Dr. Abduselam A B D U L A H I MOHAMED

In Ethiopia, livelihood diversifcation has become a major source of income for rural communities. Tis study was carried out in rural kebeles in the Kebri Dahar district, and it focuses on livelihood diversifcation strategies and the factors that afect livelihood diversifcation. Te collected types of data were from primary and secondary sources based on a qualitative and quantitative basis. Multistage sampling techniques were employed in selecting the representative households of 119 respondents. Furthermore, multinomial logistic regressions were used to analyze and achieve the objective. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the collected data. Te results revealed that 33.6%, 3.30%, 10.1%, and 52.9% of the respondents participated in the on-farm, of-farm, nonfarm, and combinations of livelihood activities, respectively. Te descriptive statistics showed that 52.9% of the respondents diversifed their livelihoods and 47.1% did not. Te multinomial logistic regression shows that being male-headed as well as the increased age of HH head were found to be signifcant at a 1% signifcance level in three livelihood activities which positively and negatively infuenced livelihood diversifcation. Livelihood diversifcation has a positive impact on security in the study area. Tus, it should be promoted not only by the government and nongovernmental organizations but also by individuals who are interested in livelihood diversifcation since it implies food security.

Climate change is a global phenomenon that involves the long-term fluctuation of the earth's climate system. Specifically, climate change is acknowledged as a vital challenge to pastoralist production systems. However, limited research attention was given to exploring the determinants of climate change adaptation strategies in the southeastern part of Ethiopia. Thus, the study tried to assess the predictors of pastoralists' climate change adaptation strategies in the Korahey zone of Ethiopia. The study was based on a survey of 215 representative pastoralist households were randomly selected from the three districts of the Korahey zone. To achieve the objective, household questionnaire surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions were conducted to collect data at the household as well as the district level. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentage, frequency, mean, and inferential statistics (multinomial logit model). Multinomial logit was employed to analyze the determinant factors of pastoralists' adaptation strategies to climate change. The finding shows that household pastoralists adopt different climate change adaptation strategies in their locality; from this herd diversification (10.7%), storage of fodder (14.4%), mobility (23.7%), Livestock off-take (12%), saving scheme (8.8%) and household and herd splitting (15.3%) are the major pastoralists' adaptation strategies to climate change in the study area. The results of the multinomial logit model show that sex, age, family size, access to climate information, access to credit services, access to extension services and livestock ownership were identified as the major determinants factors of climate change adaptation strategies in Korahey zone. The study recommended that the local government, planners and decision-makers should give awareness regarding the role of information in the pastoralists'

The aim of this study was to examine the invasionof Prosopis Juliflora (hereinafter referred to as Prosopis) species and its impacts on pastoralists' livelihoods in Korahey zone of Somali regional state, Eastern Ethiopia. The study used a combination of satellite and socioeconomic data for analysis. Assessment of land use land cover change was performed by using Landsat satellite data acquired over a three reference years 1989, 2001 and 2019. The image was classified using supervised random forest classification method and the extent of Prosopis invasion and its annual rates of spread were calculated for each time interval.Additionally, socioeconomic assessment was conducted by using the primary data which were collected during March, April and May 2019 from total of 216 sampled households in which 120 were Prosopis invaded households and the rest of 96 households were non-invaded households. Descriptive statistics and econometric method (Propensity Score Matching) were used to assess the impact of the Prosopis invasion on the pastoralists' livelihood in the study area. Landsat analysed satellite data showed that Prosopiscoverage increased from 8523.18 ha in 1989 to 350000ha in 2019. Over periods of 30 years the annual rate of Prosopis invasions per year was estimated to about 3.3%, this is equivalent to 11382.56 ha per year. Study results from descriptive data analysis showed that Prosopisinvaded households' Kilocalorie intake per Adult Equivalent (AE)was found to be 1391.479 Kcal which is 66 percent below the minimum subsistence energy requirement per AE per day, 2,100 kcal. The econometric model results indicated that the average calorie intake, off-farm income, average annual income from milk, and average annual income from livestock sales of these Prosopis invaded households were decreased by 39.65%, 39.02%, 48.1 % and 16 % respectively. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that identified impacts were untainted impacts of the Prosopisinvasion. Generally, the study results revealed that, Prosopis highly attacks the pasture and agricultural land in the study area which had negative impact on pastoralists' life and livelihoods.

Malaria is one of the killer human diseases caused by protozoan parasites from plasmodium family which foremost transmitted by the bite of the female Anopheles species of Mosquito. Ethiopian lowland areas are favorable for mosquito breeding and malaria transmission due to their tropical location and environmental factors. The current study was aimed to analyze the malaria hazard and risk areas in the case of Kebridahar and Sheykosh districts of Korahey zone by using GIS and RS technique. In order to achieve the study objective, different data's such as satellite images, digital elevation model, topographic map, study area shape file and the environmental factors like temperature, elevation, slope, soil, land use land cover and proximity to pond water site were used as an input data for the analysis. Weight was assigned for these parameters by pairwise comparison method and weighted overlay was used in Arc GIS spatial analyst tools to produce the final malaria hard and risk map of the study area. The hazard malaria prevalence was mapped based on the environmental factors, computed using Multi Criteria Decision Evaluation technique (MCDE).-21 The result of this study revealed that, from the total areas of both districts, 41.6%, 42.2% are mapped as very high and high hazard zone, whereas, the remaining 16.2% is mapped as low level of malaria hazard. The result of the malaria risk map also shows that about, 4095 km 2 (23.7%), 12169.2 km 2 (70.5%) and 1010 km 2 (5.8%) of the study area were subjected to very high, high and low malaria risk level respectively. Generally, the result of this study revealed that large area (94.2%) is located in very high and high risk area toward the malaria hazard in Kebridahar and Sheykosh districts of Korahey Zone in Somali region. Therefore, it is recommended that all stakeholders especially health offices at district, zonal, regional and federal levels as well as NGOs should make awareness creation towards malaria prevention in the study area as special and in lowland areas as general.

This study aspires to identify determinants of pastoralists' choice of camel production and production systems in Korahay zone of Somali regional state, eastern Ethiopia. A cross sectional survey methods were applied to collect data from 158 sampled households in which 84 households were camel owners obtained through snowball sampling approach and remaining 74 households were non-camel owners obtained by using random sampling technique from three districts of Korahay zone in Somali regional state namely Kebridahar, Shelabo and Shekosh. The results of binary probit regression model revealed that socioeconomic determinants including total livestock unit, farm income, non-farm income; herd size and distance from the nearest market were found to positively influence the likelihood of owning camels. Where, other determinants like age of the household head, household size and education level, dependent ratio, and distance from extension service were found to negatively influence the likelihood of owning camels. The overall regression model used indicated significant at 1% significance level (p=0.0013) which imply that all the supposed determinants jointly influenced the decision of pastoralists choice of camel production. In the study areas, majority of camel producer (77.8%) rear camels for income generation, milking production, social and cultural functions. The three main production systems in the study areas were transhumant (71.5%), sedentary system (19.6%), and pastoral nomadic (8.9%), which seems nomadism disappearing in the study areas. Feed shortage (30.4%), drought and water shortage (41.8%), disease prevalence (18.3%), and market problems (9.5%) are the major constraints of camel production in the study area. Majority of pastoralists in Korahay zone of Somali region (77.2%) use extensive camel management system, and they cover long distance of around 12 to 18 km every day for grazing and browsing activities. In general, policy makers and government bodies should take in to consideration these variables determining the choice of camel production, and the current more pressing problems for pastoral communities such as drought and water shortage, lack of veterinary services, market problems, lack of enough capital for investment, and low access to credit services. It is strongly believed that consideration of these problems can enhance the life and livelihood of pastoral communities.

This paper aspire in evaluating the impact of Ethiopia's productive safety net program on households' livelihood in Babile district by using primary data that were collected during January and February in 2017 from PSNP treatment and controls group sampled households. Descriptive statistics and Propensity Score Matching were used to evaluate the impact of the program in the study area. The paper revealed that among eleven model variables five of them influence the program participation decisions. Thus, the program had positive and highly significant effect on consumption in which 1269.11 Kcal was found due to the program intervention. Even though the result of the study shows that there is no significant difference among treatment and control groups in terms of annual income household participation in PSNP has positive and statistically significant effect on food consumption, so that on households' livelihood.

Food security is a dynamic concept, which has continuously integrated new dimensions and levels of analysis over the years; this reflects the wider recognition of its complexities in research and public policy issues. Food security is achieved when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Food insecurity occurs at individuals, households or nation level that has neither physical nor economical access to the nourishment they need. Food insecurity is an enduring, critical challenge in Ethiopia which is Africa's second populous country after Nigeria. The 2015 El Niño drought is one of the strongest droughts that have been recorded in Ethiopian history were more than 27 million people became food insecure and total population of 18.1 million people require food assistance in 2016. As indicated by Africa Food Security and Hunger Multiple Indicator Scorecard, Ethiopia ranked first in having the highest number of people in state of undernourishment which is 32.1 million people in 2014. World Food Program found long-term effects of chronic malnutrition cost Ethiopia approximately 16.5 percent of its GDP in each year. The number of food insecure people in the country increasing from time to time; which was estimated to 2.9 million in 2014 and 4.5 million in August, 2015 and by the end of the same year this figure had more than doubled to 10.2 million food insecure people. Drought and land degradation, population pressure, instability and armed conflict are major sources of food security problems in Ethiopia. To cope with these problems Ethiopian people use sale of livestock, agricultural employment, and migration to other areas, requesting grain loans, sales of wood or charcoal, small scale trading and limiting size and frequency of meal as major coping mechanisms.

Abstract
The increase production of plastics, generation of high plastic disposals and mismanagement of wastes are the main causes of environmental pollution and human health effects. This study was assessed the environmental and health impacts of disposal plastics in Gode town, Eastern Ethiopia. The necessary data was collected from 265 households from the three Kebeles selected by using random and purposive sampling methods. The findings revealed that the waste generates in Gode town was plastic bags (46%), water and soft drink bottles (34%), household utensils (16%) and others (4%). The sources of plastic wastes in Gode town were residential (55%), commercials (32%), industries (9%) and other sources (3%). The poor management of municipality, shortage of resources materials, absence of private waste collectors and absence of legal legislation were identified as main challenges faced in the town. The result of this study also demonstrates that disposed plastic wastes had negative impacts on human health, animal health, blockage of sewage tubes and Environmental pollution which was ranked as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively. Residents were infected by viral diseases like dengue fever, respiratory disease, lung disease and shortage of breath. In addition to this, domestic and marine animals were infected by disposal plastics dumped everywhere.  Furthermore, this study recommended that the municipal should use disposal wastage preventive measures which includes, households level waste reduction methods, increasing public awareness, providing eco-friendly alternative materials and developing restriction policy and legislations in order to improve waste management practices and minimization of waste disposal hazards in Gode town.