Christine Borgen

งานวิจัยนี้มีหัวหน้าโครงการคือ Prof. Viren Swami, Professor of Social Psychology at Anglia Ruskin University, UK. ท่านมีความสนใจและเชี่ยวชาญงานวิจัยเกี่ยวกับ Body image within different cultural and subcultural contexts. ดังนั้นจึงเกิดโปรเจคนี้ขึ้นมาร่วมกับนักวิจัยอื่นๆอีก 259 คน ในประเทศไทย มี1คนจากจุฬา 2คนจากธรรมศาสตร์ 1คนจากมช. 1คนจากมอ. และ1คนจากมหาสารคาม ในชื่อบทความที่ถูกตีพิมพ์ในวารสาร Body Image (Volume 46, September 2023, Pages 449-466 ; SCOPUS, SJR Q1 in Applied Psychology) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144523001079?via%3Dihub ''การศึกษาเรื่องความเคารพร่างกายจากทั่วโลก : โดยการตรวจสอบคุณสมบัติทางจิตมิติและความเสถียรของมาตรวัด ความเคารพร่างกายในเวอร์ชั่นที่ 2 (the Body Appreciation Scale-2; BAS-2) ว่าความเคารพร่างกาย จะมีความแตกต่างอย่างไรในแต่ละประเทศและแต่ละภาษา รวมไปถึง ว่ามีความสอดคล้องกันในกลุ่มแต่ละอัตลักษณ์ทางเพศและช่วงอายุหรือไม่ อย่างไร จาก 65 ประเทศ 40 ภาษา กลุ่มอัตลักษณ์ทางเพศและช่วงอายุที่แตกต่างกัน" งานวิจัยนี้ใช้วิธีวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลทางสถิติที่เรียกว่า "Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis" หรือ "การวิเคราะห์ปัจจัยเชิงยืนยันในกลุ่มหลายกลุ่ม" โดยเป็นวิธีทางสถิติที่ใช้ทดสอบข้อมูลระหว่างกลุ่มเพื่อทำการเปรียบเทียบและตรวจสอบว่าโมเดลปัจจัยมีความสอดคล้องกันในกลุ่มต่าง ๆ หรือไม่ อย่างไร กลุ่มตัวอย่างมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 56,968 คน จาก 65 ประเทศ 40 ภาษา โดยเก็บข้อมูลจากแบบวัด 5 แบบวัด (ความเคารพร่างกาย ความพึงพอใจในชีวิต ความมั่นคงทางการเงิน เขตที่พักอาศัย ดัชนีมวลกาย) และแบบสอบถามข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล (เพศ อายุ ระดับการศึกษา สถานภาพสมรส สัญชาติ) เก็บข้อมูลระหว่างปี 2020-2022 ผลการวิจัยโดยสรุป พบว่า 1. มาตรวัด ความเคารพร่างกายในเวอร์ชั่นที่ 2 (the Body Appreciation Scale-2; BAS-2) นี้มีเพียงองค์ประกอบเดียว หรือ 1 มิติเท่านั้น (unidimensional model) และมีความสามารถในการนำไปใช้งานได้ในขอบเขตหลากหลาย หรือกล่าวได้ว่ามีความเหมาะสมในการใช้งานที่กว้างขวางและหลากหลายสถานการณ์ 2. มีความแตกต่างขนาดใหญ่ในการเคารพร่างกายที่เกิดขึ้นเมื่อเปรียบเทียบระหว่างประเทศต่างๆกับ UK และผู้ที่ใช้ภาษาต่างๆกับภาษาอังกฤษ 3. มีความแตกต่างขนาดเล็กถึงน้อยมากในการเคารพร่างกายที่เกิดขึ้นเมื่อเปรียบเทียบระหว่าง กลุ่มอัตลักษณ์ทางเพศและช่วงอายุ 4. การเคารพร่างกายที่มากขึ้นเชื่อมโยงอย่างมีนัยสำคัญกับความพึงพอใจในชีวิตที่สูงขึ้น การเป็นโสด (เมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับคนที่สมรสแล้วหรือมีความสัมพันธ์ที่เข้มแข็ง) และพักอาศัยในเขตภูมิศาสตร์ที่ใกล้ชนบทมากขึ้น (เมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับการอยู่ในเขตเมือง) 5. ในกลุ่มประเทศบางส่วนที่มีข้อมูลระดับประเทศที่สามารถนำมาวิเคราะห์ได้ พบว่า การเคารพร่างกายที่มากขึ้นเชื่อมโยงอย่างมีนัยสำคัญกับระยะห่างทางวัฒนธรรมที่มากขึ้นจากสหรัฐอเมริกาและความไม่เสมอภาคของรายได้ที่มากขึ้น 6. ข้อค้นพบในงานวิจัยนี้ เสนอแนะว่า มาตรวัดความเคารพร่างกายในเวอร์ชั่นที่ 2 (the Body Appreciation Scale-2; BAS-2) มีความน่าจะเป็นที่จะเก็บรวบรวมความคิดเห็นเกี่ยวกับร่างกายที่ใกล้เคียงกับแนวความคิดเชิงสากลเกี่ยวกับแนวความคิดเรื่องการเคารพร่างกาย ซึ่งจะช่วยส่งเสริมให้เกิดการทำวิจัยที่เกี่ยวข้องกับความเคารพร่างกายเพื่อเปรียบเทียบข้ามวัฒนธรรมได้มากยิ่งขึ้นในอนาคต

Several studies have examined the role of birth order in shaping human personality, but fewer have tested this variable in relation to other pressing issues. We conducted a birth-order study on green consumption, which enabled us to detect a small-to-moderate effect size equivalent to r = 0.15 or d = 0.30 with sufficient statistical power (N = 335). To capture green consumption, participants indicated their tendency to express the value of environmental protection through purchases and consumption behaviors. Firstborns (vs. laterborns) consistently expressed lower concerns linked to environmental protection in their purchase patterns. While the effect size of this finding was small-to-moderate by conventional standards and in direct contrast to the findings from a recent article on the same topic, these results could still be informative to address challenges associated with climate change considering the number of individuals with siblings in the world and the ease with which birth...

Background Body appreciation might serve as a protective factor for developing eating disorders and is associated with participation in physical activity. Less is known about whether various arenas for physical activity may be linked to body appreciation. Therefore, the current study sought to (1) identify potential associations between physical activity level and arenas for physical activity, connectedness with nature, self-compassion, and body appreciation in adults, and (2) explore physical activity level and arenas, connectedness with nature, and self-compassion as explanatory factors for body appreciation. Methods A total of 360 adult Norwegian inhabitants (75% women, mean (SD) age 42.58 (12.30) yrs) responded to an online questionnaire. Instruments included the Body Appreciation Scale, the Connectedness with Nature Scale, and the Self-Compassion Scale. Results The percentage of participants who engaged in various physical activity arenas were 98.5% for nature, 57.5% for fitnes...

Background: Researchers have been encouraged to design and evaluate health promotive interventions specifically tailored to promote positive embodiment in adolescents because it is associated with important mental and physical health outcomes. Furthermore, because positive embodiment and healthy lifestyle habits are related phenomena, stimulating positive embodiment should also promote healthy lifestyle habits. It has been indicated that school-based, interactive, multicomponent interventions could be effective. However, few studies have implemented all the necessary criteria for a sound methodology: a study with a clustered-randomization, a controlled design; a large sample size, including both genders; a long-term follow-up; and a measurement of the promotion of positive embodiment, not only the lack of dissatisfaction or symptoms of eating disorder pathology. Additionally, more studies that investigate which constructs that need to be influenced in order to improve positive embodiment are needed, to further tailor content for the best possible intervention effect on boys and girls. The Healthy Body Image (HBI) intervention was a response to the lack of evidence in this field and to the reported gaps related to methodological quality. Objectives: The primary objective of the thesis is to evaluate the effects of the HBI intervention on high school boys and girls. The first paper outlines the rationale and the specific study protocol for the intervention. The second paper examines both the short- and long-term effects of the intervention on positive embodiment and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as the moderating effect of workshop attendance on intervention effects in boys and girls. The third paper evaluates whether the intervention has an additional effect on lifestyle habits, such as physical activity, eating, and sleep, in the same sample. The fourth paper examines whether the intervention affected positive embodiment through specific constructs such as, internalization, social media usage, self-compassion, self-esteem, and body image flexibility that the intervention aimed to target

IntroductionThere is a need to change the culture within the art of dance, as it has been associated with injuries and mental health consequences. This study evaluates an intervention designed to increase mental health literacy, enhance nutritional knowledge, reduce symptoms and effects of low energy availability, and strengthen understanding of sports nutrition and recovery strategies, in dance students of mixed genders.Material and methodsA total of 125 dance students received three workshops, with 39 arts and crafts students serving as references. The results were evaluated by the Eating Disorder Examination questionnaire, the Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire, the Hopkins Symptom Check List, and questions on mental health literacy, sports nutrition, and recovery knowledge.ResultsDance students achieved sustained improvements in mental health and nutrition knowledge and temporary improvements in driven exercise (i.e., performing exercise because of a compulsive dri...

Background Use of dietary supplements (DS) and muscle enhancing dietary supplements (MEDS) is frequent among students despite the lack of evidence of effects and health risks related to consumption. We need to increase our understanding of students’ motivation, examine potential gender differences, and explore explanatory factors, to address preventive measures related to use. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the frequency of, and the reasons for, DS use among university students, as well as explanatory factors for use of MEDS. Method Male and female students from nine Norwegian universities participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants responded to questions about demographics, DS and MEDS use, internalization of body ideals, physical activity- and exercise level, motives for exercise, and exercise context. Independent t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation, and logistic regression were used to investigate between group differences, associations, and explan...

The primary aim of the present study was to report longitudinal data on body image across the first year of gym engagement. Second, we aimed to compare body image among those who reported regular use of the fitness club (≥2 sessions/week) with those who did not (≤1exercise session/week or no exercise/dropout), as well as between genders and Body Mass Index groups (BMI At membership start-up, being male (p

Introduction: This paper explores frequency of experiences of sexual harassment (SH) among fitness instructors, outlines the typical perpetrator, and explores associated mental health symptoms.Design: Cross-sectional survey.Materials and Methods: A total of 270 Norwegian fitness instructors, recruited in social media, responded to an electronic questionnaire in 2019/2020 on experiences of body appearance pressure, SH, and mental health symptoms. Outcomes included in this publication are experiences of SH, and symptoms of mental health issues based on the Hopkins symptom checklist, SCL-10; Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-1a; and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, EDE-q.Results: The frequencies of SH experiences were 30% among 211 women and 22% among 59 men, respectively, with customers being the most frequent source of such approaches and personal trainers (PTs) more often reporting such experiences compared to group instructors (GIs) and to those operating as both PT and GI. ...

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the number of weekly users of protein, creatine, and dieting supplements and to explore whether weekly use was related to eating disorder (ED) risk factors, exercise, sports participation, and immigrant status.Methods: In total, 629 and 1,060 high school boys and girls, respectively, self-reported weekly frequency of protein, creatine, and dieting supplement use, and weight and shape concerns, appearance internalization and pressure, self-esteem, mental distress, physical activity level, exercise context, and the type and weekly frequency of sport played. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were performed to investigate explanatory factors for supplement use.Results: More boys than girls used protein and creatine supplements. Immigrant boys had more frequent use of all supplements than non-immigrant boys, and immigrant girls used creatine supplements more frequently than non-immigrant girls. In total, 23–40 and 5–6% of the variation in t...

Background Body image is considered a core issue for public health and associates with university students’ overall health. Due to positive associations between exercise and body image, it has been suggested that students within an exercise science program might be more body appreciative compared to other students. On the other hand, the strong societal idealization of the athletic body may expose them to a pressure of having a specific body appearance, which may result in unfavorable health consequences. Nevertheless, studies investigating these hypotheses are lacking. We therefore aimed to explore the level and associations of body appreciation, body appearance pressure, body image related mental health constructs, physical activity, and exercise, in Norwegian university exercise science and non-health reference students. Method Male and female exercise science students (n = 517) and reference students (n = 476), from nine large universities in Norway took part in this cross-secti...

Purpose: The aim of this study was to map changes in working and living conditions of Norwegian personal trainers (PTs) during the Covid-19 lockdown spring 2020.Methods: A total of 150 PTs (mean (SD) age 35.5 (8.4) years, with 6.5 (5.3) years of experience as PT, and 61% female) in Norway responded to an online survey.Results: Number of PT sessions per week was reduced during the lockdown and the majority of the respondents reported loss of clients and negative impact on their working conditions. The official restrictions and guidelines were considered difficult to interpret and somewhat discriminatory compared to restrictions and guidelines for other comparable exercise occupational groups. The lockdown period provided more PTs to offer online and outdoor training. Living conditions were also affected with reported impairments in private economy and reduced vitality (p < 0.05), and with vitality being lower in female compared to male respondents during, but not before, the lockd...

PurposeThe fitness centers are settings for health promotion, yet may serve as a stage for counterproductive figure idealization. Such idealization may take the form of a drive toward the thin, the muscular, or lean body figure ideal, which all hold the potential to impel an experience of body appearance pressure (BAP) and body dissatisfaction. The aim of this study was to explore figure idealization, body dissatisfaction, and experience of BAP in fitness instructors.Materials and MethodsFitness instructors, 70 (23%) males and 236 (77%) females, were recruited through their facility chief executive officer and social media for a digital survey on mental health. Results are presented for body appreciation (BAS-2), body dissatisfaction (EDI-BD), drive for muscularity (DM), drive for leanness (DLS), questions on BAP, symptoms of eating disorders (EDE-q), and history of weight regulation and eating disorders (EDs).ResultsAttempts to gain body weight were reported by 17% of females and 5...

Objectives Positive embodiment and healthy lifestyle habits seem to be related; therefore, stimulating positive embodiment should promote healthy lifestyle habits. In the current study, we delivered the Healthy Body Image (HBI) intervention among Norwegian high school students and examined the effects on healthy lifestyle habits. Methods The HBI intervention comprises three interactive workshops, with three overarching themes related to body image, social media literacy, and lifestyle. A total of 2446 boys (43%) and girls in grade 12 (mean age 16.8 years) from 30 high schools participated in this cluster-randomized controlled study. Schools were randomized to the HBI intervention or control study arm. Data on physical activity, eating habits, and sleep were collected at baseline, post intervention, and 3- and 12-month follow-up and analyzed using linear mixed regression models. Results The intervention had a minor negative effect on physical activity levels in boys at 12-month follo...

ObjectivesTo enhance knowledge on pregnancy and return to sport in the postpartum period in elite female athletes.Methods34 Norwegian elite athletes (33.1 years) and 34 active controls (31.5 years) were asked about training and competitive history, pregnancy-related issues, injuries, body dissatisfaction (BD), drive for thinness (DT), eating disorders (ED) and practical experiences, through a questionnaire and interview. Independent samples T-tests or χ² tests for between-group differences and paired-samples T-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance for within group differences were used.ResultsNo group differences in fertility problems, miscarriage, preterm birth or low birth weight were found. Both groups decreased training volume all trimesters and the first two postpartum periods compared with prepregnancy, and more athletes returned to sport/exercise at week 0–6 postpartum. We found no group differences in complications during pregnancy and delivery, but athletes repor...

This chapter covers the energy and nutrient requirements and the continuum of disordered eating in adolescent athletes. Studies focusing on nutrition and adolescent athletes are limited, but there is potential for nutritional improvement, especially among female adolescent athletes. Additionally for young athletes, the risk of inadequate micronutrient intake is associated with energy restriction. Abnormal vitamin-D status is reported for both genders, with lack of exposure to sunlight likely to produce the greatest risk. There is a continuum of normal to abnormal eating that ranges from a healthy body image, body weight, body composition, and energy balance to abnormal eating, including clinical eating disorders. Prevention of disordered eating should integrate education and screening for early identification. Education should target not only athletes, but also parents, volunteers, coaches, officials, and health care providers.

ObjectivesTo enhance knowledge on pregnancy and return to sport in the postpartum period in elite female athletes.Methods34 Norwegian elite athletes (33.1 years) and 34 active controls (31.5 years) were asked about training and competitive history, pregnancy-related issues, injuries, body dissatisfaction (BD), drive for thinness (DT), eating disorders (ED) and practical experiences, through a questionnaire and interview. Independent samples T-tests or χ² tests for between-group differences and paired-samples T-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance for within group differences were used.ResultsNo group differences in fertility problems, miscarriage, preterm birth or low birth weight were found. Both groups decreased training volume all trimesters and the first two postpartum periods compared with prepregnancy, and more athletes returned to sport/exercise at week 0–6 postpartum. We found no group differences in complications during pregnancy and delivery, but athletes repor...