our laboratory has reported particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, within an investigation of a model polyp located on the medial surface of an in vitro driven vocal fold model, which show that such a geometric abnormality considerably disrupts the glottal jet behavior. This flow field adjustment is a likely reason for the severe degradation of the vocal quality in patients with polyps. A more complete understanding of the formation and propagation of vortical structures from a geometric protuberance, such as a vocal fold polyp, and the resulting influence on the aerodynamic loadings that drive the vocal fo...
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ABSTRACT Voiced speech is initiated as air is expelled from the lungs and passes through the vocal tract inciting self-sustained oscillations of the vocal folds. While various approaches exist for investigating both normal and... more
ABSTRACT Voiced speech is initiated as air is expelled from the lungs and passes through the vocal tract inciting self-sustained oscillations of the vocal folds. While various approaches exist for investigating both normal and pathological speech, the relative inaccessibility of the vocal folds make multi-mass speech models an attractive alternative. Their behavior has been benchmarked with excised larynx experiments, and they have been used as analysis tools for both normal and disordered speech, including investigations of paralysis, vocal tremor, and breathiness. However, during pathological speech, vocal fold motion is often unstructured, resulting in chaotic motion and a wealth of nonlinear phenomena. Unfortunately, current methodologies for multi-mass speech models are unable to replicate the nonlinear vocal fold behavior that often occurs in physiological diseased voice for realistic values of subglottal pressure.
Due to the complex geometry of the vasculature and the pulsatile nature of blood flow, secondary flows are common in blood vessels. Secondary flow vortices within a 180 ^o circular bend, under physiological flow conditions, with... more
Due to the complex geometry of the vasculature and the pulsatile nature of blood flow, secondary flows are common in blood vessels. Secondary flow vortices within a 180 ^o circular bend, under physiological flow conditions, with perturbations introduced by model stents were investigated. Reynolds numbers ranged from 200 to 1400 and the cardiac cycle period was scaled to match the
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In voiced speech the vocal folds form a divergent glottal passage during the closing phases of the phonatory cycle. Due to the adverse pressure gradient, asymmetric flow develops within the glottis causing the glottal jet to separate from... more
In voiced speech the vocal folds form a divergent glottal passage during the closing phases of the phonatory cycle. Due to the adverse pressure gradient, asymmetric flow develops within the glottis causing the glottal jet to separate from one vocal fold wall, and fully-attach to the opposing wall. The asymmetric pressures that arise from this flow configuration directly influence the vocal fold energy exchange process, and are expected to have the greatest influence on vocal fold motion when pathologies that affect the vocal fold musculature are present. A theoretical flow solution that produces the pressure distributions arising from asymmetric glottal flows is implemented into a two-mass model of speech. The impact of flow asymmetries on pathological vocal fold motion is investigated by modifying the tissue parameters of the speech model to represent unilateral paralysis. The influence of asymmetric flow behavior on pathological vocal fold motion is quantified and compared to the ...
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ABSTRACT The formation of vocal fold polyps, caused by trauma, interferes with normal speech, causing hoarseness or breathiness during phonation. The objective of this study is to investigate the disruption of the glottal flow field due... more
ABSTRACT The formation of vocal fold polyps, caused by trauma, interferes with normal speech, causing hoarseness or breathiness during phonation. The objective of this study is to investigate the disruption of the glottal flow field due to the presence of a unilateral vocal fold polyp. An ellipsoidal polyp was molded using silicone and incorporated onto the right medial surface of a driven, 7.5 times physiological size vocal fold model. Particle imagevelocimetry was used to observe the air flow through the vocal folds along a coronal section at discrete phases of the phonatory cycle. Air flow was scaled to match physiological values of Reynolds, Strouhal, and Euler numbers. Data were acquired in planes bisecting the polyp and others offset anterior and posterior to the center of the polyp, in order to ascertain any three‐dimensionality of the disrupted flow. The resulting velocity measurements and transglottal pressure drops were compared to previous results from normal vocal fold motion. Differences in flow characteristics indicating a change in the phonatory capacity of patients with polyps are reported. [Work funded by NSF Grant No. CBET‐0828903.]
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Supraglottal jet variability was investigated in a scaled-up flow facility incorporating driven vocal fold models with and without wall rotation. Principle component analysis was performed on the experimental supraglottal flow fields to... more
Supraglottal jet variability was investigated in a scaled-up flow facility incorporating driven vocal fold models with and without wall rotation. Principle component analysis was performed on the experimental supraglottal flow fields to ascertain the roll of glottal wall motion on the development of the supraglottal jet. It is shown that intraglottal flow asymmetries that develop due to wall rotation are not the primary mechanism for generating large-scale cycle-to-cycle deflection of the supraglottal jet. However, wall rotation does decrease the energy content of the first mode, redistributing it to the higher modes through an increase in unstructured flow variability.
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Pulsatile flow through a one-sided diffuser and static divergent vocal-fold models is investigated to ascertain the relevance of viscous-driven flow asymmetries in the larynx. The models were 7.5 times real size, and the flow was scaled... more
Pulsatile flow through a one-sided diffuser and static divergent vocal-fold models is investigated to ascertain the relevance of viscous-driven flow asymmetries in the larynx. The models were 7.5 times real size, and the flow was scaled to match Reynolds and Strouhal numbers, as well as the translaryngeal pressure drop. The Reynolds number varied from 0-2000, for flow oscillation frequencies corresponding to 100 and 150 Hz life-size. Of particular interest was the development of glottal flow skewing by attachment to the bounding walls, or Coanda effect, in a pulsatile flow field, and its impact on speech. The vocal folds form a divergent passage during phases of the phonation cycle when viscous effects such as flow separation are important. It was found that for divergence angles of less than 20 degrees, the attachment of the flow to the vocal-fold walls occurred when the acceleration of the forcing function was zero, and the flow had reached maximum velocity. For a divergence angle of 40 degrees, the fully separated central jet never attached to the vocal-fold walls. Inferences are made regarding the impact of the Coanda effect on the sound source contribution in speech.
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Hirschberg [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 9-12 (2013)] presents a commentary and criticisms of the viscous flow model presented by Erath et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130, 389-403 (2011)] that solves for the asymmetric pressure loading on the... more
Hirschberg [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 9-12 (2013)] presents a commentary and criticisms of the viscous flow model presented by Erath et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130, 389-403 (2011)] that solves for the asymmetric pressure loading on the vocal fold walls. This pressure loading arises from asymmetric flow attachment to one vocal fold wall when the glottal channel forms a divergent configuration. Hirschberg proposes an alternative model for the asymmetric loading based upon inviscid flow curvature at the glottal inlet. In this manuscript further evidence is provided in support of the model of Erath et al. and the underlying assumptions, and demonstrates that the primary criticisms presented by Hirschberg are unwarranted. The model presented by Hirschberg is compared with the model from the original paper by Erath et al., and it is shown that each model describes different and complementary aspects of divergent glottal flows.
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... Jungsoo Suh, Steven H. Frankel, Luc Mongeau, Michael W. Plesniak. ... An acoustic analogy based on the Ffowcs Williams‐Hawkings equation was applied to decompose the near‐field acoustic source into its monopole, dipole, and quadrupole... more
... Jungsoo Suh, Steven H. Frankel, Luc Mongeau, Michael W. Plesniak. ... An acoustic analogy based on the Ffowcs Williams‐Hawkings equation was applied to decompose the near‐field acoustic source into its monopole, dipole, and quadrupole contributions to assess glottal ...
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Motivated by a desire to evaluate vortex shedding flow meters for measuring velocity in unsteady turbulent flow applications, the objective of the work was to study the effects of flow disturbances on vortex shedding from sharp-edged... more
Motivated by a desire to evaluate vortex shedding flow meters for measuring velocity in unsteady turbulent flow applications, the objective of the work was to study the effects of flow disturbances on vortex shedding from sharp-edged bluff bodies. In particular, the combined effects of turbulence and unsteadiness were examined, as well as their separate effects using controlled wind tunnel tests. After causing an initial and sudden decrease in the Strouhal number, increasing turbulence intensity from 2.5 to 10% resulted in only a 2.4% increase in the Strouhal number, for turbulence with a length scale of 0.5 bluff body diameters. Turbulence integral length scale had a significant influence on the Strouhal number, with the greatest effect exhibited for length scales near 3 bluff body diameters. Turbulence of this length scale caused a 26% decrease in the Strouhal number, as compared to a low-turbulence base case. Fluctuating pressure amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio were also affected by turbulence, and decreased significantly when the integral length scale was increased from 0.25 to 0.75 bluff body diameters for a turbulence intensity of 10%. Unsteadiness caused lock-on for forcing at the Strouhal frequency, twice and four times the Strouhal frequency, while no lock-on was observed for forcing at half the Strouhal frequency. The range of lock-on increased with increasing perturbation amplitude and was asymmetric about the resonant frequency. For the cases investigated, the effects of combined turbulence and unsteadiness were additive, with the turbulence shifting the Strouhal frequency, and the unsteadiness causing lock-on about the shifted Strouhal frequency. The results of this study suggest that vortex shedding flow meters should be calibrated in turbulent flows and turbulence length scale must be controlled at the bluff body.
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ABSTRACT Unilateral vocal fold paralysis results when the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which innervates the muscles of the vocal folds becomes damaged. The loss of muscle and tension control to the damaged vocal fold renders it ineffectual.... more
ABSTRACT Unilateral vocal fold paralysis results when the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which innervates the muscles of the vocal folds becomes damaged. The loss of muscle and tension control to the damaged vocal fold renders it ineffectual. The mucosal wave disappears during phonation, and the vocal fold becomes largely immobile. The influence of unilateral vocal fold paralysis on the viscous flow development, which impacts speech quality within the glottis during phonation was investigated. Driven, scaled-up vocal fold models were employed to replicate both normal and pathological patterns of vocal fold motion. Spatial and temporal velocity fields were captured using particle image velocimetry, and laser Doppler velocimetry. Flow parameters were scaled to match the physiological values associated with human speech. Loss of motion in one vocal fold resulted in a suppression of typical glottal flow fields, including decreased spatial variability in the location of the flow separation point throughout the phonatory cycle, as well as a decrease in the vorticity magnitude.
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Flow through a driven, 7.5 times life-size vocal fold model was investigated at corresponding life-size flow rates of Q mean = 89.1 ml/s, 159.4 ml/s, and 253.0 ml/s. The flow was scaled to match physiological values for Reynolds,... more
Flow through a driven, 7.5 times life-size vocal fold model was investigated at corresponding life-size flow rates of Q mean = 89.1 ml/s, 159.4 ml/s, and 253.0 ml/s. The flow was scaled to match physiological values for Reynolds, Strouhal, and Euler numbers. The models were driven at a life-size frequency of 94 Hz. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) data were acquired in the anterior–posterior midplane of
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... (1985, 1988), and Lazaro and Lasheras (1992a, b). In particle-laden flows, the dispersion of intermediate ... Clemens and Mungal (1991) employed a technique in which condensa-tion of alcohol vapor allows direct visualization of fluid... more
... (1985, 1988), and Lazaro and Lasheras (1992a, b). In particle-laden flows, the dispersion of intermediate ... Clemens and Mungal (1991) employed a technique in which condensa-tion of alcohol vapor allows direct visualization of fluid mixing in a supersonic planar mixing layer. ...