Life Science

The aim of this research is to present the analysis of the qualitative semi-structured interviews to determine the challenges and reality faced by women managers in managing the sport industry. Three major concerns are identified to be analysed based on the experiences of these women to determine the capabilities as managers through sport activities and challenges face by women sport managers in local sport industry. The three main concerns are firstly, the women sport managers’ requisite skills and corresponding qualities. Secondly, the women sport managers’ experience in juggling multiple responsibilities. Thirdly, the availability of support network for women sport managers. The research also found that these women sport managers gave positive feedback on the state of their readiness in facing the challenges of managing contemporary local sport industry. Overall, the respondents acknowledges that women play an important part in managing sport, although admitting that women in top...

Background: Adiponectin is the most abundant adipokine shown to have insulin-sensitizing, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Adiponectin level, unlike that of other adipocytokines, is decreased in obesity and type 2 diabetes and increased after weight reduction. Recent studies suggest that adiponectin plays an important role in linking obesity with different cardiometabolic risk factors. Neverseless, a few studies have investigated this relationship in obese children. Racial differences in adiponectin level were observed, but little work has been done to determine if plasma adiponectin concentrations differ as a result of ethnicity. In few studies in African American, lack of a relationship between plasma adiponectin, obesity, and insulin sensitivity were reported despite the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance in this population. However todate, there are no reports examining similar relationship of adiponectin and different cardiometabolic varia...

Different scenarios for the efficient transmission of images over wireless sensor networks are presented. The research is focused on the use of the IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee for applying the proposed scenarios. The heart of these scenarios is a novel chaotic interleaving scheme, which can tolerate error bursts. The investigation studies the performance of the proposed interleaver with convolutional codes having different constraint lengths (K). A comparison study between the traditional block interleaving scheme and the proposed chaotic interleaving scheme for image transmission over a correlated fading channel is presented. The simulation results show the superiority of the proposed chaotic interleaving scheme. The results also prove that the chaotic interleaver on a packet-by-packet basis gives a high quality image with (K=3) and eliminates the need for a complex encoder having K=7.

Abstract: A new approach was investigated for appraising the fastness properties while maintaining/ upgrading the tensile strength of 100% cotton, light weight fabric samples, dyed with natural colourant of Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta). Various dyeing formulas planned with the aid of different dyeing auxiliaries utilized as mordants, cross linkers, finishing agents and UV absorbers were applied by pad-steam (two-bath-two-stage) dyeing procedure. All the recipes were exercised both as pre and post treatments. Pretty yellow fabric samples resulted from the experiments having better colour fastness, enviable K/S value and adequate tensile strength. Some of the mordants (such as FeCl 3 and Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ) produced samples of darker shades, entirely different from the yellow colour. The presence of CuSO 4 in the dyeing recipe produced sample with bright yellow shade. This mordant was excelled by all other dyeing auxiliaries in enhancing not only the colourfastness but also presentin...

Zimbabwean refugees can be considered a vulnerable group in terms of how they are displaced with many of them having lived through hardships on their way to South Africa and other African countries. Zimbabwe is known to be Africa's most extraordinary producer of migrants and the biggest producer of refugees in Southern Africa. It is estimated that 3.4 million Zimbabweans, a quarter of the country's population, have fled the country. Economic collapse, hunger and political repression have been blamed for the mass exodus. The present study examines the impact of trauma exposures (pre- and post-migration stressors and poor mental health) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among homeless Zimbabwean refugees living in South Africa. Through a guided convenient sampling, in-depth interviews using questionnaires were collected from 125 homeless Zimbabwean refugees in Polokwane, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study was anchored on the hypothesis that predictor variables (pr...

Abstract:Aquatic macroinvertebrates play significant role in responding to a variety of environmental conditions of rivers and streams and therefore may be used as bio-indicators for water quality assessment. In the past, biological communities like plankton, periphyton, ...

Məqalədə ümumtəhsil məktəblərində şagird və tələbələrə sağlam həyat mədəniyyətinin aşılanması məsələləri araşdırılır. Göstərilir ki, «Biologiya» və «Həyat bilgisi» fənlərinin məzmunu şagirdlərə sağlam həyat mədəniyyətinin aşılanmasına geniş imkanlar açır. Problemin həlli imkanlarına uyğun olaraq gənclərə sağlam həyat mədəniyyətinin aşılanmasının səmərəli yolları izah edilir. Sağlamlığın 10 qızıl qaydasının şagirdlərə öyrədilməsi ilə onlara əməl etmək vərdişlərinin yaradılması metodikası əsaslandırılır. Məktəblilərə sağlamlıqla bağlı bilik və bacarıqların aşılanması ilə onların hərtərəfli, sağlam şəxsiyyət kimi formalaşmasına dair metodik tövsiyələr verilir. İşdə insan sağlamlığına mənfi təsir edən qidaların, o cümlədən şirə və spirtli içkilərin orqanizmdə törətdiyi xəstəliklərin şagirdlərə öyrədilməsinin imkan və yolları araşdırılır. Biologiyadan fənn kurikulumunun «İnsan və onun sağlamlığı» məzmun xəttinin əsas və alt standartları insan bədənində gedən fizioloji proseslər və ona təsir edən ekoloji amillərin şagirdlərə öyrədilməsi ilə reallaşdırılır. Dünyada baş verən təbii fəlakətlər, müharibələr, terrorizm və epidemiyaların insanların sağlamlığı üçün ciddi təhlükə törətdiyi qeyd edilir. Göstərilir ki, bu fəlakətlərdən daha qorxulusu qida təhlükələridir. Qida təhlükəsizliyi məsələləri biologiyadan müvafiq mövzularla əlaqələndirilməli və şagirdlərin diqqətinə çatdırılmalıdır. «Həyat bilgisi»nin tədrisində də fənn kurikulumunun «Sağlamlıq və təhlükəsizlik» məzmun xəttinə uyğun olaraq gənclərə sağlam yaşam  mədəniyyətinin aşılanması imkanları genişdir. Həmin imkanlar əsasında təhsilalanlara sağlamlığın əsas şərtlərinin öyrədilməsinin səmərəli yolları müəyyən edilir. Məktəblilərə sağlam yaşam bacarıqlarının, tibbi-gigiyenik biliklərin aşılanmasının ən səmərəli yolu kimi məktəblərdə tibb təmayüllü siniflərin açılması təklifi irəli sürülür.

The article studies the matters of instilling the healthy life culture to the pupils and students in the general education schools. It shows that the contents of biology and life science provide broad opportunities to instill the healthy life culture to pupils. It explains the effective ways of instilling the healthy life culture to the youth according to the possible solutions for the problem. By teaching the 10 golden rules of health to the pupils, the methods of following them are substantiated. The pupils are provided with methodical recommendations on their development as a comprehensive healthy person by instilling the knowledge and skills related to health to them. The opportunities and ways of learning of foods exerted negative influence on human health, also diseases caused by juice and alcoholic drinks in organism are investigating in the article. The main and low standards of the subject «Human and health» of biology curriculum are realized with learning of physiological processes in human body and ecological factors affecting it. It is noted that, natural disasters, wars, terrorism, epidemics in the world have serious threat for health of people. It is noted that, the most fearful one of these disasters is food danger. The issues of food safety shall be oriented with proper subjects from biology and shall be bring to the notice of pupils. The opportunities for promotion of healthy living culture to youths in accordance with the line of content «Health and safety» of subject curriculum are wide in teaching of life sciences. The efficient ways of learning of the main conditions of health to pupils are determining on the basis of those opportunities. It is proposed to establish classes with a medical bias in schools as the most effective way of promotion of healthy living abilities and medical-hygienic knowledge to pupils.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an important public health problem in Dehloran county, Southwestern of Iran. The knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on disease has not been studied in this area. This survey was carried out among 423 residents of 5 villages involved by disease. The study was a cross-sectional analytical survey. A questioner with 30 questions was prepared to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of the respondents about cutaneous leishmaniasis. Altogether, 405 (95.7%) of respondents completed the questioners. One hundred and eighty (44.4%) of them were men and the rest (55.6%) were women. The mean ± SD age of the cases were equal to 23.81 ± 14.83 years old. Only 47.9% of the population studied were aware about the disease. Less than 40% of the cases revealed that, sand fly is the vector of the disease. Almost, 47% of them had used drugs, insecticide sprays, repellents and bed net to protect themselves. Chi-square test indicated a significant difference between a...

Medical X-ray exposures are the largest man-made source of population exposure to ionising radiation in many countries. Although information on medical exposure is already incorporated into national legislative documents, in Isfahan there is no data on the assessment of patient's entrance surface dose (ESD) and the health risk from conventional radiography in daily clinical practice. In this study, Entrance Surface dose (ESD) were estimated for adults patients undergoing common X- ray examinations in two Hospitals in Khartoum, namely Khartoum teaching hospital and academy teaching hospital. the study was performed in four X-ray machines. A total of 191 patients were included in this study. Patient’s data such as (age and weight) and exposure parameters (kV and mAs) were recorded. The results of ESD have been obtained with the use of the Dose Cal software which developed by the radiological protection center in saint gorges hospital London. The results showed that the mean values...

German Idealism still dominates most approaches in theoretical biology. This has led to a conception of organisms as tightly regulated self-forming systems where the demands of the whole organism dominate how the parts are coordinated. This article troubles this approach by presenting aspects of biology that refuse to be synthesized into a specific whole. I call this approach “goth biology” as it recognizes the murkiness of systems of knowledge, the loosely composite nature of most living things, and the continual haunting of life by death. Methodologically, I use insights gleaned from the history of post-punk goth music to explore the role of aesthetics, timbres, and forms as elements of lives that bound disparate times and spaces without providing a unified synthesis. A form of biological experience, and a theory of how the body works, goth biology demands that one lose a conception of “self” in order to embrace the complexity of biological interactions. As the goth performance artist Anna-Varney Cantodea recently confessed in an interview: “I have long given up on any goals I might have had,” but this doesn’t keep me from being inspired by everything around me.

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea, which also known as menstrual pain or cramp is, considers one of the most prevalent menstrual disorders among female reproductive period. During the recent years, regular exercise and physical activities have been introduced as effective methods for prevention and treatment of dysmenorrhea. Physical activity leads to the release of endorphins which may enhance the pain threshold and thus reduce pain. Level of physical activity varies across countries. This study looks into the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea among young adults to get a better understanding of the problem stated and to find out the relationship between physical activity and primary dysmenorrhea. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study design was adopted with total of 165 participants with the age range between 18 to 30 (22.8 + 30) was recruited using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Self-administered questionnaire on dysmenorrhea and menstrual characteristics were administered. Physical activity level was measured using global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Results: A total of 144 participants (87.3%) were discovered to have primary dysmenorrhea. There is moderate negative correlation exist between pain intensity and primary dysmenorrhea, r =-0.42, p <0.035. This result suggests that maintaining a good physical activity is important in reducing dysmenorrhea symptoms. Conclusion: Correction and prevention of primary dysmenorrhea is necessary in view of high incidence.

Objective: To determine the effect of play-based learning on developing logical reasoning in early childhoodeducation in Islamabad.Study Design: Quantitative quasi-experimental study and the pre-and post-experimental paradigm was used.Place and Duration of Study: The population of the current study included the students from Headstart Schoollocated in Islamabad from March 2020 to September 2020.Materials and Methods: The population was selected through cluster sampling technique. Sample size of 80students with 40 each of control and experimental group were considered le. Both the groups were taught acourse &#39;classification of vertebrates&#39; in Science either through play-based (experimental group) or conventionalmethod (controlled group) in a 45 minutes session, 5 days for four weeks. A pictorial self-developed testconsisted of 6 questions based on understanding by design (UbD was used. Descriptive (percentage andfrequency) and inferential statistics were used for the analysis ...

Churn represents the problem of losing a customer to another business competitor which leads to serious profit loss. Therefore, many companies investigate different techniques that can predict churn rates and help in designing effective plans for customer retention. In this study we investigate the application of Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural networks with back-propagation learning for churn prediction in a telecommunication company. Different MLP topologies with different settings are used to build churn classification models. Moreover, two MLP based approaches are used and compared in order to rank the most influencing factors on churn rates. For the purpose of this research, real data of customers in a major Jordanian telecom company were provided. [Omar Adwan, Hossam Faris, Khalid Jaradat, Osama Harfoushi and Nazeeh Ghatasheh. Predicting Customer Churn in Telecom Industry using MLP Neural Networks: Modeling and Analysis. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):75-81]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http:...

"Since the late 1990s, the Singapore government had embarked on a significant push to develop the city-state into a major life-science R&D and industrial cluster in Asia. Although a major focus of this new thrust involves attracting leading life science companies overseas to establish operations in Singapore and developing new public life science research institutions to attract overseas life science research talents (Finegold, Wong, and Cheah (2004)), the local universities are expected to play an important role as well. In particular, the National University of Singapore
(NUS), the leading university in Singapore, has also started to pursue major strategic change to become more ‘‘entrepreneurial’’, and identified life science as a major
focus for technology commercialization as well. Adapting the ‘‘Triple-Helix’’ framework of Etzkowitz, Webster, Gebhardt, & Terra (2000), this paper examines the significant changes in the university-government-industry ‘‘Triple-Helix’’ nexus
for life science in Singapore, and their consequent impact on life science commercialization at NUS. Implications for universities in other late-comer countries seeking to catch up in the global biotech race are discussed.

Keywords University technology commercialization, Innovation policy, Life science, Singapore

JEL Classifications O31"

Dr. Henry Gee, Senior Editor for the Journal Nature, is coming out with a new book that debuts in the U.S on 11/2/21!

This is a review of what I think is a fantastic book that all those people who are involved in scientific endeavors, especially SciComm should take a moment to read this book.

It shows the complex, can be made simple and fun.

Plants play an important role in the development of new drugs. Phytochemicals are the natural compound occur in plants, vegetables and fruits, that work with nutrients and fibers to act against diseases or more specifically to act against diseases. As the plants are directly in contact with air, water and soil, the constituents of these sources might contaminate the plants. In addition to the toxic elements such as mercury, arsenic, lead, nickel and cadmium which might be present in some plants and threatened the consumer health, especially the children and elderly. Useful elements such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese and iron are also usually present in plants which help the good health. Many countries have already evaluated their popular herbal medicines with regard to toxic heavy metals. [Naseem Ullah, Muhammad Zahoor, Farhat Ali Khan, Shazeb Khan. A review on general introduction to medicinal plants,its phytochemicals and role of heavy metal and inorganic constituents. Li...

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of leader-member relationship, organizational justice, organizational support and turnover intentions among teachers.
Descriptive correlational design was utilized in the study. The data were obtained from 15 randomly selected private academic institutions in Davao Region (Region XI) Philippines. Sets of standardized questionnaires were used as instruments in gathering information from the respondents. Pearson-product moment correlation was used to find the significance of the relationship between the exogenous and endogenous variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the variables that best predict turnover intentions. While, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the causal relationship among the variables and the assessment of model fit.
The findings of the study are:  the level  of leader-member relationship as perceived by the teachers is high; the level of organizational support as perceived the teachers is high; the level of organizational justice as perceived by the teachers is high; the level of turnover intention among the teachers is low; leader-member relationship, organizational justice and organizational support were highly correlated to turnover intentions (p<0.05-two tailed);  organizational support is a significant predictor of turnover intentions. Meanwhile, the two other exogenous variables do not significantly directly influence turnover intentions. However, this led to additional findings that organizational justice and organizational support significantly mediate the causal link between leader-member relationship and turnover intentions; therefore the significant indirect influence of leader-member relationship and organizational justice to turnover intention were determined. Furthermore, the conceptual model passed all the goodness of fit indices criteria.

In this spoken discourse, P.R. Sarkar (1922-1990) first proposed the revolutionary scientific concept of microvita. These mysterious living creatures, “smaller or subtler than atoms, or electrons or protons” are, in his view, the carriers of life and creators of minds throughout the universe. There are three broad categories of microvita. The crudest microvita can be seen in powerful microscopes and can cause diseases said to be of virus origin. Subtler microvita are known indirectly through their actions and through conceptions reflected into perceptions. Microvita are creations in the “returning phase” of the cosmic cycle of creation—the phase where individual minds evolve. Microvita travel through physical media or through ideas. According to P.R. Sarkar, research on microvita through physico-psycho-spiritual efforts must be started “immediately without any further delay.” Human beings need to develop control over these microvita if many problems of modern society are to be solved “in a nice way”.  P.R. Sarkar, also known as Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, was the founder and president of the global movement Renaissance Universal (RU) and the Renaissance Artists and Writers Association (RAWA) of spiritually-oriented and socially-minded intellectuals, artists and writers, and the founder of the global spiritual movement Ananda Marga (“Path of Bliss”). He was a spiritual guru and social philosopher.

Abstract
An in vitro micropropagation system has been developed for Terminalia arjuna Roxb., an important Indian medicinal plant and non mulberry primary food plant of tropical tasar silkworm (Antheria mylitta Drury). Nodal segments obtained from one year old aseptically grown seedlings were used as explants. MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L BAP was found most suitable for culture initiation. Although shoot multiplication was achieved on MS medium containing BAP and Kn, the maximum number of shoots was obtained with 1.5 mg/L BAP. Best rooting response was observed on MS medium salts, 0.6% agar and 0.1 mg/L IBA. Plantlets were hardened initially in culture room conditions and then transferred to misthouse.

Der Beitrag stellt einen Versuch dar, die Elemente von einem der bekanntesten Meisterwerke der deutschen Literatur des 20 Jahrhunderts, "Der Zauberberg" von Thomas Mann zu analysieren.
Die ausgewählten Textpassagen könnten ein Schlüssel zu einer Interpretation des Romans als eines Metaphernfeldes der Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges sein. Sie heben die Einstellung der Ärzte den Patienten gegenüber hervor, die Ähnlichkeit mit den Beziehungen in einer Armee während des Krieges aufweisen. Thomas Mann deutet außerdem an, dass der Aufenthalt im Sanatorium das Leben der Patienten stark beeinflusst, sodass sie wegen der „Befehle“ seitens der metaphorischen „Obergeneräle“ (Ärzte) ihr Verhalten und ihre Gewohnheiten sogar unbewusst verändern. Der Verlust von Moralität sowie konkrete Lebensfreuden im „Berghof “ können in einigem Maße mit dem Soldatenleben verglichen werden, das genauso unter bestimmten,
deprimierenden Umständen geführt wird und worauf die Soldaten dann nicht mehr verzichten dürfen oder wollen.

This descriptive research uses a questionnaire to determine supervisors and students attitude towards research project supervision in two different tertiary institutions in Southern Africa. A systematic sampling technique using a sampling interval of 3 with replacement was used to select 53 students. Simple random sampling was used to select 38 supervisors. A structured questionnaire which was subjected to face validity and reliability test was used to collect data. Data collected was analyzed with SPSS using means and standard deviations. Analysis confirmed matching academic interest, expertise, resources, matching expectations, mutual understanding, and stimulated and maintained student interest and motivation play vital role in successful supervision. Significant determinants of students attitude towards research supervision are gender (t = 1.95), age (t = 2.83), residences (t = - 2.02), marital status (t = -3.89), weekly supervisor contact (t = 2.33), fortnight supervisor contac...

Use of plants based drugs for curing various ailments is as old as human civilization and is used in all cultures through out history. The primitive man started to distinguish between useful and harmful are poisonous plants by trail and errors. A well defined herbal pharmacopoeia was developed by tribal people, which was based on information collected from local flora, religion and culture. The knowledge of medicinal plants was gradually developed and passed on from one individual to other, which foundation for traditional medicine through out the world. Recently, a variety of liver diseases are spreading very rapidly in our society and different herbal remedies are used by the local practitioners as a therapeutic agent. Among these herbal formulations, Silybum marianum is found to be highly effective for liver disorders.

This study entitled “Phytochemistry and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Saluyot (Chorchorus olitorius) Leaf Extract Using DPPH Model” was conducted to determine the potential of saluyot leaves as a source of antioxidants against free radicals. The phytochemical screening and spectrophotometry focused on saluyot leaf extract which was obtained through series of extraction in Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation, San Carlos City, Pangasinan. Using various tests, saluyot leaves were found to have alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins which are generally involved in self-defense and anti-oxidation to avert toxicity. The presence of the secondary metabolites supported its claimed antioxidant property. The antioxidant property of saluyot leaf was evaluated using in-vitro lipid peroxidation test. Using different concentrations, the researchers found out the 1250 mcg/ml sample to have highest free radical reduction (88.20%) closest to the activity of the positive control (92.29%). Based on the findings, saluyot plant exhibits antioxidant effect. However, it had also found to provide pro-oxidative effect if taken too much, which promotes radical generation. The Analysis of Variance was performed to determine if significant findings are present among the different samples and the negative control. Using Tukey’s test, 1250 mcg/ml and 2000 mcg/ml have similar antioxidant effect in terms of free radical reduction. Other concentrations also exhibits antioxidant effect but not similar to the effect of 1250 mcg/ml and 2000 mcg/ml. The findings claim that saluyot leaf has positive results in terms of the presence of antioxidant profile and active constituents which can contribute in free radical reduction. The antioxidant property of saluyot leaf was evaluated using in-vitro lipid peroxidation test. Using different concentrations, the researchers found out the 1250 mcg/ml sample to have highest free radical reduction (88.20%) closest to the activity of the positive control (92.29%). Based on the findings, saluyot plant exhibits antioxidant effect. However, it had also found to provide pro-oxidative effect if taken too much, which promotes radical generation. The Analysis of Variance was performed to determine if significant findings are present among the different samples and the negative control. Using Tukey’s test, 1250 mcg/ml and 2000 mcg/ml have similar antioxidant effect in terms of free radical

In present work, we have reported the elemental analysis of phosphate fertilizer used in Saudi Arabia measured by means of different analytical methodology. The concentration of natural radionuclides 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K has been determined by gamma-ray spectrometer with NaI(Tl) detector. It was found that the average values of 226 Ra, 232 Th, 40 K ranged between 9±1.3 to 55±4.9 Bq kg -1, 8.86±1.8 to 42±8 Bq kg -1 45±8 to 2700±4.9 Bq kg -1 , respectively. The measured value of activity concentration of 40 K was estimated to be within the excepted world average range for NPK fertilizer (mean value 2700 Bq kg -1). It was observed that the calculated radium equivalent (Raeq) in fertilizers are lower than the allowed maximum value of 370 Bq kg -1 , however, the calculated representative level index, Ir, values for NPK and TSP phosphate fertilizers exceed the upper limit (Ir 1). Furthermore, the concentration of the environmental pollutants (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and common eleme...

Como caminho multimetódico e interdisciplinar, os trabalhos que se encontram reunidos no presente volume trazem a perspectiva de pesquisadores com ampla experiência em suas áreas de investigação, tendo como eixo catalizador: a) a compreensão do fenômeno religioso como via de aproximação da realidade humana, especialmente no que se refere ao aspecto da saúde, b) a ênfase na religião como forma de construção de sentidos individuais e sociais, e, por último, c) um olhar que privilegia as realidades radicais da existência humana, isto é, o liame entre viver e morrer, a vida e a morte em seu copertencimento.

Blood is one of the most important biological evidence found at a crime scene. In a violent crime, the blood sample obtained may belong to the victim, the suspect(murderer) or any other eyewitness. A proper analysis of blood samples obtained at a crime scene may contribute to clarify the circumstances under which the crime would have been committed. The information obtained by studying the blood sample may point the criminal investigation in the right direction and can help solve the crime. Hematology refers to the study of blood and it can play an important tool in analyzing the crime. The blood analysis begins with the presumptive tests to confirm that a given sample is blood. Then precipitin technology may be used to find the species to which the blood belongs. Methods like DNA fingerprinting may be used to match the blood at crime scene with the blood of suspect to get a step closer to finding the criminal. We report here few of the analysis of blood that can be done to possibly fasten the process of case solving and find the right criminal.