Sociology of Smoking

Why the Men Smoke? Introductions As part of the requirement for the studies in the course of health issues; I was tasked with the topic to investigate the different areas in health issues. This task involved investigating the reasons as to why men smoke in the UAE. The purpose of this research is to describe my research procedure and present the findings after a data collection exercise. Methods Interviews This research was conducted using a set of five questions conducted through an interview process. People of both genders were selected to provide responses for the stated interview questions. The results were computed and results findings made and inferences stated and recommendations given. The purpose of the interview was to collect their opinion on the reasons why men smoke.

The unconscious mind tends to disregard negations in its processing of semantic meaning. Therefore, messages containing negated concepts can ironically prime mental representations and evaluations that are opposite to those intended. We hypothesized that the subtle presentation of a negated concept (e.g., “no smoking”) would activate ironic motivational orientations as well. We tested this hypothesis in a public health context. Smokers viewed photographs in which no-smoking signs were either inconspicuously embedded (prime) or edited out (control). Primed smokers showed amplified automatic approach tendencies toward smoking-related stimuli, but not toward smoking-unrelated stimuli. Since passive priming effects generally serve to facilitate forms of action, not inhibit them, anti-smoking and other public health campaigns may ironically increase the very behaviors they seek to reduce.

The use of tobacco as cigarettes has taken a form of epidemic. Unless it is not managed properly and in time it may become an uncontrollable behavior leading to long term health and social problem. This paper is based on a survey that was intended to explore the smoking habits of university students residing in hostels, their perception towards it, factors associated with it and their implications. The study was conducted using a questionnaire based survey among 200 students, who were in the habit of smoking, belonging to different classes and residing in the hostels of a residential central University of North India. It was found that smokers were mainly from urban background. More than a quarter of the smokers spent more than 600 rupees per month on smoking only. The most important reasons given by students for smoking behavior was peer pressure followed by tension. Most of them had started smoking between 14-17 years of age, followed by 17- 21 yrs. age group. The number of cigare...

This study investigates on-going changes in the attitudes towards cigarette
smoking. It examines changes in the attitudes of both students and employees for
tow periods of time 1991 and 1995. It consists of 417 males (54.58%) and 347
females (45%). A total of 35% of the sample are smokers. It is made up of more
than half males (59%) and (9%) of them females. Findings show a significant
increase in opposing cigarette smoking for males and female in 1995 compared to
1991.
Significant differences were found in the attitude towards cigarette smoking
attributed to time lag, smoking status, sex, and job (F= 7.713,81.892, 25.017,
34.399; P=.005, .0001,.0001, .0001 respectively).
Moreover, significant changes in the process of labeling deviance categories
over time (1991 vs. 1995) are obvious. Smokers have accepted negative social
labels attached to their smoking behavior. There is an increase in the amount of
this acceptance over the time. Non-smokers are tougher on labeling smokers.
Significant changes has occurred in defining and redefining cigarette smoking as
deviant behavior.

Tutkielmassa ajoitetaan kuva-aiheiden perusteella vuoden 2013 Lahden
kauppatorin kaivauksilta löydetyt 54 piipunkoppaa tai -kopan palaa.
Aineistoon kuuluu liitu- ja posliinipiippujen lisäksi merenvaha-, punasavi ja
puupiippu sekä esine, jota on mahdollisesti käytetty piippuna. Kuva-aiheiden
avulla selvitetään myös piippujen valmistaja- ja tyyppitietoja sekä
otetaan huomioon piippulöydöt osana Lahden kylän historiaa. Valtaosa
ajoitetuista piipuista sijoittuu 1700- ja 1800-luvuille ja suurin osa niistä on
ruotsalaista tai mahdollisesti jopa kotimaista alkuperää. Tarkastellut
mahdollisesti saksalaisvalmisteiset posliinipiiput ajoittuvat 1800- ja 1900-
lukujen alkupuolien välille. Ajoituksien tarkkuuteen vaikuttavat
piipunkoppien kunto sekä tutkimuskirjallisuuden kattavuus, mikä näkyy
etenkin harvemmin esiintyvistä materiaaleista valmistettujen piippujen sekä
aiempien typologioiden ulkopuolelle jääneiden piippujen ajoituksien
väljyydessä.

Smoking Habits in Constantinople during the 19th century:
Evidence from the Greek “City Mystery” Novel

In our study we examine the image of tobacco and smoking, as depicted
in eight Greek novels in the form of "Apocrypha" (City Mysteries),
which were published in Constantinople during 1855-1897. Within the
context of the realistic portrayal of the Greek Orthodox community of
Constantinople, numerous versions of the enjoyable habit of smoking,
which is still popular with the oriental society of the Ottoman capital,
are recorded. Each type of smoking doesn’t account for the whole social
pyramid; on the contrary, it reveals the social class of each smoker. Heavy smokers are male novel characters who come from different social classes whereas women, who are socially excluded and of loose morals, smoke rarely.

Background and aims
The rapid increase in use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has created an international policy dilemma concerning how to use these products. This study assesses the types of beliefs that e-cigarette users in the UK may hold concerning regulation.
Design
Qualitative thematic analysis of written answers to open-ended questions.
Setting
UK, questionnaire conducted by post, 44% recruited from online forums/56% non-online.
Participants
Fifty-five UK vapers, 55% male, mean age 46, 84% sole users of e-cigarettes, 95% vaping daily.
Measurements
Open-ended questions on regulatory and policy options.
Findings
‘Protecting youth’ was seen as a fundamental regulatory requirement which should be achieved through childproofing, age limits, no advertising aimed at children and health warnings about addictiveness of nicotine, but not the restriction of flavours. There was little support for regulating e-cigarettes as medicines or limiting the strength of nicotine liquids. In terms of public use, participants argued against a blanket ban on public vaping given perceptions of a lack of scientific evidence of harm. However, they supported the principle of autonomy, that individuals and organizations have the right to restrict vaping. Some participants suggested banning vaping in places such as schools, hospitals or around food, in line with current smoking norms. Vapers’ regulatory positions were accompanied by political concerns about the use (and misuse) of scientific evidence.
Conclusions
With regard to regulation of e-cigarettes, issues that are salient to UK vapers may include the need for youth protection, regulation as medicines, strength of e-liquids, bans on public vaping and concerns about the misuse of scientific evidence.

Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to identify and differentiate socially shared accounts of e-cigarette use (vaping) using Q-methodology, combining factor analysis with qualitative comments.
Methods: Seventy statements on e-cigarettes, drawn from media, academic and online discussions, were sorted by participants along a continuum of agreement/disagreement, commenting on strongly ranked items. Each participant thus created their own ‘account’ of their vaping. A by-person correlation matrix of the sorts was conducted, then factor analysed, to identify similar accounts (p<0.01). Fifty-five UK vapers participated by post, 55% male, mean age of 46, 84% only vaping/16% vaping and smoking, 95% vaping daily.
Results: Three accounts of e-cigarettes were identified. The first two were associated with having quit smoking; the third with ongoing tobacco smoking and vaping. In Factor One, ‘Vaping as Pleasure’, vaping was characterized as enjoyable, with long-term use envisaged and a medical model of vaping rejected. Factor One participants also held a strong vaping identity and were politically motivated to maintain the rights of adults to vape. In Factor Two, ‘Vaping as Medical Treatment’, vaping was understood as a pragmatic choice about how to medicate one’s smoking addiction, with the aim being to treat and ultimately reduce nicotine dependence. In Factor Three, ‘Ambivalent E-Cigarette Use’, participants reported fewer benefits and harboured more negative beliefs about e-cigarettes; they also strongly rejected a vaper identity, having no interest in online forums or being labelled a ‘vaper’ themselves.
Conclusion: The UK e-cigarette users in this sample were not a homogeneous group; differing in their beliefs, motivations for use, identity and political interest. In particular they diverged on whether they accepted a medicalized account of vaping and identified as a vaper. Public health messages targeted to one group of e-cigarette users may not resonate with others.

Tobacco is a plant product derived from a variety of plants belonging to the genus Nicotiana. The alkaloid nicotine present in the plant leafs is a stimulant and has an addictive effect. The tobacco plants have been historically grown and used for recreational purposes by the American local population. The dried tobacco leaves are consumed as chewing tobacco, snuff, and smoked in a variety of dispensations. Tobacco use (TU) has an adverse effect on various body systems and is a determinant for different diseases ranging from cancers to atherosclerosis. TU is a modifiable environmental risk factor for various diseases. Hence, with public health education and behavior modification, its burden can be reduced in a given society. Thus, the understanding of the incidence and prevalence of its use is necessary. This review attempts to sum up the significance and determinants of TU.

The implementation of the smoking ban in Ireland has been championed as one of the major achievements of public health policy. Studies on the smoking ban have predominantly been undertaken from a public health perspective and have pointed out the associated health benefits of the ban, especially in terms of the reduction of secondhand smoking. While the rationale for the smoking ban was founded on health and medical reasons, this paper contends that going beyond health concerns, a collective process which drew upon notions of progress, purity and order was central to the introduction and successful implementation of the smoking ban. The relevance of discourses around the ''civilized self'' in tobacco control is also discussed in the context of recent debates over the use and regulation of electronic cigarettes in public spaces.

This research assesses global, national, and regional smoking mortality, morbidity, and aetiologies in all 195 countries, by specifically identifying.
• The study designs.
• The validity
• Reliability
• Representativeness
• The comprehensiveness
• Does it understand people's interpretations?
• Whether it varies within the association & cause-and-effect relation.

English Summary: Thirty years ago, a German team of scientists let the world think over the tremendous consequences of cutting-edge research findings related to the presence of substances such as cocaine, nicotine and cannabis in Pre-Columbian mummies. The first outcome was the rebuttal of the official universal history of tobacco supposed to have begun in the Old World in the wake of Columbus’ discovery of the Americas. Most recent findings confirm the presence of nicotine without totally discarding the possibility of environmental tobacco contamination, not to mention, at a more or less remote date, the use of the latter as a preservation insecticide. Nevertheless and as a whole, the results reviewed in this article, further to being contextualised with anthropological discoveries related to “exotic” forms of smoking such as the mysterious hookah (narghile, shisha) and the “dissenting” though cogent views on tobacco history, elicit an unexpected turn to the debate. For instance, leaving aside the question of actual linguistic convergences between both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, a variety of forest tobacco of the Nicotiana rustica species (vs. Nicotiana tabacum, that of the New World) was widely known in Africa long before Columbus’ discovery. The mysterious origin of the water pipe (so different by its shape and smoking techniques) also represents an extra argument supporting early transoceanic (Africa/America) Pre-Columbian contacts. Anthropological research led by separate teams from the USA, South Africa, and Tunisia, unfailingly agree on this point.

Résumé en français: Il y a 30 ans, une équipe de recherche allemande eut la surprise de trouver des substances telles que la cocaïne, la nicotine et le cannabis dans des momies précolombiennes. Ces découvertes suscitèrent de nombreuses remises en question de l’histoire universelle officielle du tabac censée avoir commencé dans l’Ancien Monde après la découverte des Amériques par Christophe Colomb. Des analyses plus récentes confirment la présence de nicotine sans que soit exclue la possibilité d’une contamination environnementale par la fumée du tabac, voire de l’usage de ce dernier comme insecticide à des fins de préservation, à une date plus ou moins lointaine. Toutefois, pris dans leur ensemble, les résultats des diverses recherches passées ici en revue et une fois mises en contexte avec des découvertes anthropologiques relatives à des formes “exotiques” de tabagisme comme le mystérieux narguilé (houka, shisha/chicha), puis couplées à la prise en compte des voix de chercheurs s’opposant à l’histoire officielle du tabac, permettent d’aboutir à des conclusions iconoclastes. Par exemple, outre les convergences linguistiques de part et d’autre de l’océan atlantique, une variété de tabac forestier de l’espèce Nicotiana rustica (par opposition à Nicotiana tabacum, celle du Nouveau Monde) était largement répandue en Afrique bien avant la découverte de Colomb. L’origine mystérieuse du narguilé (si différent par sa forme et ses techniques d’usage) constitue également un argument supplémentaire en faveur de l’hypothèse, de plus en plus plausible, de voyages précolombiens transocéaniques entre l’Afrique et les Amériques. Des recherches anthropologiques menées séparément par des chercheurs aux Etats-Unis d’Amérique, en Afrique du Sud et en Tunisie, convergent inexorablement sur ce point.

Global research on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health has shown that sexual and gender minorities have significantly higher rates of smoking than heterosexuals, using population-based surveys population-based surveys (Tang et al., 2004; Gruskin & Gordon, 2006; Gruskin et al., 2007) and meta-analysis (Ryan et al., 2001; Marshal et al., 2008; Lee, Griffin, & Melvin, 2009). This paper is the first to explore the prevalence of tobacco use among Filipino lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth using nationally representative data. Findings from the Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey (YAFS3) show that young lesbian and bisexual Filipina women had higher rates of ever-trying tobacco, had higher prevalence of current smoking, and smoked more cigarette sticks per day, compared to heterosexual women. While sexual orientation did not appear to be associated with smoking among men across three measures of tobacco use, Filipino gay and bisexual youth had the highest cigarette smoking prevalence of all four subgroups. The value of a gender x sexual orientation intersectional analysis of health risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking, as well as possible implications for tobacco use intervention, is discussed.

This critical analysis examines the human resource (HR) policy of no-nicotine hiring at a healthcare organization in the United States. The paper begins with a history of tobacco use and the smoking trends in the U.S. The social acceptance of tobacco use declined once the harmful effects of the product were scientifically proven. The paper discusses the attempts of workplaces, specifically that of a U.S. healthcare organization, to reduce nicotine use among employees. The organization’s policy of a smoking ban is explained, as well as the later policy of refusal to hire a candidate who tests positive for nicotine. Employee reactions to the policies are shared.

We study smoking-cessation apps in order to formulate a framework for ethical evaluation, analyzing apps as 'medium', 'market', and 'genre'. We center on the value of user autonomy through truthfulness and self-understanding. Smoking-cessation apps usually communicate in an anonymous 'app voice', with little presence of professional or other identified voices. Because of the fast-and-frugal communication, truthfulness is problematic. Messages in the 'quantification' modules may be read as deceitfully accurate. The app voice frames smoking as a useless, damaging habit indicative of weakness of will, in a 'cold-turkey' frame of individual mind-over-body heroism. Thus apps contribute to a stigmatization of smokers and culpabilization of relapses. The potential to support user autonomy through diverse meaningful voices and personalized communication remains yet unused.

Smoking is the most ubiquitous habit in the world population acquired in a societal and cultural setting. The study is conducted to overview the history of smoking in the light of Anthropology discipline and to identify the factors which are responsible for the prevalent habit of smoking among youngsters. The targeted population was the youngsters of Rawalpindi City, the sample of 132 respondents was drawn by using purposive sampling technique and the tool of study was a structured questionnaire. The study was a blend of qualitative and quantitative research techniques.The result reveals that smoking is one of the most prevent habit among youngsters. The most dominant factors which influence smoking habit are peer group influences(91.7%), parental smoking (59.1%), anxiety and depression(61.4%),failure in love(60.6%) and status symbol(74.2%). All these factors contributed to affect the health of young adults who are abundant with energies but wasted by smoking.

Despite the growing problem of cigarette use, we still do not have accurate information on the prevalence and pattern in Nigerian adolescents. This study evaluated the smoking habits and associated contextual correlates among pharmacy students in a tertiary institution in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross sectional research was conducted involving 210 students and utilizing pre-tested and validated questionnaires. Data was analyzed with SPSS. 16. Majority of respondents (66.4%) were aged 21-25 years; the male-female ratio was 1:0.9 and 99.3% were Christians. Smoking prevalence was 12.9% and more prevalent among males; age of smoking debut was 16-20yrs; (46.1%); majority (83.3%) smoked 1-5 sticks of cigarette per day; 16.7% and 33.3% respectively of males and females quitted smoking at the time of the study. Reasons given for quitting included knowledge of health hazard (100%), to set a new example (83.3%) and as a result of advice from relations and friends (50%); the stud...

The Dutch Hermit: The melancholy pose in Dutch art of the 16th and 17th Century

This article focuses on one of the main representations of melancholy in Dutch art: the posture in which the head is supported by an arm. This typical attitude (thinker’s or penseroso pose), has been explicitly associated with melancholy since the publication of Dürer's print Melencolia I. (1514). Religious meanings can be attached to depictions of scholars and students in this position, because the pose itself goes back on religious examples, such as Christ as Man of Sorrows, hermit saints and Job on the Dunghill. Religious connotations are also strewn throughout the captions of melancholy prints and within the symbolism of paintings depicting melancholic students, such as those by De Heem, "Codde" and Sweerts. These paintings especially allude to the sitter’s own moral accountability.

Background Google trends data is widely used to monitor public interest. How far the public interest in Indonesia towards smoking. The enactment of government regulations related to control addictive substances for tobacco products issued in 2012 is likely to influence changes in public interests. Objective This study aims to analyze changes of public interest in quitting smoking and cigarettes from 2012 to 2019 in Indonesia using the Google Trends. Methods This study uses google trends data to see public interest in using two key words, stop smoking and cigarettes. The behavior of people in writing search keywords on Google has been recorded and collected by Google. Data is presented in the form of relative search volume (RSV) in the range of values 0-100. The value 0 is the lowest search volume and 100 is the highest search volume. The data will be visually analyzed between 2012 and 2019. Results In Indonesia there is a trend of increasing public interest in cigarettes but there is no increase in stop smoking in 2012-2019. There are 5 regions with the highest public interest in cigarettes in the provinces of East Java, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Central Java, Bengkulu, and Lampung. Whereas the public interest in stop smoking is highest in the provinces Jambi,

Abstrak.Peningkatan prevalensi usia pertama merokok kini tidak lagi di usia remaja, namun sudah masuk pada usia kanak-kanak. Terjadinya fenomena anak mulai merokok utamanya dikarenakan faktor lingkungan yaitu akses perilaku merokok yang memudahkan anak untuk mencoba merokok. Peneliti menggunakan faktor kontrol (control factors) dari Theory of Planned Behavior dari Icek Ajzen (2005 :107) yang merupakan aspek preditor pembentuk intensi perilaku langsung. Faktor kontrol terbagi kedalam dua aspek utama, yaitu faktor internal dan eksternal.Peneliti melakukan pengembangan faktor kontrol ini berdasarkan penelitian-penelitian terkait guna menyesuaikan dengan temuan empiris akses perilaku merokok.Subjek penelitian juga difokuskan pada anak laki-laki yang berusia 10 – 13 tahun yang duduk di kelas 4 – 6 SD sebagai batasan prevalensi tertinggi untuk melakukan inisiasi merokok terbanyak. Hasil menunjukkan faktor kontrol perilaku merokok, subjek penelitian memiliki pengetahuan atau informasi cukup dalam mengakses rokok, khususnya dalam faktor eksternal yakni situasi dan tempat untuk merokok di lingkungan rumah dan sekolah, berpengalaman dalam mengakses membeli rokok, serta cukup terpapar iklan rokok oleh media khususnya televisi sehingga anak sekolah dasar mampu membeli rokok; Kata kunci: Faktor kontrol, perilaku merokok, anak sekolah dasar

Last month we dealt with how the Underground became a smoker’s paradise. This month, we look at how it all fell apart. By 1926 around eighty per cent of carriages on the tube were smoking cars, and smokers had free reign to smoke in any part of the stations. But by 1959 there concerns from London Transport. Maybe, it was suggested, there was too much smoking accommodation... [Follow link for full post on Wordpress]

In contrast to the psychological literature on adolescent smoking, little research has investigated the social identities of adult smokers. This study aimed to identify shared ‘smoking identities’ amongst a sample of 64 British smokers from different socio-economic groups using Q-methodology. Participants were asked to sort 70 items concerning smoking and smokers according to their agreement/disagreement with them. The 64 Q-sorts were then subjected to a by-person factor analysis yielding six factors, with the first four interpretable factors being presented here. Each factor is understood to represent a distinct ‘identity position’. The first two, the ‘addicted’ smoker, and the ‘in control’ smoker, oriented around a biomedical model of smoking as an addictive health risk. The final two, the ‘no big deal’ smoker and the ‘proud’ smoker reflected alternative understandings and values. The identity positions also differed in the extent to which smoking was considered a core part of self-identity. Unpacking the ‘smoking identities’ of current smokers offers the opportunity to devise targeted health promotion.

Purpose: The focus of this paper is to examine the extent to
which a community-based sample of current cigarette
smokers believes it to be the responsibility of outside
persons and agencies to inform the public about the dangers
of smoking and/or to regulate smoking behaviors (herein
termed REGULATE). Also investigated is how
REGULATE relates to smokers’ attitudes toward cigarette
smoking and actual smoking practices, and whether
REGULATE matters when the influence of other key
variables is taken into account. Method: Questionnairebased
interviews were conducted with a community-based
sample of 485 adult current cigarette smokers recruited
from the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. Active and
passive recruiting approaches were used, along with a
targeted sampling strategy. Results: Participants were
divided in their beliefs pertaining to REGULATE. Their
beliefs were related consistently to smoking-related
attitudes but much less to actual smoking behaviors. Four
factors (greater religiosity, older age of first purchasing a
cigarette, lower levels of depression, and sexual abuse
history) were found to underlie REGULATE. Structural
equation analysis revealed that REGULATE is an
influential measure to consider when trying to understand
overall attitudes toward smoking and actual smoking
behaviors. Conclusion: REGULATE is an important
variable to consider when aiming to understand the factors
associated with how people feel about their smoking
practices, including actual cigarette use. It may be
construed as a proxy measure for locus of control; and the
implications of this are discussed.

Dit artikel richt zich op een hoofdmotief van de melancholieverbeelding in de Nederlandse kunst: de lichaamshouding waarbij het hoofd door een arm wordt ondersteund. Deze typische houding (penseroso-pose) werd sinds de publicatie van Dürers prent Melencolia I. (1514) expliciet met melancholie in verband gebracht. Aan voorstellingen met geleerden en studenten in deze houding kunnen religieuze betekenissen worden verbonden, omdat de pose als zodanig teruggaat op religieuze voorbeelden, zoals Christus als Man van Smarten, heremieten-heiligen en Job op de mestvaalt. Religieuze connotaties blijken ook uit de bijschriften en de symboliek van schilderijen van melancholische studenten door o.a. De Heem, “Codde” en Sweerts. Hierbij wordt vooral gezinspeeld op het al dan niet geven van rekenschap.

Purpose: This study aims to shed light on the phenomenon of work shifts and job stress risks. More precisely, the
perception of such risk in the context of the work shifts leads to smoking , tabacco habit affect family and health of
workers of private hospitals to be investigated. It is to find how work environment factors leads to stress on
cleanliness workers and effects on their health.Design/ Methodology /Approach : Standardized questionnaire is
circulated among participants of private hospitals to identify work effect on their health leads to smoking. The data
was gathered from 100 cleanliness workers of Private hospitals of tricity Chandigarh (Panchkula, Mohali,
Chandigarh).To analyze the relationship between variables included in the study, correlation, chi- square test statistic
were used. Practical Implication: A list of risks trigged during the work at work environment of hospitals work shifts
presented and suggestions to tackle them are suggested. Furthermore, the findings can contribute to the further
development of factors and HR policies to reduce strain. Originality/ Value: The study provides fresh insight to
relationship between activities assigned of ignored part of healthcare and the risk associated with the task while
considering job factor, health factor , social factor and organization factor as perceived by the workers . Research
Limitation –This study merely investigated the component analysis of organization factors, job factors, health factors
on job performance. The study is based on selected factors influencing health, whereas rest factors are not considered.