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Over the last ten years, Indonesia has continued to make significant progress in improving educational opportunities for all its citizens. The purpose of this report is to provide an assessment of the national school grants program,... more
Over the last ten years, Indonesia has continued to make significant progress in improving educational opportunities for all its citizens. The purpose of this report is to provide an assessment of the national school grants program, Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS), and its contribution to progress in the education sector. The BOS program aimed to raise educational attainment through the provision of school grants to all primary and junior secondary schools. The report draws together studies and data that have been used to analyze the program and undertakes new analysis that looks at the effect of the program on household education costs and education participation. The review is used to draw out policy options to improve the program further and ensure that it contributes effectively to emerging challenges in the sector. The first chapter provides a brief overview of school funding in Indonesia before setting out the channels through which the BOS program was designed to improve ed...
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This paper examines the magnitude and source of gender gaps in cognitive and social-emotional skills in early primary grades in rural Indonesia. Relative to boys, girls score more than 0.17 S.D. higher in tests of language and mathematics... more
This paper examines the magnitude and source of gender gaps in cognitive and social-emotional skills in early primary grades in rural Indonesia. Relative to boys, girls score more than 0.17 S.D. higher in tests of language and mathematics (cognitive skills) and between 0.18 to 0.27 S.D. higher in measures of social competence and emotional maturity (social-emotional skills). We use Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to investigate the extent to which gender differences in early schooling and parenting practices explain these gender gaps in skills. For cognitive skills, differences in early schooling between boys and girls explain between 9 and 11 percent of the gender gap whereas differences in parenting practices explain merely 3 to 5 percent of the gender gap. This decomposition result is driven largely by children living in villages with high quality preschools. In contrast, for social-emotional skills, differences in parenting styles towards boys and girls explain between 13 and 17 pe...
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We used an embryo lethality assay (ELA) to assess virulence for different isolates from cases of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in broilers. Lameness is among the most significant animal welfare issues in the poultry... more
We used an embryo lethality assay (ELA) to assess virulence for different isolates from cases of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in broilers. Lameness is among the most significant animal welfare issues in the poultry industry. Bacterial infections are a major cause of lameness and different bacterial species have been obtained from lame broilers. Reliable lab-based assays are required to assess relative virulence of bacteria obtained from lame broilers. ELA has been used to assess lethal dosage of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus cecorum. We hypothesized that ELA could substitute for more laborious and costly assessments of BCO isolate pathogenicity using live birds. We evaluated 2 different levels of bacteria injected into eggs from layer and commercial broiler embryos. Significant findings include 1) Escherichia coli from neighboring farms operated by the same integrator had very different embryo lethality, 2) isolate Staphylococcus agnetis 908 had low virulence in ELA, even though this isolate can induce more than 50% BCO lameness, 3) Enterococcus cecorum 1415 also had low pathogenicity; even though it was recovered from severe bilateral tibial dyschondroplasia, 4) human and chicken BCO isolates of S. aureus had significant pathogenicity, 5) virulence for some isolates was highly variable possibly corresponding with quality of the embryos/fertile eggs used, and 6) ELA pathogenicity was much lower for our BCO isolates than previous reports which may reflect maternal environment. Overall, ELA virulence and BCO virulence are not always concordant indicating that ELA may not be an effective measure for assessing virulence with respect to BCO.
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This study documents the results of a pilot study jointly undertaken by the World Bank and the Guangdong Department of Education to assess teaching practices in public primary and junior secondary schools using the Classroom Assessment... more
This study documents the results of a pilot study jointly undertaken by the World Bank and the Guangdong Department of Education to assess teaching practices in public primary and junior secondary schools using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System tool. The tool was used to conduct classroom observations on an illustrative sample of 36 teachers in three counties across Guangdong. The pilot tested whether such a tool could be used to measure the strengths and weaknesses of teaching practices in the Chinese context. It also informed how classroom observations can be more consistently applied in the province’s Quality Assurance and Monitoring and Evaluation system. On average, teachers in this sample scored high on classroom organization, but lower on emotional support and instructional support. While there was substantial variation in performance across teachers, there was only modest variation by county, urban versus rural school location, teacher type, grade, and years of experie...
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Research Interests: Cognitive development, Depression, Early Childhood Education, Child Development, Human Development, and 15 moreBrain development, Curriculum, Indonesian, Iodine, Christian Ministry, Cdd, Formal Education, Curricula, Infant Mortality, Holistic Development, Interventions, Child mortality, Cognitive Skills, Indonesian Government, and Age Groups
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common degenerative neurologic disorder after Alzheimer's
Background Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, and carries greater
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Gastric Cancer (GC) has high morbidity and fatality rate in various countries. It is still one of the most frequent and deadly diseases. Gastrokine1 (GKN1) and gastrokine2 (GKN2) genes are highly expressed in the normal stomach epithelium... more
Gastric Cancer (GC) has high morbidity and fatality rate in various countries. It is still one of the most frequent and deadly diseases. Gastrokine1 (GKN1) and gastrokine2 (GKN2) genes are highly expressed in the normal stomach epithelium and play important roles in maintaining the integrity and homeostasis of stomach mucosal epithelial cells. In this study, 47 paired samples that were grouped according to the types of gastric cancer and the clinical characteristics of the patients, including gender and average of age. They were investigated with gene expression analysis and mutation screening by monitoring RT-PCR, SSCP and nucleotide sequencing techniques. Both GKN1 and GKN2 genes were observed significantly reduced found by (Wilcoxon signed rank test; p<0.05). As a result of gene screening, no mutation (no different genotype) was detected. It is considered that gene mutations are not the cause of gastrokines inactivation. In conclusion, the mRNA expression level of GKN1 and GKN...
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We used an embryo lethality assay (ELA) to assess virulence for different isolates from cases of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in broilers. ELA has been used to measure virulence and lethal dosage of Enterococcus... more
We used an embryo lethality assay (ELA) to assess virulence for different isolates from cases of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in broilers. ELA has been used to measure virulence and lethal dosage of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus cecorum. We hypothesized that ELA could substitute for more laborious and costly assessments of BCO isolate pathogenicity using live birds. We evaluated two different levels of bacteria injected into eggs from layer and commercial broiler embryos. Significant findings include a) Escherichia coli from neighboring farms operated by the same integrator had very different embryo lethality, b) isolate Staphylococcus agnetis 908 had low virulence in ELA, even though this isolate can induce more than 50% BCO lameness, c) Enterococcus cecorum 1415 also had low pathogenicity; even though it was recovered from severe bilateral tibial dyschondroplasia, d) human and chicken isolates of S. aureus had significant pathogenicity, e) virulence ...
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The COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic has unleashed a global health emergency and an unprecedented economic crisis of historic magnitude. Disease containment is a first-order priority to combat the pandemic, and measures such as testing,... more
The COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic has unleashed a global health emergency and an unprecedented economic crisis of historic magnitude. Disease containment is a first-order priority to combat the pandemic, and measures such as testing, tracing, and isolating and treating the infected can bring first-order gains. The economic crisis requires a parallel and simultaneous effort to save jobs and protect the incomes of those affected by the pandemic – impacts that will weigh heavily on vulnerable populations and firms affected by the economic slowdown. As governments act to slow the pandemic and protect lives and livelihoods now, they must also maintain macro stability to avoid financial crises and social unrest, which could plunge countries into deeper downturns. Tough policy tradeoffs emerge in both the short and longer terms, shaped by complex interactions among epidemiological factors, demographics, fiscal space, government capacity, and the strength of health and service delivery sy...
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Since 1960, economies in the East Asia and Pacific region have had both faster economic growth and greater human capital accumulation than any other. They have made large investments in improving the amount and quality of schooling to... more
Since 1960, economies in the East Asia and Pacific region have had both faster economic growth and greater human capital accumulation than any other. They have made large investments in improving the amount and quality of schooling to promote rapid and continual economic progress. For a handful of the region’s economies, success raised both the supply of and demand for skilled labor and transformed many into prosperous and inclusive middle-income societies. Too many countries in the region, however, have fallen short of their economic aspirations and have failed to take advantage of education’s promise. Both groups are eager to learn how they can do better. Understanding the elements of success is a critically important policy priority. Countries wanting to learn to fuel economic growth ask themselves, What policies and practices help to promote superior learning outcomes? And, what can governments do to consistently and equitably raise aggregate learning in their national school sy...
Abstract This paper examines the child development outcomes of two cohorts of children who were exposed to the same intervention at different points in time. One cohort was eligible to access playgroups during the first year of a... more
Abstract This paper examines the child development outcomes of two cohorts of children who were exposed to the same intervention at different points in time. One cohort was eligible to access playgroups during the first year of a five-year project cycle, beginning at age four. The other cohort became eligible to access these services during the third year of a five-year project cycle, beginning at age three. The younger cohort was more likely to be exposed to playgroups for longer and at more age-appropriate times relative to the older cohort. The paper finds that enrollment rates and enrollment duration in preprimary education increased for both cohorts, but the enrollment effects were larger for the younger cohort. In terms of child development outcomes, there were short-term effects at age five that did not last until age eight, for both cohorts. Moreover, the younger cohort had substantially higher test scores during the early grades of primary school, relative to the older cohort. We document the extent to which program impacts can vary as a result of differences in project implementation.
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This paper evaluates the early impact of introducing a performance component into Jakarta’s school grant program on learning outcomes. Using administrative data, it applies difference-in-differences and regression discontinuity approaches... more
This paper evaluates the early impact of introducing a performance component into Jakarta’s school grant program on learning outcomes. Using administrative data, it applies difference-in-differences and regression discontinuity approaches to identify the impact of the grant by exploiting differences in program coverage over time, as well as by comparing changes in test scores between schools that received the additional performance award with schools that did not. The paper finds that the introduction of the performance component had different impacts on government primary and junior secondary schools. The program improved learning outcomes for primary schools at the bottom of the performance distribution and narrowed performance gaps across schools. However, improvements in equity were also driven by negative impacts of the program on better performing primary schools. Overall, the program reduced primary examination scores albeit by a small amount. In contrast to the results at th...
Sanitizer neutralizers can assist foodborne pathogen detection during routine testing by counteracting sanitizer residues carried over into fluids collected and tested from food samples. This study tested sanitizer-matched neutralizers... more
Sanitizer neutralizers can assist foodborne pathogen detection during routine testing by counteracting sanitizer residues carried over into fluids collected and tested from food samples. This study tested sanitizer-matched neutralizers applied at increasing concentrations to facilitatesurvival following exposure to cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) or peracetic acid (PAA), identifying minimum required concentrations of neutralizers to facilitate pathogen survival.isolates were individually inoculated into a non-selective medium followed immediately by CPC (0.1 to 0.8%) or PAA (0.0125 to 0.2%) application, followed by neutralizers application. CPC was neutralized by lecithin and polysorbate 80, each supplemented into buffered peptone water (BPW) at 0.125 to 2.0X its respective content in Dey-Engley (D/E) neutralizing buffer. PAA was neutralized in BPW supplemented with disodium phosphate, potassium monophosphate, and sodium thiosulfate, each at 0.25 to 3.0X its respective concentration ...
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Hasan, Amer; Jung, Haeil; Pradhan, Menno.December, 2012.Evaluating the short-run impacts of a community-driven ECED project in Indonesia,Proceedings,[Washington, DC]The World Bank,26
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This book reports on the status and evolution of human opportunity in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It builds on the 2008 publication in several directions. First, it uses newly available data to expand the set of opportunities... more
This book reports on the status and evolution of human opportunity in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It builds on the 2008 publication in several directions. First, it uses newly available data to expand the set of opportunities and personal circumstances under analysis. The data are representative of about 200 million children living in 19 countries over the last 15 years. Second, it compares human opportunity in LAC with that of developed countries, among them the United States and France, two very different models of social policy. This allows for illuminating exercises in benchmarking and extrapolation. Third, it looks at human opportunity within countries, across regions, states, and cities. This gives us a preliminary glimpse at the geographic dimension of equity, and at the role that different federal structures play. The overall message that emerges is one of cautious hope. LAC is making progress in opening the doors of development to all, but it still has a long way to go. At the current pace, it would take, on average, a generation for the region to achieve universal access to just the basic services that make for human opportunity. Seen from the viewpoint of equity, even our most successful nations lag far behind the developed world, and intracounty regional disparities are large and barely converging. Fortunately, there is much policy makers can do about it.