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    D. Nagel

    The rise in the Earth’s surface temperature on an annual basis has stimulated scientific and engineering interest in developing and implementing alternative energy sources. Besides cost, the main requirements for alternative energy... more
    The rise in the Earth’s surface temperature on an annual basis has stimulated scientific and engineering interest in developing and implementing alternative energy sources. Besides cost, the main requirements for alternative energy sources are renewability and environmental friendliness. A prominent representative that allows the production of “green” energy is the conversion of solar photons into a practical energy source. Among the existing approaches in solar energy conversion, the process of photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen extraction from water, which mimics natural photosynthesis, is promising. However, direct decomposition of water by sunlight is practically impossible since water is transparent to light waves longer than 190 nm. Therefore, applying a photoelectrochemical process using semiconductor materials and organic compounds is necessary. Semiconductor materials possessing appropriately positioned valence and conduction bands are vital constituents of photoelectrodes...
    Layered synthetic microstructures (LSM's) are useful dispersing devices for x-ray spectroscopy. They can be produced with virtually any layer spacing ( d) greater than approximately 10 Å and they have high diffraction efficiency.... more
    Layered synthetic microstructures (LSM's) are useful dispersing devices for x-ray spectroscopy. They can be produced with virtually any layer spacing ( d) greater than approximately 10 Å and they have high diffraction efficiency. Integral reflection coefficients for such structures made up of alternating layers of a transition metal and carbon are 3 to 10 times greater than values for other dispersing elements used in the moderate to long wavelength region of the x-ray spectrum. Resolving power of the LSMs is somewhat poorer than crystals at this time but is sufficient to permit significant applications.