Pyschology

Generally regarded as a ‘father of public relations,’ Edward Louis Bernays (1891–1995), was a public relations theorist and practitioner whose methods revolutionised the field and who originally coined the term public relations counsellor or consultant.  Born in Vienna, a double nephew of Sigmund Freud, his parents migrated to New York when he was a baby. After graduating from Cornell Agricultural College in 1912, Bernays worked as a medical journalist before becoming a show business publicity agent. Bernays was PR counsel to Enrico Caruso, Otis Skinner, and Diaghilev's Russian Ballet. He was a key staff member of George Creel’s World War One Committee on Public Information. Bernays’ first private client was Professor Thomas Masaryk, father of Czechoslovak independence. After 1920 Bernays was recognized as the leading public relations counsellor for major American corporations. He wrote the first book on public relations, Crystallizing Public Opinion, in 1929 and taught the first college course on the subject in 1930.
This paper comprises the first, detailed analysis of the German and Austrian, Jewish family, religious and cultural background of Bernays. It suggests that his unique patrimony of traditional, fin-de-circle European Judaism, Viennese philosophy and Freudian psychology created the optimal personality and skills to father the new industry and the new profession that would revolutionise business and political communication throughout the 20th century.

Reder and Duncan’s well-known studies of the 1990s on fatal child abuse drew attention to how parental scripts regarding their children could dangerously distort relationships in ways that were sometimes fatal to children. This article reports on a new system for assessing the ‘meaning of the child to the parent’, called the Meaning of the Child Interview (MotC). Parents are interviewed using the established Parent Development Interview, or equivalent, and the transcript of the interview is then analysed according to parental sensitivity and likely risk to the child. The MotC constructs were developed from those used in observed parent–child interaction (specifically, the CARE-Index) and the form of discourse analysis used in the Dynamic Maturational Model – Adult Attachment Interview, allowing a more systemic and inter-subjective understanding of parenting representations than often put forward. This article discusses the theoretical background to the MotC, gives a brief review of similar measures and then introduces the coding system and patterns of caregiving. The validity of the MotC is addressed elsewhere.

While authenticity is recurrently associated with higher motivation, the question remains how an authentic context can affect reading motivation in an EAP setting. To investigate the effect, two groups of 30 EAP students were selected through cluster random sampling as control and experimental groups. A mixed methods approach was employed to collect data. The quantitative method encompassed the administration of the reading motivation questionnaire and the qualitative methods were the focus group interview and diary writing. Having administered the pretest of the reading motivation questionnaire at the beginning of the study, the researchers administered the posttest after the 8-week intervention of providing an authentic context. The findings revealed that the experimental group (Authentic context) had a higher reading motivation after the intervention as compared to the control group (traditional context). The interview findings also supported the quantitative findings. Moreover, the data from the diaries shed more light on the students' general views of the two contexts such as their impressions of the tasks and activities, impressions of what was enjoyable and what was not, and the reactions to the instructor and the peers.

"Elinizdeki bu kitap, sosyal psikolojinin konularını en geniş kapsamıyla ele almakta, klasikleşmiş deneysel ve saha araştırmalarını en güncel bilimsel çalışmalarla harmanlamaktadır. Bu bakımdan, akademisyen ve öğrencilerin yararlanabileceği eşsiz bir kaynaktır. Kitapta, sosyal psikoloji konuları bölüm bölüm ele alınmıştır; ilgili kavram, terim, kuram ve araştırmalar aktarılırken her bölüm kendi içinde bir bütünlük arz edecek şekilde akıcı bir öyküsel kurguyla ve dille yazılmıştır ayrıca bu kitap; tarihsel olaylarla, edebî ve felsefi metaforlarla zenginleştirilmiştir.
Ayrıca bu kapsamlı çalışma, sadece bilimsel bir disiplinin temel konularını okuyucuya aktarmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda savaş, açlık, çevre gibi gerçek dünya sorunlarının sosyal psikolojik boyutlarıyla ilgili çözüm önerileri de getirmektedir. Bu bakımdan elinizdeki kitap yalnızca bir ders kitabı değil, aynı zamanda sosyal psikolojiye ilgi duyan herkesin merakla okuyabileceği bir kitaptır."

Germany has a very popular study destination standing alongside the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. According to the Bureau Statistical office, Bildungsauslander(BiA) are defined as International students who gained their qualification of admission to higher education overseas or who attended a preparatory course in a German higher education to supplement qualifications gained at a school abroad. Presently, about 265,000 BiA are enrolled in German higher education institutions- they make up about 10% of all Students.

Being a University of Resources, the TU Bergakademie - focuses comprehensively on securing the supply of natural resources along the entire added-value chain. It covers the spectrum from the exploration for new deposits, the low impact, environmentally sound extraction of the raw materials as well as the development of alternative energy technologies and efficient materials right up to the recycling process.
There are about 5,000 Students of which 25% are International Students, 6 Faculties, 86 Professors, and 2 Collaborative Research Centres According to the Statistics Department of Freistaat Sachsen, the number of international students in TU Bergakademie Freiberg have increased approximately 45% from 2006 to 2018.

In recent years, International Student Population has been increasing in Germany. In recent years, researchers have started to pay greater attention to international students ‘acculturation process. International students’ adjustment process can be seen as a type of acculturation. The challenges international students face may stem from studying pressure, social adjustment, and unfamiliarity with the new surroundings.


The aims for this thesis are to examine which major difficulties International students encounter during their acculturation and adjusting to life in TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Support unions they normally use during these difficulties to help them adapt, satisfaction level in their overall experience as international students with respect to academics, campus life, Interpersonal Relationship with other Students and Faculty and staff of TU Bergakademie Freiberg and finally initiatives International students think can improve their acculturation adjustment in TU Freiberg.

A Qualitative method of Semi-structured interviews was used to examine the acculturation experience of international students in TU Bergakademie Freiberg among ten participants of the university. An analytical approach based on grounded theory was adopted to analyze the interviews.

The findings of this thesis provided insights into five categories or themes of major difficulties experienced by international students. Findings also provided insights into three categories of the social support used by international students to buffer their acculturation difficulties. Findings further showed the student satisfaction rate in academics, campus life, faculty and staff, and interpersonal relationship with other students and finally suggested ten initiatives that could aid in a better acculturation process for international students in TU Bergakademie Freiberg.

Mindfuck - Beyni Becermek               
(Petra Bock)

Remembering the Latin proverb ‘’Verba volant, scripta manent – söz gider yazı kalır’’ in Turkish; I am going to introduce the book to you which I evaluated that is really  important from ‘’personal development’’ and ‘’life coaching’’ points of view.  My third book introduction is;  ‘’Mindfuck (Beyni Becermek)’’ which is summarized by my dear friend Halit Yıldırım under this generic title. I must reiterate that this book has been awarded by ‘’The Coaching Award of 2012’’ in the highest cathegory of ‘’special success in coaching’’ given by the periodic namely ‘’Coaching Heute’’ on January 14th 2012.

A book that will change your life, covering a prize-winning approach to overcoming mental self-sabotage. Therefore I suggest this book to those who have not read yet.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Mindfuck - Beyni Becermek
               
Author / Yazar: Petra Bock
Original Language / Orijinal Basım Dili: German / Almanca
Language / Basım Dili: Türkçe
Publisher / Yayınevi: Paloma (Kişisel Gelişim Dizisi)
Publication Date / Basım Tarihi: 2015
Page Nr. / Sayfa Sayısı: 200

M. İskender TARGAÇ

This research studies and reveals the impact of Loneliness on the academic performance of university students .Using systematic sampling 30 students (15 male, 15 female) were selected as a sample to study the relationship between research variables. The research data was collected based on a survey of 30 participants with the help of questionnaire developed by UCLA Loneliness scale ( version 3) to describe the loneliness parameters of participants (Russell, 1978).
H1:"There will be positive relationship between Male Loneliness and Academic Performance"
H2: "There will be negative relationship between Female Loneliness and Academic Performance"
Results supported both the Hypothesis because positive relation was found between this two variable based on male participants correlation coefficient (0.7151). and the negative relation was found between female loneliness effect on academic performance correlation coefficient (-0.648). The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between male and female students regarding loneliness both behave oppositely.

Psicología de las masas reúne tres trabajos escritos por Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) bajo la profunda impresión causada por la bárbara contienda que había asolado Europa entre 1914 y 1919. Tótem y tabú Introducción del narcisismo Duelo y melancolía ¿Qué es "la masa"?, ¿Cuál es la relación entre masa e individuo? ¿Por qué medios el alma colectiva puede ejercer influencia en cada sujeto?, ¿En qué consiste esa influencia? Estas son las preguntas que estructuran el presente trabajo. Freud se detiene aquí en la causa que mantiene unidas a las sociedades, recurriendo a los conceptos de libido e identificación. Retomará a su vez sus estudios sobre el y la sugestión, ya tratados tempranamente en su etapa inicial con Jean-Martin Charcot. La importancia fundamental de la presente obra apunta en dos distintas direcciones: 1. La psicología de las masas queda explicada a partir de los cambios en la psicología de la mente individual. 2. Resulta ser un avance en la investigación sobre la anatomía estructural de la psique, introducida en Más allá del principio de placer y desarrollada en El yo y el ello.
NOTA: ESTE LIBRO FUE EXTRAÍDO DE LA SIGUIENTE PÁGINA, QUE APOYA CON CONTENIDO ESCRITO Y SUBIDO DE MANERA DIGITAL A LA COMUNIDAD ESTUDIANTIL Y PROFESIONAL; www.lectulandia.com
CON LA PUBLICACIÓN DE ESTE LIBRO EN ACADEMIA.EDU, NO PRETENDO ABUSAR DEL CONTENIDO DEL SEÑOR SIGMUND FREUD, SOLO ES PARA FINES DE APRENDIZAJE Y EDUCATIVO. POR FAVOR UTILÍZALO PARA TU APRENDIZAJE Y COMPÁRTELO A QUIEN LO NECESITE, SIEMPRE DANDO CRÉDITO A SU AUTOR S.FREUD.

Bu konuyu seçmemizin sebebi; tutum ve davranış konusunun psikolojinin temel konularından biri
olmasıydı. Özellikle “davranış” konusunu incelerken gördük ki psikolojide neredeyse her şey davranışlara
dayandırılabiliyor o sebeple bu konu hakkında çok kaynak bulabileceğimizi düşündük ve öyle de oldu.
Onlarca kitap, onlarca makale ve internet sitesi kullanarak konumuzu zenginleştirmeye çalıştık. Öyle ki
çalışma yaptığımız gerçekten işimize çok yarayan kaynakları da referans olarak makalemizin en altına
koyduk. Bu kaynaklardan önce de kendi çapımızda çeşitli yerlerden bilgilerimizi donatacak ve
güncelleyecek kaynaklar sayesinde özgün bir çalışma ortaya çıkarmak istedik. Amacımız sıfırdan bir yazı
yazarak hipotezimizi ortaya atmak veya bir tez yazmak değildi fakat kendimce demem odur ki bir tez
yazmak edasında konumuza değer verip üzerinde yoğunlaşarak güzel bir sonuç çıkarmaya çalıştık. Bu
ödev dışında da en basit bir ödevi bile değerli görerek olumlu, içinde sevgi barındıran ve gerçekten
okunduğunda emek verilmiş görünmesi amacıyla yazdığımız için bu yazımızda da tüm kişiliğimizi ve
donanımlarımızı kullanmaya çalıştık. Öncelikle böyle bir ödev verdiği için başta danışman hocamız Doç.Dr
Seçil Bal TAŞTAN’a ardından da kaynak aldığımız ustalarımıza bir teşekkürü borç biliriz. Gayemiz
akademik alanda her şekilde bizi dolduracak beşeri sermayemize yardımcı olacak yolları izlemektir.
Doğu BAKLACI
26.04.2019

While researching different forms of technology in relation to bodily practices for several years, I have become increasingly interested in the decision-making and power relations in this domain because technology is now an essential part of human evolution, existence and everyday use. So, my purpose here is to re-investigate the relationship between human beings and technology in the context of Aeroplane Pilots and their Aircraft. Aircraft manufacturers come up with new ideas to meet up with the technological advancement of the time, they build different designs to suit economic demands, give better flight experience, reduce fuel consumption, and make profit. The constant factor in all these are the pilots who have to deal with the technological advancements on new model aeroplanes as well as the existing ones. So, the profession of the pilot and his or her interaction with the aeroplane is investigated, with specific focus and analysis on the Boeing 737 Max aircraft, the Manoeuvring Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) on that aircraft, as well as the incidents that led to its grounding. This paper, in the context of its selected case studies, questions as well as analyses the role new technology plays in the decision-making with this profession and how it affects their previous training as well as embodied knowledge. What kinds of communication or relationship exist between technology and human being? Is the communication a dialogue, is the relationship a democratic one or there are power tussles? What are the challenges and the consequences they face? Who are victims and how can these be resolved? To answer these questions, this study analyses the recent crashes of the 737 Max and other similar incidents. Also, this study investigates power relations within this interaction with technology by evaluating the decisions on how or when technology can or should be used and when it can or should be ignored. I draw from existing literature, a reflexive account of my personal experiences as a frequent flyer, and an extensive online ethnography. The study begins with some background stories which gave rise to my research interest.

The present study is an attempt to assess internet addiction and depression among university students. The sample in the
study consisted of one hundred thirty university students out of which 70 were males and 60 were females who were selected
on the purposive basis from the main campus of Kashmir University. Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAT), Beck's
Depression Inventory (BDI-II 1996) and Demographic Data sheet were used to collect research data from informants. The
obtained data were analysed by frequency method, Pearson correlation method and t-test. The results revealed that male
university students experienced more internet addiction and depression as compared to the female university students and
a significant positive correlation was found between internet addiction and depression.
Keywords: Depression; Internet Addiction; University Students.

Alongside technological developments, online counseling has
started becoming widespread since last decade. The purpose of
this study is to investigate face-to-face and online counseling in
terms of client problems and satisfaction. This qualitative study
used a phenomenology research design and consisted of 12
female and 9 male, twenty-one volunteer clients. Fifteen
participants were given face-to-face, whereas six participants,
online counseling. Clients received face-to-face and online
counseling from seven volunteer senior students in the
undergraduate program of Counseling and Guidance. A content
analysis is used for data interpretation. The results of the study
suggest that the problems and satisfaction are quite similar in
face-to-face and online clients. Personal problems were the most common problem among the clients. Respectively, career
development concerns, academic problems, and relationship
issues with a partner and family follow personal problems. All the participants were satisfied with the counseling process and
satisfaction of face-to-face counseling and online counseling
participants were remarkably similar.

Hegemonic Mechanism in Religious Groups

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to reveal the effects of the social structural basic elements of religious groups on the members, the motives that enable the members to turn to religious groups, the elements that enable them to integrate with the group, and to determine whether these factors lead to a hegemony in the members and to examine whether these hegemonic elements direct the members through a functioning mechanism. In the article, the structural features of the groups and the attitudes and behaviors of the members towards the groups are discussed with a theoretical social psychological approach. In this context, obedience, submission, identification and adoption, interactions between group-members and forms of relations between groups, especially social influence and compliance, are investigated in relation to the concept of hegemony. In the article, the ideal type method was used within the framework of the interpretive social scientific approach. In this context, the studies carried out for orders and communities in Turkey were examined by document analysis method, and at the same time, the features that could lead to hegemony were collected under ten headings, taking into account the various observations of the researcher.

Keywords: Sociology of Religion, Religious Groups, Social Psychology, Hegemony, Order, Community, Ideal Type.

Öz
Bu makalenin amacı; dinî grupların sosyal yapısal temel unsurlarının üyeler üzerindeki etkilerini, üyelerin dinî gruplara yönelmelerini sağlayan güdüleri, grupla bütünleşmelerini sağlayan ögeleri ortaya çıkarmak ve söz konusu faktörlerin üyelerde bir hegemonyaya yol açıp açmadığını belirleyerek bu hegemonik unsurların bir işleyiş mekanizması üzerinden üyeleri yönlendirip yönlendirmediğini inceleme altına almaktır. Makalede grupların yapısal özellikleri ve üyelerin gruplara yönelik tutum ve davranışları teorik açıdan sosyal psikolojik bir yaklaşımla ele alınmaktadır. Bu kapsamda sosyal etki ve uyma konusu başta olmak üzere itaat, boyun eğme, özdeşleşme ve benimseme olguları, grup-üye arasındaki etkileşimler ve gruplar arası ilişki biçimleri hegemonya kavramıyla bağlantılı olarak araştırılmaktadır. Makalede yorumlayıcı sosyal bilimsel yaklaşım çerçevesinde ideal tip yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’deki tarikat ve cemaatlere yönelik gerçekleştirilmiş çalışmalar doküman analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiş, aynı zamanda araştırmacının çeşitli gözlemleri dikkate alınarak hegemonyaya yol açabilecek özellikler on başlık altında toplanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Din Sosyolojisi, Dinî Gruplar, Sosyal Psikoloji, Hegemonya, Tarikat, Cemaat, İdeal Tip.

Bu kitapta;
Kişilerin yozlaşmasına ve yobazlaşmasına..
Kitlelerin insanı ve ahlaki değerlerinden soyunup soysuzlaşmasına neden olan, politik, psikolojik, ekonomik ve sosyolojik mikropları…
Bunların, huysuz ve huzursuz hale getirdiği insan manzaralarını ve kendi iç dünyamızın fotoğraflarını bulacak…
Ve, islamın ışığında, ilmi metotlarla önerilen gerekli ve gerçekçi kurtuluş kurallarını ve mutluluk yollarını okuyacaksınız.
Böylece “Nefsini tanıyan, Rabbini tanır!” hikmetini daha iyi kavrayacak; olumlu, onurlu ve huzurlu bir insan olarak, sorumluluklarımızın ve yaratılış sırlarımızın farkına ve tadına varacaksınız!..

Infant male circumcision continues despite growing questions about its medical justification. As usually performed without analgesia or anaesthetic, circumcision is observably painful. It is likely that genital cutting has physical, sexual and psychological consequences too. Some studies link involuntary male circumcision with a range of negative emotions and even post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some circumcised men have described their current feelings in the language of violation, torture, mutilation and sexual assault. In view of
the acute as well as long-term risks from circumcision and the legal liabilities that might arise, it is timely for health professionals and scientists to re-examine the evidence on this issue and participate in the debate about the advisability of this surgical procedure on
unconsenting minors.

Indian cinema has always been fascinated by a variety of psychological disorders such as pervasive developmental disorders, mental retardation, anxiety and mood disorders, personality and identity disorders, etc. This paper is a qualitative research; the objective is to explore any disparity between the cinematic representation and the DSM criteria for diagnosis of the disorders, and the effect of these representations (or misrepresentations, if any) on the layman’s perceptions of them. A review and analysis of certain popular Indian films (made between 1990 and 2010) that thematically
explore certain prevalent psychological disorders is attempted here, focusing on four major film industries in India, namely- Hindi from the north, Tamil from the south, Marathi from the west and Bengali from the east. This also includes structured interviews to assess both the knowledge about and attitudes towards the same, as created by such cinema, among general public that is not predisposed to accurate information (in terms of correct clinical picture, causes and treatment). These were conducted on a random sample of 120 subjects in the age range of 15-60, who had no prior or present knowledge of psychology. Results were assessed in percentage and mean values. Observations found disparity between the representation of mental disorders in Indian cinema and their DSM descriptions, which had an influence on its audience. The general perception about mental disorders is that it is curable, maybe controlled with discipline and is largely unacceptable in society. It was concluded that accurate portrayals make for relatively correct impressions on the viewers and leave less scope for misconception.

Dreams, Interpretation of Dreams, Sexuality, Subconcious, Councious, Classes of Dreams, Jung, Collective and Personal Subconcious, Dream in Dream, Past-Now-Future, Symbolic Dreams, Free Association Method, Psycho-analysis, Psico-theraphy, Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud.

In this study, we analysed the usefulness of integrating a concept of moral norms into the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model in order to determine their influence on the willingness of consumers to purchase environmentally friendly products (EFPs).
With a significant sample of 2,001 respondents, we analysed the data using Structural Equation Modelling through simultaneous multi-group analysis of consumers in the UK (n=1001) and in Spain (n=1000). Along with the new relations established  between attitudes, moral norms, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control shows that, subjective norms significantly determine perceived behavioural control and moral norms of consumers in the UK and Spain. In addition, this study demonstrates that moral norms are a relevant factor in predicting attitudes towards EFPs. The relative influences of these pyscho-social factors varied between the countries. In
the UK, for example, moral norms had a stronger impact on consumers’ intentions, whereas in Spain perceived control behaviour and attitudes were the predominant variables affecting their predisposition to pay more for EFPs. The inclusion of moral norms improved the model fit in both subsamples, although in terms of explaining intentions, the predictive ability of the model of WTP was relatively low.
Thus, our results support the usefulness of incorporating a moral norm concept into the framework of TPB in order to figure out cross-cultural differences among societies, although the low variance of the model shows a need for further investigation.

Ahlak felsefesinin en temel konularından birisi erdemlerdir. Bu erdemler içerisinde ise adalet erdemi diğer erdemleri ikame ettiren erdem olma niteliğini taşır. Bütün erdemlerde olduğu gibi adalet erdemi de ancak bir insanın başka bir insanla olan ilişkisinde ortaya çıkar.Adaletin ahlak felsefesinde ele alınışı aynı zamanda pozitif psikoloji ile irtibat kuracağımız nokta olması hasebiyle önemlidir. Sözgelimi ahlak felsefesinde adalet; farklı alanlarda tezahür eden, tek bir türü olmayan, dağıtıcı ve düzeltici gibi nitelikleri ile çok boyutlu olarak pozitif psikolojide de temel bir erdem olarakboy göstermiştir. Psikolojide henüz yirmi yıllık bir geçmişe sahip pozitif psikoloji de mutluluğa giden yolda kendisine kılavuz olarak belirlediği ve adalet erdeminin de içinde yer aldığı altı temel erdemi tespit ederken söz konusu felsefî ve dinî geleneklere kayıtsız kalmamıştır. Kadim din ve inanışların, kutsal kitapların, felsefî gelenek ve disiplinlerin araştırılması neticesinde belirlenen altı temel erdemden biri olan adalet erdemi bireyin ve toplumun mutluluğu ve sağlıklı işleyişi için kritik öneme sahiptir. Geçmişten gelen bu mirasa dayanarak erdemlerin konu edildiği saha araştırmaları ve teorik çalışmalarda adalet ve ilişkili karakter özellikleri bireyin ötekiyle olan ilişkisinde merkezi konumdadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, adalet kavramı özelinde pozitif psikoloji ve felsefe geleneği arasındaki ilişkileri tespit etmektir.

The present study examined the extent to which religiosity, operationalized as intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation
was related to academic stress in self-report measures among 100 (40 male and 60 female) students from Kashmir University.
Pearson’s product method was used to find the results. The results indicated that intrinsic religious orientation has a
significant negative relation with facets of academic stress such as group study stress, time management stress and stress
due to peers. In other words it can be said that more intrinsic the person is lesser the amount of academic stress he faced.
Similarly a positive correlation was found between extrinsic religious orientation and five of the seven facets of academic
stress namely, Result Stress, Group Study Stress, Peer Stress, Time Management Stress and Self Inflicted Stress. In other
words it means that more an individual is extrinsic higher the scores are in academic stress facets mentioned above.
Keywords: Academic Stress; Religiosity; Religious Orientation.

I was considering this essay in connection with the Political Socialization course I had been teaching at Lewis University in late 2001. Not long into that course, the events of Sept. 11 occured. So I may have been considering the contents in connection with national and word events too. I was studying George H. Mead more generally. Interestingly, he taught at the University of Chicago and the journal this article was published in I worked as a copy editor in the late 1980s and we had original copies of the  journal. When the management of the journal moved a bit north to Northwestern University, I had the task of disposing of almost a centuries' worth of back issues. I put most of them in the philosophy department lounge.

To briefly create a background for new ET enthusiasts, it's important to first point out the overwhelming size of the universe; in distribution of matter and energy; and without meddling into the advance studies; of dark matter/dark energy and all the brain hemorrhage that follows suit. To put in more countable context, each grain of sand on planet-earth is equal to almost ten thousand stars. Approximately, one in every five star host an habitable earth-like planet. Therefore we can safely assume that each grain of (planet-earth) sand; in relation to its 1:10000 ratio (grain per star) should roughly host two thousand habitable world. Immersive right?

La sensibilità chimica multipla (MCS) è una malattia rara ancora poco chiara in letteratura. Con il termine “malattia rara” si intende l’insieme di patologie che colpiscono un numero di persone piuttosto ridotto, che indicativamente si orienta intorno ai 5 casi su 10.000. Ad oggi circa l’80% delle malattie rare ha un’origine genetica, mentre il 20% ha cause multifattoriali, come ad esempio cause ambientali, alimentari, ecc. (ISS).
La MCS (Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome) nello specifico è una patologia cronica in cui il soggetto riporta una reazione avversa a sostanze chimiche di vario tipo in una misura straordinaria rispetto a quanto atteso nella norma. La MCS è tipica in alcuni soggetti esposti in maniera particolare a sostanze a rischio; tra questi: lavoratori industriali, agricoltori, parrucchieri, dipendenti sanitari, reduci della guerra del Golfo e così via. I sintomi della MCS sono piuttosto variegati e mutano molto in base alla loro severità. La MCS si caratterizza generalmente per: una sofferenza generalizzata; stanchezza cronica; difficoltà digestive o nausea; cefalea; disturbi respiratori; reazioni allergiche dermatologiche; difficoltà nel meno dell’umore. In alcuni casi la MCS appare in soggetti con precedente diagnosi di Fibromialgia, tantochè alcuni autori ipotizzano che MCS e fibromialgia siano in comorbidità tra loro.
Ad oggi ancora la diagnosi di MCS appare discussa. Non risulta infatti un evidente e univoco iter diagnosticato così come gli autori in letteratura non si trovano d’accordo sulla eziopatogenesi del disturbo.
Eppure è stato nel tempo dimostrato come sia fondamentale comprendere l’origine del proprio malessere per il paziente; solo comprendendo il proprio dolore il paziente è in grado di prenderne atto, diventarne consapevole e agire di conseguenza. Se il paziente, invece, non è messo al corrente di tutto questo capita di osservare in lui una scarsa compliance e una modalità indifferenziata di agire nel mondo (es. fobie generali, ansie ecc.).
Non sono molti gli studi che hanno cercato di indagare quali siano i vissuti psicologici del paziente con MCS, dal momento che ancora poco questo argomento e questa patologia sono state chiarite. Ad oggi sappiamo che, come accade per altre patologie, il paziente con MCS è un paziente che soffre a livello individuale e relazionale (es. difficoltà a mangiare con gli amici, fobie alimentari, ecc.).
Vista la scarsa coerenza dei dati in letteratura, la presente tesi cerca di approfondire l’argomento in maniera complessa, tenendo conto di numerose sfaccettature della patologia.
In particolare, all’interno del capitolo 1 si definirà la Sensibilità Chimica Multipla, offrendone uno spaccato sintomatologico ed eziopatogenetico. Prima di trattare la MCS verranno introdotte più in generale le malattie rare.
Nel capitolo 2 si tratterà del riconoscimento sociale e legale della MCS, approfondendo da un lato quanto sia importante per il paziente essere riconosciuto dalle persone intorno come persona “con patologia” (amici, partner, ecc.); dall’altro, approfondendo il riconoscimento legale, ovvero quanto sia fondamentale che al paziente vengano garantiti determinati diritti. In questa occasione verranno anche discussi i LEA (Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza) e i PDTA (Piano Terapeutico di Trattamento).
Nel capitolo 3 si discuteranno i vissuti psicologici del paziente con MCS, sia da un punto di vista individuale (ansia, depressione, ecc.) che relazionale (es. scarso riconoscimento, autostima, ecc.).
Infine nel capitolo 4 si tratterà il ruolo della presa in carico multidisciplinare dedicando un ampio spazio al contributo della medicina narrativa che è stata essenziale nel rivoluzionare la comprensione del paziente e della sua malattia.

Kişilik – Tümüyle İnsan Olabilme Sanatı - Personhood - The Art of Being Fully Human (Leo BUSCAGLIA)

Remembering the Latin proverb ‘’Verba volant, scripta manent – söz gider yazı kalır’’ in Turkish; I am going to introduce the books to you which I evaluated that humanistically important. The second one is;  ‘’Kişilik – Tümüyle İnsan Olabilme Sanatı - Personhood The Art of Being Fully Human’’ which is summarized by my dear friend Halit Yıldırım under this generic title.

I suggest this book to those who have not read yet.
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Kişilik – Tümüyle İnsan Olabilme Sanatı - Personhood The Art of Being Fully Human

Author / Yazar: Leo Buscaglia
Translator / Çeviren: Nejat Ebcioğlu
Language / Basım Dili: Türkçe
Publisher / Yayınevi: İnkilap Kitabevi
Publication Date / Basım Tarihi: 1987
Page Nr. / Sayfa Sayısı: 160

M. İskender TARGAÇ

This study was an attempt to investigate the effect of both direct focused and recast written corrective feedback (WCF) on
grammatical accuracy of EFL learners' writing. The study also sought to examine whether the effect of direct focused or recast
WCF was retained over time. For this, 90 low-intermediate female students were selected through Preliminary English Test
(PET) and randomly assigned into three groups: two experimental groups (direct focused and recast) and one control group. The
study had a quasi-experimental design with pre-tests, immediate post-tests and delayed post-tests. Group A received direct
focused written corrective feedback, group B received recast written corrective feedback and the control group C received no
feedback. The statistical analysis indicated that, both experimental groups performed better than the control group and the second
experimental group (i.e., the recast group) outperformed the direct focused group. In addition, the lasting effect of recast was
more than the lasting effect of direct focused on the grammatical accuracy of EFL learners’ writing.