Health Behaviors

There is really no such thing as a neutral communication. People being who they are with varying health-related goals and priorities react to healthcare communications differently. Understanding and planning for the factors that shape perception and how healthcare consumers react is essential to effective healthcare communications. The most effective communications must be developed with a sound understanding of the various goal-directed, health-related response patterns of the target audience, i.e., those factors that define the consumer's psychological set, shape their selective perception, and the likelihood that they will elaborate on and act on a message delivered through an advertisement or marketing communication.

This study merges two theoretical paradigms: self-determination theory and interdependence theory. The primary objective was to examine whether people in relationships are motivated to enact healthy or unhealthy behaviors based on personal (i.e., autonomous) or interpersonal (controlled) motives.

The factors driving the disparity in health outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians include socioeconomic factors, racism, and history. The current study focused on exploring Indigenous participants' perspectives of the factors that affect the health behavior of their community members. Participatory action research methodology and a grounded theory approach were utilized. In total, 120 members of two urban West Australian Indigenous communities participated in focus group discussions. There was substantial similarity between the themes that emerged within the discussions held in the two communities. Factors relating to culture, social connections, racism, communication, and personal aspects were particularly salient to health behavior of the participants. Several of the themes including culture, racism, communication, and distrust highlight the tension caused by being a member of a minority cultural group that has been marginalized by the practices and attitudes of the dominant cultural group. Personal choice was sometimes prioritized over health.

Several studies provided evidence for the effectiveness of gamification of health behaviors (e.g., exercising or walking) via video games. However, little is known about whether individuals who endorse specific gaming motivations are more likely to derive health benefits from gaming. Building upon previous studies on gamification of health behaviors, we examined whether specific gaming motives (e.g., potential health benefits) influenced Pok emon GO gaming time and gaming health outcomes, a phenomenon we termed The Pikachu Effect. We introduced health motivation as a novel component among previously established gaming motives, which reflects the ongoing gameplay transformation and increased health potential of modern games. Volunteers (N ¼ 444) completed two measurements of Pok emon GO motivations, gaming time, physical activity, and time spent outdoors within a 6 week interval. The results supported the Pikachu effect hypothesis as health motivation and social motivation were related to health outcomes. Furthermore, we replicated previous findings indicating that individuals who spent more time playing Pok emon GO were more physical active. We also evidenced a new Pok emon GO playing behavioral benefit, i.e., increased time spent outdoors among more active players. We explored meaningful individual differences; for example, men played more and derived more benefits from Pok emon GO. These findings suggest that health motivation operates in parallel with previously identified main motives for gaming. Accounting for motivation is essential for a more accurate prediction of gaming time and gaming-related health behaviors.

The study was designed as a Correlational-Comparative Study aimed at studying the level of and predicting factors associated with health promoting behavior among students at Prince Songkla University (PSU), Pattani Campus. The sample was a cohort of 420 students. The instrumental reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed by using the following statistics: Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Pearson's product moment correlation and Stepwise multiple regression. The results show that 1) the level of health promotion behavior was medium. 2) Predisposing enabling and reinforcing factors significantly related to health promotion behaviors were: age; academic department; academic year; ethical values; knowledge; attitude; health perception; parent's education background; family income; health services accessed; and perceptions of health promotion policies, health media and social support. 3) By using stepwise multiple regression analysis it was found that the predisposing factors, enabling factors and reinforcing factors, in addition to cues to action, that accounted for the health promotion behaviors with a variance of about 35.95 were: social support; perception of health promotion policy; religion; gender; academic department; knowledge; ethical values; attitude; health media; and parents' education background.

การศึกษาแบบภาคตัดขวางนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาทัศนคติความคิดเห็นและข้อเสนอแนะของนักศึกษา
และบุคลากรที่มีต่อการตั้งครรภ์ในระหว่างเรียนของวัยรุ่นมุสลิม กลุ่มตัวอย่างคือนักศึกษา และบุคลากร ของ
มหาวิทยาลัยแห่งหนึ่ง ในภาคใต้ ของประเทศไทย จ านวน 405 คน โดยใช้แบบสอบ หาคุณภาพของเครื่องมือด้าน
ความเที่ยงตรงเชิงเนื้อหาโดยผู้เชี่ยวชาญจ านวน 3 ท่าน และหาค่าความเที่ยงของเครื่องมือโดยการน าไปทดลองใช้
(try out) กับนักศึกษาและบุคลากรจ านวน 30 คน และน ามาปรับปรุง น ามาวิเคราะห์หาค่าสัมประสิทธิแอลฟาครอน
บาท แอลฟา (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient) ได้เท่ากับ .82 สถิติที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลคือค่าร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย
และส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน
ผลการวิจัยพบว่านักศึกษาและบุคลากรมีทัศนคติต่อการตั้งครรภ์ในระหว่างเรียนของวัยรุ่นมุสลิมโดยภาพ
รวมอยู่ในระดับสูง โดยค่าเฉลี่ยของระดับทัศนคติของนักศึกษาและบุคลากรที่มีต่อการตั้งครรภ์ในระหว่างเรียนของ
วัยรุ่นมุสลิมที่ค่าเฉลี่ยสูงสุด คือ “ครอบครัวมีบทบาทส าคัญในการเลี้ยงดู อบรมสั่งสอนในเรื่องเพศ เพื่อเป็นรากฐานใน
การใช้ชีวิตและป้องกันการตั้งครรภ์ก่อนวัยอันควรในนักเรียนหรือนักศึกษาได้” อยู่ในระดับสูง ระดับทัศนคติต่อการ
ตั้งครรภ์ในระหว่างเรียนของวัยรุ่นมุสลิมที่มีค่าเฉลี่ยต่ าสุดคือ “เมื่อวัยรุ่นมุสลิมมีการตั้งครรภ์และไม่พร้อมที่จะ
ตั้งครรภ์ต่อไป ครู อาจารย์หรือผู้ที่เกี่ยวข้องควรแนะน าให้นักศึกษายุติการตั้งครรภ์ด้วยการท าแท้ง” อยู่ในระดับต่ า
นักศึกษาและบุคลากรมีข้อเสนอแนะให้สถานศึกษาหรือผู้ที่เกี่ยวข้องรณรงค์ อบรม ให้ความรู้เพื่อให้วัยรุ่นใน
โรงเรียนหรือสถานศึกษาเข้าใจเกี่ยวกับเรื่องเพศให้มากยิ่งขึ้น และชี้ให้เห็นถึงผลกระทบของการตั้งครรภ์ในขณะที่อยู่
ระหว่างเรียนหนังสือ หรือถ้าวัยรุ่นมีการตั้งครรภ์ โรงเรียนหรือสถานศึกษาควรให้ค าแนะน า ดูแล เอาใจใส่เป็นพิเศษ
รวมทั้งให้โอกาสในการศึกษาทั้งในขณะตั้งครรภ์และหลังคลอดบุตร

This study investigates on-going changes in the attitudes towards cigarette
smoking. It examines changes in the attitudes of both students and employees for
tow periods of time 1991 and 1995. It consists of 417 males (54.58%) and 347
females (45%). A total of 35% of the sample are smokers. It is made up of more
than half males (59%) and (9%) of them females. Findings show a significant
increase in opposing cigarette smoking for males and female in 1995 compared to
1991.
Significant differences were found in the attitude towards cigarette smoking
attributed to time lag, smoking status, sex, and job (F= 7.713,81.892, 25.017,
34.399; P=.005, .0001,.0001, .0001 respectively).
Moreover, significant changes in the process of labeling deviance categories
over time (1991 vs. 1995) are obvious. Smokers have accepted negative social
labels attached to their smoking behavior. There is an increase in the amount of
this acceptance over the time. Non-smokers are tougher on labeling smokers.
Significant changes has occurred in defining and redefining cigarette smoking as
deviant behavior.

Objective: Many studies report high prevalence of risky behaviors among youths of higher educational institutions of Ethiopia. And, life satisfaction is one of the aspects that lead to positive and healthy life style. However, correlation of life satisfaction and risky behaviors remained unstudied. Thus, this study intends to determine correlation between life satisfaction and risky behaviors among students of higher educational institutions. Methods: A cross sectional institution based study was conducted in Arbaminch University, Southern Ethiopia. Four hundred twenty eight students participated in the study from six colleges. Simple random sampling was used to identify respondents. Pre-tested instrument was used for data collection. Life satisfaction (using Multi-Dimensional Student Life Satisfaction Scale), sexual behaviors and substance use were assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical software. Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) was executed to identify life satisfaction domains. And, correlation analyses were performed between life satisfaction and risky behaviors. Results: 307 (71.8%) of respondents were satisfied with their life. The EFA produced five distinct life satisfaction (LS) domains which were consistent to our initial expectation. The domains produced were family, friends, self, school environment and living milieu related. With regard to satisfaction with life domains, students were more satisfied with family domain, accounting for standardized mean score of 79.6%. However, they were least satisfied with living milieu (55.0 %). Gender variation exhibited difference in LS mean score because of family domain, females were more satisfied (F test 1, 426 , p=0.000). Students' year of study showed no difference in LS mean score. Correlation analyses revealed that overall life satisfaction was significantly but inversely correlated with risky behaviors like having multiple sexual partners, never use of condom and alcohol use. These correlations were significantly attributed to the family and self domains, not to other domains. Conclusions: Despite high prevalence of life satisfaction, living milieu was less satisfying life Original Article Birhanu et al_________________________________________________ ISSN 2393-8854 GJRR[1][1][2014]001-012

Author: Lameese Eldesouky

The Five Factor Model, one of the most commonly used models for assessing personality, consists of five main universal traits: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience (McCrae & John, 1992). Recently, its application to fields investigating the role of personality on physical and mental health has been extensive, with most traits producing consistent results across studies. The fifth of the model’s main traits, however, openness to experience, has produced inconsistent results. In this review, we attempt to understand why these findings have been mixed by analyzing various facets of this trait in depth. We evaluate the six facets of openness to experience: actions, ideas, values, aesthetics, fantasy, and feelings individually to better understand the implications of openness to experience on physical and mental health.

Kanker payudara adalah kanker dengan angka kejadian dan kematian tertinggi pada wanita di seluruh dunia, dengan hampir 1,7 juta kasus baru dan 522.000 kematian4. Kanker payudara juga adalah jenis kanker tertinggi pada pasien rawat inap di rumah sakit seluruh Indonesia tahun 2010 adalah yaitu 28,7%6. Penyebab utama peningkatan insiden dan kematian akibat kanker payudara adalah keterlambatan diagnosis dan kurangnya kesadaran untuk deteksi dini9. Salah satu metode deteksi dini yang penting dilakukan oleh wanita berusia 20 tahun ke atas adalah periksa payudara sendiri (SADARI). Kasus kanker payudara di Kota Kupang didominasi wanita berusia 25-35 tahun (Rekam Medik RSUD Kota Kupang, 2016). Melihat hal ini, tindakan deteksi dini melalui SADARI sebaiknya sudah rutin dilakukan sebelum mencapai usia 25 tahun untuk mencegah kanker payudara ditemukan pada stadium lanjut.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan gambaran pengetahuan tentang SADARI, perilaku SADARI, paparan serta sumber informasi mengenai SADARI, dan riwayat tumor/kanker payudara dalam keluarga/orang yang dikenal pada mahasiswi STIKES X Kupang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan random sampling dengan jumlah 100 responden. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner. Analisis univariat dilakukan untuk menggambarkan distribusi frekuensi dan persentase dari setiap variabel yang diteliti.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 70% responden pernah melakukan pemeriksaan payudara sendiri. Namun, hanya 24,3% yang rutin melakukannya sebulan sekali, dan hanya 50% yang sudah melakukan sesuai prosedur yang benar. 62% mahasiswi memiliki pengetahuan baik dan 38% lainnya memiliki pengetahuan kurang tentang SADARI.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, diharapkan pihak STIKes X Kupang, khususnya para dosen/tenaga pengajar untuk meningkatkan intensitas dan efektifitas pemberian informasi SADARI agar dapat meningkatkan kesadaran mahasiswi kesehatan akan pentingnya melakukan deteksi dini kanker payudara sejak usia muda, salah satunya melalui metode SADARI yang benar.

Kata Kunci: SADARI, pengetahuan, perilaku, kanker payudara

This dissertation explored elements from communication, behavior, and learning theories as a means of positively affecting motivation and cognitive performance. Little or no research exists to show how these concepts could be collapsed into an instructional design technique that stimulates and sustains situational interest in a task as a means of generating motivation and improving cognitive performance. A behavioral construct, tailored lesson introduction was regarded as a unique way of integrating those elements.  In an experimental-control design study, 98 college education majors at a Midwestern university were asked to pre- and postappraise an online lesson about website evaluation, complete a postinstruction cognitive assessment, and attribute their performance to affect- or competence-related factors.
Participants in the experimental groups were exposed to tailored lesson introductions designed to make the lesson more personally relevant; participants in the control group were only exposed to the lesson’s existing standard introduction. A risk assessment tool was used to identify and sort the experimental group participants into one of three message categories based on their perceptions about the lesson’s topic.  These participants, then, were exposed to an appropriate tailored introduction prior to beginning the lesson. It was hypothesized that students exposed to the tailored lesson introduction would report being more motivated to learn.  Consequentially, it was also hypothesized that those students would perform significantly better on a postinstruction cognitive assessment.  And finally, it was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in the way students attribute their performance. 
Results indicated that learners, on some motivation subscales, were more motivated and more likely to attribute their performance to the affective-related components of the lesson, as well as their own competence. Additionally, perceived relevancy of the lesson was found to be correlated to participants’ learning intentions and actual effort given.  With regards to cognitive performance, there was not a significant difference between the experimental and control groups, but there was a positive trend towards higher quiz scores (p < .10).  This positive trend, along with increased levels of motivation and greater affect- and competence-related performance attribution ratings, justifies additional research into the effects of tailoring on learning outcomes and motivation.  An in-depth discussion of the results, implications of the findings, and suggestions for future research are discussed at in the final chapter.

Barbershops represent a promising setting for reaching men and promoting health (Cowart et al., 2004; Magnus, 2004; Madigan et al., 2007; Releford et al., 2010; Victor et al., 2009). Hart and Bowen (2004) have discussed the feasibility of partnering with Black barbershops to provide prostate cancer education (Hart and Bowen, 2004). However, no published studies have attempted to assess shop owner preferences for learning and sharing general health information with their customers. This is the first populationbased survey to assess owner preferences with a focus on differences between owners of Black and White barbershops. Results will be used to help plan for and design culturally and contextually appropriate barbershop-based interventions.

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Increasing medical expenditures is a major economic challenge for the United States.  From 1990 to 2009, total per capita health care expenditures increased 284% and are expected to exceed $12,000 per capita by 2020. Although previous research has tested the impact of a single health behavior on medical expenditures, no empirical studies have examined the link between patterns of health-related behavior and medical expenditures.  The current research was grounded in typological methods, complex systems, dynamic systems, and complex adaptive systems theories.  The research question assessed the predictive validity of an individual case’s probabilistic distance from patterns of health-related behavior at the center of cluster groups identified typologically on medical expenditures while controlling for the predictive effects of a case’s probabilistic distance from remaining central patterns of health-related behavior, age, and sex. A random sample of 3,955 adults was taken from a 2003 Florida commercial health plan database. Participant probabilistic distance from patterns of health-related behavior was assessed using posterior probabilities derived from discriminant function analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the research question and results supported the positive predictive effects of patterns of health-related behavior on medical expenditures as participants emulated the patterns with increasing acuteness.  This research supports positive social change by demonstrating the need for policy development to address health behavior pattern contributions to increasing expenditures at national, regional, community, and individual levels.  This research expands the predictive effects of single health-related behaviors on medical expenditures to multiple health-related behaviors.

Z Krajowego Centrum Promocji Zdrowia w Miejscu Pracy Instytutu Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera w Łodzi STRESZCZENIE Wstęp. Praca przedstawia przekonania pracowników przedsiębiorstw w Polsce na temat niekorzystnego wpływu ich własnych zachowań na stan zdrowia oraz motywy antyzdrowotnego postępowania. Materiał i metody. Badanie przeprowadzono w 2002 r. techniką wywiadu kwestionariuszowe-go w grupie 1134 pracowników 250 przedsiębiorstw (pow. 100 zatrudnionych) z terenu całego kraju. Wyniki. Ponad połowa badanych pozytywnie ocenia wpływ swojego postępowania na zdrowie ale tylko 12% nie podejmuje antyzdrowotnych zachowań. Wśród swych najbardziej szkodliwych działań badani wskazują niedostatek wypoczynku (50%), brak troski o kondycję fizyczną (38%), palenie tytoniu (34%), niezdrowe odżywianie (33%) i lekceważenie objawów choroby (28%). Jako ich przyczyny akcentują różne aspekty przyzwyczajenia, czerpaną z nich przyjemność i relaksacyjną funkcję, poczucie braku ograniczeń oraz unikanie myślenia o szkodliwości tych zachowań. Wnioski. Edukacja zdrowotna w większym stopniu po-winna odnosić się do indywidualnych motywów szkodliwych zachowań zamiast koncentrować się na przekazywaniu ogólnej wiedzy. Med. Pr. 2004; 55 (5): 417—424 Słowa kluczowe: promocja zdrowia, edukacja zdrowotna, zachowania zdrowotne, zdrowie pracujących ABSTRACT Background: This paper outlines the beliefs of Polish employees about adverse effects of their own behavior on the health state along with underlying reasons for its health-damaging forms. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in 2002 as a questionnaire-based interview. It covered a random sample of 1134 employees working in 250 enterprises that hire over 100 people. Results: More than a half of respondents positively evaluated the influence of their behavior on health, but only 12% of them did avoid any type of health-damaging behavior. The respondents believed that in their conduct the following factors were most detrimental to their health: shortage of rest (50%), neglect of physical fitness (38%), smoking (34%), unhealthy nutrition (33%) and disregard to morbid symptoms (28%). Among the reasons for unhealthy behavior they emphasized various habitual aspects, the wish to derive pleasure, relaxation, and sense of freedom, and also avoidance of thinking about adverse effects of such a behavior. Conclusions: Health education should to a much grater degree take into account individual motives for health-damaging behavior instead of focusing on dissemination of general knowledge. Med Pr 2004; 55 (5): 417—424

In this study, we analysed the usefulness of integrating a concept of moral norms into the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model in order to determine their influence on the willingness of consumers to purchase environmentally friendly products (EFPs).
With a significant sample of 2,001 respondents, we analysed the data using Structural Equation Modelling through simultaneous multi-group analysis of consumers in the UK (n=1001) and in Spain (n=1000). Along with the new relations established  between attitudes, moral norms, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control shows that, subjective norms significantly determine perceived behavioural control and moral norms of consumers in the UK and Spain. In addition, this study demonstrates that moral norms are a relevant factor in predicting attitudes towards EFPs. The relative influences of these pyscho-social factors varied between the countries. In
the UK, for example, moral norms had a stronger impact on consumers’ intentions, whereas in Spain perceived control behaviour and attitudes were the predominant variables affecting their predisposition to pay more for EFPs. The inclusion of moral norms improved the model fit in both subsamples, although in terms of explaining intentions, the predictive ability of the model of WTP was relatively low.
Thus, our results support the usefulness of incorporating a moral norm concept into the framework of TPB in order to figure out cross-cultural differences among societies, although the low variance of the model shows a need for further investigation.

Секция Актуальные проблемы психологии спорта и здорового образа жизни Поведение, связанное со здоровьем, у людей с различными установками к российской медицине Зайцева Людмила Геннадьевна Студент (магистр) Национальный исследовательский университет Высшая школа экономики , Факультет социальных наук, Москва, Россия E-mail: lyudmilazaytseva@ya.ru В настоящее время, в связи с реформами в сфере здравоохранения, многим медицинским организациям пришлось сменить стратегию. В России наблюдается низкая популярность медицины, это влияет на здоровье населения. Согласно данным агентства Рейтер, к 2013 году отмечено снижение степени доверия граждан и популярности медицины. В России менее 30 процентов населения доверительно относятся к врачам и медицинским услугам, считают, что получат высококвалифицированную медицинскую помощь.

The growing percentage of older Canadians presents challenges for health care providers
in assisted living facilities (ALFs). Health care aides (HCAs) provide vital support and
care to individuals who live in such facilities. Immense pressure is placed on the HCAs.
Stress derives from many facets of one’s life; however, work-related stress is increasingly
prominent. The purpose of this descriptive, exploratory, qualitative thesis is to describe,
understand, and explore the experience of work-related stress among HCAs in ALFs.
Semi-structured face to face interviews with 14 participants were conducted. Four main
themes emerged from the research: (a) the meaning of work-related stress; (b) genesis of
work-related stress; (c) how stress affects/changes workers’ lives; and (d) how HCAs
cope. Research findings from this study will enable employers and service providers to
identify stressors in the workplace, reduce work stress, and improve individual wellbeing.
Further, I identified what the ideal workplace from an HCA’s view.

Background: Western diet appears to be a risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes and cancer whereas dietary supplements of functional foods rich Mediterranean diets are inversely associated, among individuals and populations with underlying lack of general and health education. We have only scanty information about functional foods which may be considered as nutraceuticals. The prevalence of optimal functional food eating behavior pattern in the population is unknown. This study examines the prevalence of optimal functional foods eating behavior as a protective factor among victims dying due to NCDs to find out the accuracy of the verbal autopsy questionnaire.
Subjects and Methods: Death records of 2,222 (1,385 men and 837 women) decedents, aged 25-64 years, out of 3,034 death records, were randomly selected and studied by verbal autopsy questionnaires. All the risk factors and protective factors were assessed by questionnaires which were completed with the help of the victim’s spouse and a local treating doctor, by a trained scientist. The lack of knowledge on health education about the role of adverse effects of Western foods was assessed by the questionnaires. Functional food intake was considered in presence of fruit, vegetable and legume intake of minimum 250g/day (moderate) and ideally 400g/day consistent with WHO guidelines.
Results: The prevalence of optimal prudent foods intake behavior; fruit, vegetable and legume (>250g/day) intake were observed among 51.4% (n=712) men and 50.4% (n=422) women. Western type food (>255g/day)intake was observed among 63.2% (n=875)men and 59.9% (n=502) women. The prevalence of optimal functional food intake was significantly greater among men compared to women (19.4 vs 14.6%, P<0.05). The consumption of functional food not fruits; grapes and apples, guava, stargoose berry and lemon and onion, garlic ginger was significantly greater among men as compared to women. Other functional foods such as soy products, mustard or olive oil, curd or yogurt, nuts and fish, tea and cocoa, spices; turmeric, cumin, coriander seeds and peppers intake showed no significant difference between two sexes.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that after adjustment of age and body weight, total functional foods intakes and fruit, vegetable, legume and nuts intake were significantly inversely associated with deaths due to NCDs, whereas Western type foods (red meat and eggs, refined foods ) were positively associated with these causes of deaths, in both sexes. Total spices intake, mustard/olive oil intake and curd or yogurt intake, were inversely but weakly associated with causes of deaths due to NCDs, among both men and women. The prevalence of protective behavior pattern was observed among half of the victims, dying due to injury and accidents where such behaviors were uncommon among decedents dying due to NCDs.
Conclusions: It is possible that protective health behavior about functional food intake can be accurately assessed by a verbal autopsy questionnaire administered to a spouse of the decedents among

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess COVID-19 related risk perception, preventive behaviors among Turkish medical students within the two weeks after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 646 medical students (1st-6th year) in Pamukkale University with an online questionnaire. Forms were collected between 23rd to 31st of March 2020 via Google form. The questionnaire consisted of 39 questions including 12 items about sociodemographic information, 6 questions regarding COVID-19, 11 items about risk perception and 10 items regarding preventive measures about COVID-19.

Results: The mean age of students was 21.77±2.28 years and 413 (63.8%) of them were female. The mean risk perception score of students was 22.70±4.68 (out of 44) and the mean preventive behavior score of students was 32.20±4.70 (out of 40). There was a significantly positive correlation between risk perception and preventive behavior scores. Female students, students with lower income, students whose mothers were highly educated, students who evaluated their health status as poor and who evaluated their knowledge about COVID-19 as insufficient had higher risk perception. Adoption of protective measures were higher in female students, married students, students who have chronic diseases and students who evaluated their health status as poor.

Conclusion: Medical students in Turkey had a moderate risk perception and high preventive behaviors about COVID-19. In order to enhance students’ risk perception, educators should be more involved in the process of medical education regarding the pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, medical student, risk perception, health behavior, prevention

Emotional Intelligence can be measured either as an ability, based on maximum performance tests or as a trait, based on self-perception tests. A lot of academic, professional and behavioural attributes have been studied in relation to EI and research has shown that trait EI is better correlated with health outcomes than ability EI. Health behaviour is an understudied subject that has been shown to be linked with EI. The present study evaluated the correlation of EI, measured both by an ability and a trait measure among one hundred nineteen employees of the Indian pharmaceutical industry with health behaviour, as measured by Vickers health behavioural checklist, and to assess the role of age in association with these parameters. Trait EI, as measured by Schutte self-report test, was found to be better correlated with health behaviour than ability EI, as measured by an Indian scale by Chadha and Singh. Further, trait EI was found to be predictive of health behaviour. Age was positivel...

Background: Nudging refers to interventions that organize the choice architecture in order to alter people's behaviour in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives. As a strategy to encourage healthy behaviour, nudging can serve as a complement to health education. However, the empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of nudging as a way to influence food choice remains contradictory. To address this issue, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to test the effects of nudging to encourage people to select more fruit and vegetables. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed, Medline, PsycInfo, Cochrane library, Scopus and Google Scholar. After quality assessment, 20 articles (23 studies) were retained for narrative synthesis. Twelve articles (14 studies) contained enough information to calculate effect-sizes for meta-analysis using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software. Results: The meta-analysis shows that nudging interventions that aim to increase fruit and/or vegetable choice/ sales/servings have a moderately significant effect (d = 0.30), with the largest effect for altering placement (d = 0.39) and combined nudges (d = 0.28). Conclusion: The results of this review provide an indication of the effectiveness of nudging on fruit and vegetable choice in terms of actual effect-sizes, while also highlighting the problems that must be addressed before more definitive conclusions can be drawn.

In our thesis we aimed to examine students’ sporting habits to identify the social, environmental and institutional factors that influence these, and the way sporting habits as supportive factor affects students’ health behaviours and resilience, health perception, subjective well-being as indicators of student well-being. The analyses – the first ones in these countries – were performed using data collected within the “Higher Education for Social Cohesion – Cooperative Research and Development in a Cross-border Area” project (N=2619). We distinguished four student groups along sporting habits: 1. experience-seeking competitive, 2. regular leisure - recreational, 3. occasional, social-community-focused and 4. non-athletes. Our results show that men and Romanian students exercise competitively or casually, women do not do sports or play sports as a leisure activity, while Hungarians play sports more in their free time. In connection with Bourdieu’ s theory of capitals and habits neither of the classic, class-specific social background variables (cultural and economic capital, family support as social capital, place of residence) play role in students’ sporting habits. In addition, competitive sport is more likely to occur if students are surrounded by sporty parents, siblings, best friends and high-school teacher(s). Students have a better chance to become recreational athletes, if they are characterized by a religious, community-oriented or sporty – elitist, civic milieu, or they have sporty partners, best friend, while HE teachers’ sport activities contribute to causal sport activities.
If we examine the avoidance of health - risk behaviours as a dimension of non- academic achievement, we found that competitive athletes are the least effective: they drink more alcohol and there are more students among them that try some drugs, so competitive sport can be a risk factor with regard to these health behaviour forms. However, the occurrence of depression symptoms is less typical, so competitive sport functions as a protective factor against these. We can see that regular exercise as a supportive factor contributes to the all three dimensions of health: physical health self-assessment, mental well-being and social relations, students’ satisfaction with life and happiness, so regular sporting students are characterized with higher student well-being.
Our research results related to academic career showed that with the exception of two academic achievement components, competitive and recreational athletes have the highest scores. Resilience has the biggest impact on academic performance, followed by recreational sport activity and competitive sport also has a positive effect on students’ academic achievement, if the impact of traditional social background variables is controlled. However, a surprising result was that subjective well-being had a negative effect on academic performance. The supportive function of sport activity is identified in that athletes are more committed to students' studies and work, and they consider their studies more meaningful.

Several studies provided evidence for the effectiveness of gamification of health behaviors (e.g., exercising or walking) via video games. However, little is known about whether individuals who endorse specific gaming motivations are more likely to derive health benefits from gaming. Building upon previous studies on gamification of health behaviors, we examined whether specific gaming motives (e.g., potential health benefits) influenced Pokémon GO gaming time and gaming health outcomes, a phenomenon we termed The Pikachu Effect. We introduced health motivation as a novel component among previously established gaming motives, which reflects the ongoing gameplay transformation and increased health potential of modern games. Volunteers (N = 444) completed two measurements of Pokémon GO motivations, gaming time, physical activity, and time spent outdoors within a 6 week interval. The results supported the Pikachu effect hypothesis as health motivation and social motivation were related to health outcomes. Furthermore, we replicated previous findings indicating that individuals who spent more time playing Pokémon GO were more physical active. We also evidenced a new Pokémon GO playing behavioral benefit, i.e., increased time spent outdoors among more active players. We explored meaningful individual differences; for example, men played more and derived more benefits from Pokémon GO. These findings suggest that health motivation operates in parallel with previously identified main motives for gaming. Accounting for motivation is essential for a more accurate prediction of gaming time and gaming-related health behaviors.
Keywords: health behaviors, physical activity, motivation, Pokémon GO

Background
With an ageing population, there is an increasing societal impact of ill health in later life. People who adopt healthy behaviours are more likely to age successfully. To engage people in health promotion initiatives in mid-life, a good understanding is needed of why people do not undertake healthy behaviours or engage in unhealthy ones.

Methods
Searches were conducted to identify systematic reviews and qualitative or longitudinal cohort studies that reported mid-life barriers and facilitators to healthy behaviours. Mid-life ranged from 40 to 64 years, but younger adults in disadvantaged or minority groups were also eligible to reflect potential earlier disease onset. Two reviewers independently conducted reference screening and study inclusion. Included studies were assessed for quality. Barriers and facilitators were identified and synthesised into broader themes to allow comparisons across behavioural risks.
Findings
From 16,426 titles reviewed, 28 qualitative studies, 11 longitudinal cohort studies and 46 systematic reviews were included. Evidence was found relating to uptake and maintenance of physical activity, diet and eating behaviours, smoking, alcohol, eye care, and other health promoting behaviours and grouped into six themes: health and quality of life, sociocultural factors, the physical environment, access, psychological factors, evidence relating to health inequalities. Most of the available evidence was from developed countries. Barriers that recur across different health behaviours include lack of time (due to family, household and occupational responsibilities), access issues (to transport, facilities and resources), financial costs, entrenched attitudes and behaviours, restrictions in the physical environment, low socioeconomic status, lack of knowledge. Facilitators include a focus on enjoyment, health benefits including healthy ageing, social support, clear messages, and integration of behaviours into lifestyle. Specific issues relating to population and culture were identified relating to health inequalities.
Conclusions
The barriers and facilitators identified can inform the design of tailored interventions for people in mid-life.

Obesity represents a serious public health issue. One major contributor to obesity is the quality and quantity of foods one consumes. Psychological research trying to understand overeating and unhealthy eating behavior has often attributed it to homeostatic malfunction and/or lack of self-regulatory ability. We propose a different approach here, suggesting that eating behavior represents goal pursuit and that obesity is the result of reliance on foods that fulfill convenience goals and price goals at the expense of health goals. We propose and present empirical evidence suggesting that people are capable of making healthier choices when health (rather than convenience and price) concerns predominate and healthy options are available. Based on this existing evidence we suggest that (1) future research should further explore individuals' food choice as a function of the multiple goals they attempt to achieve rather than as a lack of willpower, and (2) policy may contribute to healthy eating by reprioritizing these goals and emphasizing health while increasing the availability and affordability of healthy foods.

Mental health providers employed specifically by the Veterans Health Administration to treat posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) may be at increased risk for burnout due to both organizational and patient
care stressors. Usage of caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco products may increase as a means to cope with
burnout and stress. This cross-sectional study measured concurrent changes in burnout levels and
caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco use as a means to cope with work stressors among a population of Veterans
Health Administration mental health providers working within a PTSD specialty clinic. This study
consisted of 138 participants, and the sample was mostly female (67%), Caucasian (non-Hispanic; 81%),
and married (70%), with a mean age of 44.3 years (SD  11.2). Participants completed an electronic
survey that assessed demographics, absenteeism, and coping behaviors, as well as burnout as measured
through the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996). The study
results revealed a minor predictive relationship between some dimensions of burnout and the use of some
negative health behaviors (drinking and caffeine use) to cope with work stress. Burnout scores (i.e.,
exhaustion) significantly predicted concurrent missed time from work for both physical and emotional
health reasons (sick days/mental health days), but tobacco and caffeine use contributed little, and alcohol
was not related to burnout at all. In the future, it would be useful to obtain information regarding in-depth
health behaviors that include baseline data as well as prospective systematic fluctuations in these
behaviors due to work stressors.

Objective: This study investigated the daily hassles-eating behavior relationship and its moderators in a naturalistic setting. Design: A multilevel diary design was used to examine day-to-day within-person effects of daily hassles on eating behavior (N ϭ 422), together with the individual and simultaneous influence of potential moderating variables. Main Outcome Measures: Daily diary reports of betweenmeal snacking, fruit and vegetable consumption and perceived variations in daily food intake. Results:

Theobjectivesof this study were to: 1) develop anInternational Health
Education Course Curriculum for Undergraduate students: An Environment for
Health; and 2) examine the effectiveness of the curriculum. This course was
based on the reconstructionism and progressivism philosophies which focused
on solving social problems and instilling within students health behaviors
and communication. The course was also expected to serve ASEAN needs
of health communication and cooperation as well as world environmental
concernsaffectinghealth.Theresearchused a mixed method of qualitativeand
quantitative approaches in a descriptive and one group experiment. The study
comprised three phases:1) coursecurriculum development with participants in
fourgroupsinvestigatingneed analysis,2) researchoninstrumental development,
and 3)examinetheeffectivenessof thecoursecurriculumimplementationusing
purposive sampling. Data was gathered twice for implementation, in academic
year 2014 (2557 B.E.) and 2016 (2559 B.E.).
1) The finding of developing the course curriculum consisted of four main components: learning objective, 11 units of learning course contents, learning process,  and learning assessment and evaluation
        2) The findings of course curriculum  effectiveness, the learners’ achievements inhealth behaviors (K, A,P) and Englishfor specific content (ESC) after the experiment were significantly higher with a statistical differenceof .05 than before the experiment

Psychological aspects of a person, such as the personal value and belief systems, cognition and emotion, form the basis of human health behaviors, which, in turn, influence self-management, self-efficacy, quality of life, disease control and clinical outcomes in people with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. However, psychological, psychosocial and behavioral interventions aimed at these groups of patients have yielded inconsistent effects in terms of clinical outcomes in clinical trials. This might have been due to differing conceptualization of health behavioral theories and models in the interventions. Assimilating different theories of human behavior, this narrative review attempts to demonstrate the potential modulatory effects of intrinsic values on cognitive and affective health-directed interventions. Interventions that utilize modification of cognition alone via education or that focuses on both cognitive and emotional levels are hardly adequate to initiate health-seeking behavior and much less to sustain them. People who are aware of their own personal values and purpose in life would be more motivated to practice good health-related behavior and persevere in them.

FES-CEPYUS Slovenian 2013 Youth Study was conducted by interviewing a representative sample of 907 young people aged 16-27.  Measures of self-rated health, self-reported alcohol use, attitudes toward alcohol, self-reported tobacco use and body-mass index were examined. Slovenian data (2013) was on some measures (alcohol use and tobacco use) compared 1) longitudinally with a representative study of Slovenian youth (2010); and 2) cross-nationally with representative studies of Croatian (2012), Kosovo (2012) and German (2010) youth. Results indicated that 16.8 percent of Slovenian respondents rated their health as excellent, 36.1 % as very good and 35.5 % as good, while 0.4 % of respondents rated their health as poor and 11.1 % as fair. Men (rho = .16, p < .001) and youth with more educated mothers (rho = .11, p < .01) reported better SRH, while other examined sociodemographic variables proved insignificant. In 2013 2 % of Slovenian youth reported consuming alcohol “regularly/daily”, which is a decrease from 2010 (4 % daily drinkers). In addition, in 2013 50 % of respondents reported rarely or never drinking alcohol, which is an increase of non-drinkers compared to 2010 (47 % of non-drinkers). On the other hand, more than one half (51 %) of Slovenian youth drink alcohol at least weekly (on weekends or more often). Three quarters (74 %) of Slovenian youth believe alcohol is “acceptable”, compared to 56 % Croatian and 22 % of Kosovo youth. The proportion of regular smokers among Slovenian youth increased negligibly in 2013 compared to 2010, while at the same time, the percentage of non-smokers also increased (from 54 % to 60 %). One in four Slovenian respondents reported smoking daily and 40 % of Slovenian youth smoke at least occasionally (regularly/daily or occasionally). Croatia has the largest proportion of regular young smokers (31 %), followed by Germany (27 %), Slovenia (25 %) and Kosovo (15 %). In Slovenian sample, higher age, higher father’s education and not being enrolled in school increased the likelihood of smoking. The proportion of obese Slovenian  youth in 2010–2013 period remained practically the same, while the proportion of overweight increased minimally by 1.3 % percentage points. The increase in proportion of overweight/obese youth was not statistically significant. In Slovenian sample the proportion of overweight/obese youth was higher among men, older youth and those not enrolled in school. Controlling for sociodemographic correlates, smoking was found significantly associated with alcohol use but not with being overweight/obese, while being overweight/obese was associated with alcohol use. Finally, alcohol use was not significantly associated with poorer self-rated health, while tobacco use and being overweight/obese were associated. Implications the results are discussed and future research directions are offered.

Objective: This study investigated the daily hassles-eating behavior relationship and its moderators in a naturalistic setting. Design: A multilevel diary design was used to examine day-to-day within-person effects of daily hassles on eating behavior (N ϭ 422), together with the individual and simultaneous influence of potential moderating variables. Main Outcome Measures: Daily diary reports of betweenmeal snacking, fruit and vegetable consumption and perceived variations in daily food intake. Results: