Abdul Rizwan

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes have limited energy and cannot be recharged. Clustering is one of the major approaches to optimize consumption of energy and data gathering. In these networks, clustering must be special to prolong network lifetime. In WSN, clustering has heuristic nature and belongs to NP-hard problems. In complex problems, search space is too big and grows exponentially. Because it takes too much time and cost, finding a deterministic optimized solution is difficult in such a short time. In this situation population-based algorithms are beneficial in finding optimum solutions. In this paper, a clustering algorithm is investigated and a novel idea, in line with the population-based algorithm, is presented. The proposed algorithm uses Imperialist Competition Algorithm (ICA) for the clustering of nodes. The results show that this algorithm postpones the dead time of nodes and prolongs network lifetime, compared to other discussed clustering algorithms.

Digital encoding schemes are commonly used in computer networks, data transportation, and cellular communication. In digital environment to provide better communication remained a challenging task. The main issues possess by the environment and coding methods of digitizing scheme are synchronization, Direct Current (DC) components, and bandwidth. The line coding techniques like unipolar, polar, and bipolar have been proposed to overcome such issues. Some of them provide a better solution but still, these issues need the attention of researchers. Each encoding scheme dominates or dominated over others by their pros and cons. The issues of synchronization and DC component in unipolar is overcome by using polar encoding scheme. Similarly, every technique overcomes issues posses by other proposed techniques. Considering these issues as a challenges task the Shadow Encoding Scheme (SES) is proposed. Unlike AMI digitizing scheme here focus will not only on 1’s synchronization but also on the long stream of 0’s. In SES, the issues of synchronization, DC component and bandwidth will overcome.

Operating system is the core of computer science and task scheduling is the major topic in this domain. Priority base scheduling is always remains hot topic in the domain of operating systems. In Priority base printing always higher priority given to those printings jobs which are processed more quickly rather than the lower priority base printings jobs. In this way low priority jobs are delayed again and again. In this research detail study is conducted regarding the scheduling algorithms in operating system. Priority base printings become bottlenecks who are assigned lowest priority. They may have to wait till their turn may be up to mid night in large departments. Now we are going to discuss a specific algorithm which can solve above issues in a smart way. A new method is proposed to solve the priority scheduling problems. This method is very handy for those users who are assigned a higher priority authority in printing mechanism. It also allows the lowest priority base printing ...

and design of steel frame building with Steel plate shear wall (SPSW). For present work equivalent static analysis and response spectrum analysis is carried out for steel moment resisting building frame having (G+6) storey situated in zone III. Modelling will be done by using mesh and strip modelling. The analysis of steel plate shear wall and the building are carried out using software STAAD.Pro V8i. The main parameters consider in this paper to compare the seismic performance of buildings are displacement, axial force bending moment and maximum stresses. The models are analyzed as per IS 1893:2002 and IS 800-2007.

Sorting algorithm remained hot topic in computer science from the birth of computer science to achieve maximum performance. Fortunately this achievement became possible due to good and fast sorting algorithms, such as heap sort, merge sort, radix sort and other sorting algorithms. Till this achievement is also under research to find more efficient algorithms. In sorting algorithm arrays and link list data structures are commonly used. We know arrays are efficient if we need consecutive kind of data structure and link lists are useful when we need to add and remove items in the data structure. In other word we can say both data structures have own its merits and demerits. So in our sorting algorithm we are going to use both kinds of data structure. We will use in our MainIndex sorting algorithm arrays as the MainIndex and link list as sorting cells. MainIdex sorting algorithm need some kind of information just the length of the number which is going to sort and the value of the numbe...

Objective: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among medical students and identify associatedfactors.Study Design: Analytical, cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Community Medicine at AkhtarSaeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore from September 2020 to December 2020.Materials and Methods: The study included 300 medical students using convenience sampling technique. Aself- structured pre- tested questionnaire was used. All medical students including MBBS, BDS, Pharm –D andallied health sciences were included in the study. Those students who did not give consent were excluded fromthe study. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 23. Chi square test of significance was applied to findassociation between the variables and p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Refractive error was observed in 203 students (67.7%). The commonest refractive error was myopia(37%) followed by hypermetro...

The future of the Internet of Things (IoT) is interlinked with digital communication in smart cities. The digital signal power spectrum of smart IoT devices is greatly needed to provide communication support. The line codes play a significant role in data bit transmission in digital communication. The existing line-coding techniques are designed for traditional computing network technology and power spectrum density to translate data bits into a signal using various line code waveforms. The existing line-code techniques have multiple kinds of issues, such as the utilization of bandwidth, connection synchronization (CS), the direct current (DC) component, and power spectrum density (PSD). These highlighted issues are not adequate in IoT devices in smart cities due to their small size. However, there is a need to design an effective line-code method to deal with these issues in digital IoT-based communication for smart technologies, which enables smart services for smart cities. In th...