- Armenian History, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Armenian Heraldry, Heraldry, Medieval numismatics, Medieval Sigillography, and 62 moreMedieval Cartography, History of the Crusades and the Latin East, Medieval Studies, Crusader States, Manuscripts (Medieval Studies), Armenian Studies, Armenian numismatics, Knights Templar, Historical Geography, Medieval pilgrimage, The military religious orders of the Middle Ages : the Hospitallers, the Templars, the Teutonic knights, and others, Levon I, Levon V, Smbat the Constable, Armenian Colophons, Mamluk Studies, Mamluk History, Karamanids, Rough Cilicia, Cilicia, History of Cartography, History of Cyprus, Medieval illuminated manuscripts, Armenian Miniature Painting, Crusaders and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Lusignan Cyprus, Cyprus and the East Mediterranean, Crusader Art and Architecture, Crusades and the Latin East, Cyprus Studies, Mediterranean Studies, Medieval Historiography, Crusader Archaeology, Numismatics, Coin Hoards, Medieval Economy, Medieval Mediterranean, County of Tripoli, The Principality of Antioch, County of Edessa, CRUSADER KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM, Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Old French, Old Armenian, Grabar (V-XI Century Armenian), Castle Studies, Crusaders Archaeology, Crusader Architecture, Medieval Franciscans, Chivalry (Medieval Studies), Chivalry (Chivalry), Knighthood, Medieval Knights, Chivallry and Knighthood, Mediterranean Armenia, History of the Mediterranean, Medieval Islamic and Turco-Iranian world, Mongol world empire, Seljuk, Mongol, post-Mongol, and Ottoman Anatolia (1200-1500), Comparative empire, frontier, and political culture, Persian and Ottoman Turkish historical writing, Hebrew Language, and Archaic Greek historyedit
- PhD in History from the Paul Valéry University of Montpellieredit
Research Interests: Armenian Studies, Armenian History, Cilicia, Armenian manuscripts, Armenian architecture, and 15 moreHistory of Armenia, Medieval Armenian History, Cilician Archaeology, Armenian Colophons, Cilician Armenia, Armenian art and culture, The Fortifications of Armenian kingdom of Cilicia, Armenian Medieval Architecture, Medieval Armenian Art, Mediterranean Armenia, Cilician Armenian monasteries, Armenian fortresses, Cilician toponymy, Historical Geography of Cilicia, and Armenian monasteries
Research Interests: Military Architecture, Armenian History, Medieval Architecture, Medieval church architecture, Ecclesiastical Architecture, and 12 moreWestern Rough Cilicia, History of Armenia, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Archaeology of CIlicia, Armenian Religion, Cilician Armenia, Mediterranean Armenia, History of Armenian Church, Cilician Armenian monasteries, Armenian Monasticism, Historical Geography of Cilicia, and Armenian monasteries
Research Interests: Armenian Studies, Genealogy, History of Crusades, Armenian History, Crusades and the Latin East, and 11 moreCrusader States, Crusaders, Medieval Prosopography, Medieval genealogy, Armenian nobility, History of the Crusades and the Latin East, European nobility, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Crusaders and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, County of Edessa, and Mediterranean Armenia
Thèse soutenue le 11 décembre 2021 au seine du Centre d'études médiévales de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3
Research Interests: Historical Geography, Armenian Studies, Byzantine Studies, Byzantine History, Armenian History, and 13 moreCrusader States, Historical Geography of Byzantium, Medieval Armenian History, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Crusaders and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Ottoman Empire and the Armenians, Isauria, Castellology, Armenia and the West, Byzantium and Armenia, Cilician Armenia, Byzantine and Armenian Relations, and Cilician Armenian monasteries
Research Interests: Cilicia, Pamphylia, Michael VIII Palaeoglogus-The diplomacy (1258-1282), Armenian nobility, Byzantine-Armenian relations, and 11 moreIsauria and Cilcia, Michael VIII Palaiologos, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Smbat the Constable, Isauria, Vaspurakan, Cilician Armenia, Mediterranean Armenia, Lewon II king of Armenia, Chalcedonian Armenians, and Arcruni
The Syrian Contribution to State Building, Power and Diplomacy in Mediterranean Armenia. -- International Conference "Connected Revivals? Transregional Perspectives on the Syrian, Copto-Arabic and Armenian Cultural Renaissances (11th-14th centuries)". - Austrian Academy of Sciences, June 6-8, 2024.more
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The Byzantium’s policy in the East at the 9th-11th centuries and the Seljuk invasions resulted in migrations of nobility, unprecedented in scale and character, from Armenia and certain provinces of Georgia to Anatolia and other parts of... more
The Byzantium’s policy in the East at the 9th-11th centuries and the Seljuk invasions resulted in migrations of nobility, unprecedented in scale and character, from Armenia and certain provinces of Georgia to Anatolia and other parts of the Byzantine Empire. Peaking between 1020s et 1070s, these processes had involved at their final stage three Armenian kings and many highest-ranking ishkhans (princes) with their subjects, regiments and hierarchical structures. Most of the displaced persons and families had experienced two or more displacements within the Middle Euphrates region, Cappadocia, etc. At the end of 11th and in 12th century some of them have found a harbour in Cilicia or Isauria.
The proposed study considers the transfer of Armenian nobles to the West in the context of transformations in their identity. The new sources and innovative approaches used provide us an opportunity to trace the changes in confessional affiliation, language traditions, matrimonial environment, ethnic self-identification and political loyalty experienced during the above-mentioned migration processes and the “acquisition of a new homeland” by the representatives of the Houses of Arcruni, the Likandeankʽ, the Bazuneancʽ, by the alleged ancestors and descendants of Gabriel of Melitene, by certain “Chalcedonian” families related to the Ṙubenians and the Hetʽumians, two most powerful dynasties in Cilician Armenia.
Our paper also examines the factors contributed to the aforementioned changes which to a certain extent can be characterized as the transformation of an Armenian noble into a Hoyn or a Hoṙom (verbatim “Greek”, in the sense of the word, “Armenian Chalcedonian”), with the subsequent implantation of the descendants of the latter into the elite of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and Isauria.
The proposed study considers the transfer of Armenian nobles to the West in the context of transformations in their identity. The new sources and innovative approaches used provide us an opportunity to trace the changes in confessional affiliation, language traditions, matrimonial environment, ethnic self-identification and political loyalty experienced during the above-mentioned migration processes and the “acquisition of a new homeland” by the representatives of the Houses of Arcruni, the Likandeankʽ, the Bazuneancʽ, by the alleged ancestors and descendants of Gabriel of Melitene, by certain “Chalcedonian” families related to the Ṙubenians and the Hetʽumians, two most powerful dynasties in Cilician Armenia.
Our paper also examines the factors contributed to the aforementioned changes which to a certain extent can be characterized as the transformation of an Armenian noble into a Hoyn or a Hoṙom (verbatim “Greek”, in the sense of the word, “Armenian Chalcedonian”), with the subsequent implantation of the descendants of the latter into the elite of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and Isauria.
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Research Interests: Historical Geography, Cilicia, Byzantine-Armenian relations, Isauria and Cilcia, Rough Cilicia, and 10 moreArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Crusaders and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Isauria, Armenian Castles, Cilician Armenia, Cilician Armenian monasteries, Armenian fortresses, Cilician Studies, Cilician toponymy, and Historical Geography of Cilicia
L'héraldique du royaume d'Arménie selon les sources européennes et arméniennes des XIII-XVI siècles. - Journée d'études sur l'art et l'archéologie de l'Arménie et de la Géorgie médiévales, Laboratoire d'archéologie médiévale et moderne en Méditerranée, Aix Marseille Université, 15 novembre 2018.more
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In recent years, twelve Armenian inscriptions and fragments of inscriptions were found in Cilicia. Before this, the epigraphic heritage from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia encompassed only about twenty Armenian, Old French and Latin... more
In recent years, twelve Armenian inscriptions and fragments of inscriptions were found in Cilicia. Before this, the epigraphic heritage from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia encompassed only about twenty Armenian, Old French and Latin texts. My paper presents a study of the inscriptions discovered in 2016–2017 among the church ruins in the village of Maksutoluğu (northeastern Cilicia) and in so-called Dağlı Kalesi (western Cilicia), as well as a review of other epigraphic pieces found recently in other parts of Cilicia.
I will also make a presentation of the ecclesiastical edifice situated in the village of Kıbrıslar (northern Cilicia). Earlier, I had identified this medieval site with the holy cloister of Drazark, burial place of the kings and queens of Armenia, other members of the Armenian princely and royal house, as well as of catholicoi. Further study, in which Prof. Patrick Donabédian (Head of the Laboratory of the Mediterranean Medieval and Modern Archeology, Aix-Marseille University) and Jirair Christianian (Independent Researcher) are taking part, revealed that some architectural elements of the structure resemble those of Eastern Armenian memorial churches dated within the first half of fourteenth century (Surb Astuacacin / Eghvard; “Burt‘elashen” Surb Astuacacin / Noravank‘; Surb Minas / Kaputan). This part of the paper includes the first presentation of a hidden medieval cave complex located near Kıbrıslar-Drazark.
By the end of the presentation, the audience will have information about contributions of these recent discoveries to various issues of Armenian studies and about perspectives for further research in this field.
I will also make a presentation of the ecclesiastical edifice situated in the village of Kıbrıslar (northern Cilicia). Earlier, I had identified this medieval site with the holy cloister of Drazark, burial place of the kings and queens of Armenia, other members of the Armenian princely and royal house, as well as of catholicoi. Further study, in which Prof. Patrick Donabédian (Head of the Laboratory of the Mediterranean Medieval and Modern Archeology, Aix-Marseille University) and Jirair Christianian (Independent Researcher) are taking part, revealed that some architectural elements of the structure resemble those of Eastern Armenian memorial churches dated within the first half of fourteenth century (Surb Astuacacin / Eghvard; “Burt‘elashen” Surb Astuacacin / Noravank‘; Surb Minas / Kaputan). This part of the paper includes the first presentation of a hidden medieval cave complex located near Kıbrıslar-Drazark.
By the end of the presentation, the audience will have information about contributions of these recent discoveries to various issues of Armenian studies and about perspectives for further research in this field.
Research Interests: Armenian Studies, Armenian History, Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian Epigraphy and Paleography, Armenian Church Architecture, and 8 moreKhachkars, Armenian architecture, Medieval Armenian History, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Crusaders and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Armenian Cilicia, Cilician Armenia, and Cilician Armenian monasteries
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Research Interests: Cilicia, Isauria and Cilcia, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Coronation List of the Chronicle Attributed to Smbat the Constable, Levon I, and 7 moreChronicle Attributed to Smbat the Constable, Crusaders and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Isauria, Élites chrétiennes et forms du pouvoir en Méditerranée centrale et oriéntale, Elizabeth (Zabel), Queen of Armenia, Siratan, regent for Elizabeth, Queen of Armenia, and The Land of Siratan
Samvel Grigoryan Independent historian, Moscow, T‘agawor, Korol‘ or Czar: The Impact of Soviet-Western Relations on the Historiography of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia The Cold War had its negative effect not only on the political... more
Samvel Grigoryan
Independent historian, Moscow,
T‘agawor, Korol‘ or Czar: The Impact of Soviet-Western Relations
on the Historiography of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
The Cold War had its negative effect not only on the political prospects of Armenian people, now divided by the Iron Curtain, but also on historical studies in the USSR, including the study of the history of the Armenian medieval kingdom of Cilicia in the 11th-14th centuries. This paper examines why this effect occurred, how it developed and what distortions and other negative consequences it brought to. Narrating the genesis of Cilician Armenia, Prof. Sirarpie Der-Nersessian wrote: “For the first time in their history, the Armenians became masters of the country which had an outlet to the sea and direct communication with the peoples of the West.” The close and immediate contacts with the Franks of the Latin East and other Western Europeans favored the development of the Armenian kingdom along the Western-European model. To some extent, it was a “westernized” Armenian state, a European Armenia. That is why the historiography of Cilician Armenia came into collision with Soviet Cold War-era ideology, a major component of which was anti-Western propaganda. Before WWII and even by the beginning of the Cold War, the Soviet authorities and historians were mainly oblivious to the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. However, the end of this “period of oblivion” would signify the beginning of the writing of the history of this kingdom “in light of Soviet propaganda”. This change in approach of the Soviet authorities towards the historiography of Cilician Armenia occurred in 1940s due to three objectives: (a) to gain the sentiments of the Armenian public, including the sentiments of the Diasporan Armenians, during World War II; (b) to use the “Armenian factor” in Soviet relations with Turkey; and (c) to ensure the ideological backing of the Diaspora Armenians for the repatriation campaign which began in 1946.
Independent historian, Moscow,
T‘agawor, Korol‘ or Czar: The Impact of Soviet-Western Relations
on the Historiography of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
The Cold War had its negative effect not only on the political prospects of Armenian people, now divided by the Iron Curtain, but also on historical studies in the USSR, including the study of the history of the Armenian medieval kingdom of Cilicia in the 11th-14th centuries. This paper examines why this effect occurred, how it developed and what distortions and other negative consequences it brought to. Narrating the genesis of Cilician Armenia, Prof. Sirarpie Der-Nersessian wrote: “For the first time in their history, the Armenians became masters of the country which had an outlet to the sea and direct communication with the peoples of the West.” The close and immediate contacts with the Franks of the Latin East and other Western Europeans favored the development of the Armenian kingdom along the Western-European model. To some extent, it was a “westernized” Armenian state, a European Armenia. That is why the historiography of Cilician Armenia came into collision with Soviet Cold War-era ideology, a major component of which was anti-Western propaganda. Before WWII and even by the beginning of the Cold War, the Soviet authorities and historians were mainly oblivious to the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. However, the end of this “period of oblivion” would signify the beginning of the writing of the history of this kingdom “in light of Soviet propaganda”. This change in approach of the Soviet authorities towards the historiography of Cilician Armenia occurred in 1940s due to three objectives: (a) to gain the sentiments of the Armenian public, including the sentiments of the Diasporan Armenians, during World War II; (b) to use the “Armenian factor” in Soviet relations with Turkey; and (c) to ensure the ideological backing of the Diaspora Armenians for the repatriation campaign which began in 1946.
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Research Interests:
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The first study on the exact location of the Royal Monastery of Drazark.
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Cet article contient notre rapport préliminaire sur les inscriptions trouvées dans les ruines d’un couvent arménien situé dans le village de Maksutoluğu (arrondissement rural de Değirmendere-Kadirli). Un roi Lewon et un certain paron... more
Cet article contient notre rapport préliminaire sur les inscriptions trouvées dans les ruines d’un couvent arménien situé dans le village de Maksutoluğu (arrondissement rural de Değirmendere-Kadirli). Un roi Lewon et un certain paron Vasak, mentionnés dans l’une de ces inscriptions, sont probablement le roi Lewon II (1271-89) et son oncle paternel išxanacՙ išxan Vasak « Arkՙaełbayr », seigneur de Čanči. Nous avons aussi présenté les arguments en faveur de la localisation exacte du château de Čanči et de son identification avec Fındıklıkoyak kalesi.
Research Interests: Armenian Studies, Cilicia, Armenian Epigraphy and Paleography, Armenology, Medieval Architecture, Archaeology and Art, Armenian medieval art, and 14 moreMedieval Armenian History, Cilician Kingdom of Armenia, Armenian manuscripts and miniatures, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Crusaders and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Cilician Archaeology, Armenian Cilicia, Armenian Religion, Armenian Castles, Cilician Armenia, The Fortifications of Armenian kingdom of Cilicia, Cilician Armenian monasteries, Armenian fortresses, and Levon II
The lineage of Adam (Siratan), regent for Zapēl, Queen of Armenia, in M.-A. Chevalier, I. Ortega (dir.), Élites chrétiennes et formes du pouvoir en Méditerranée centrale et orientale (XIIIe-XVe siècle), Editions Classiques Garnier, Paris 2017, p. 221-250 (Abstract and Table of contents, in Engl).more
RÉSUMÉ – Cet article traite des origines et du domaine de la famille d’Adam de Gaston (Siratan), sénéchal et bailli d’Arménie, le plus puissant vassal du roi Lewon I et régent de sa fille, la reine Zapēl. Il s’agit de comprendre plus... more
RÉSUMÉ – Cet article traite des origines et du domaine de la famille d’Adam de Gaston (Siratan), sénéchal et bailli d’Arménie, le plus puissant vassal du roi Lewon I et régent de sa fille, la reine Zapēl. Il s’agit de comprendre plus particulièrement comment Adam est arrivé à cette position et a obtenu la confiance royale. Cette étude livre des éléments
et des arguments éclairant sa proche parenté avec la maison royale.
ABSTRACT – This paper deals with the family origin and domain of Adam de Gaston (Siratan), seneschal and bailli of Armenia, the most powerful vassal of King Lewon and the regent for King's daughter, Queen Zapēl. In particular, it answers a question, to what did Adam owed his position and the degree of kingly trust he accrued. The study reveals evidences and arguments pointing to his close kinship with the Royal House.
et des arguments éclairant sa proche parenté avec la maison royale.
ABSTRACT – This paper deals with the family origin and domain of Adam de Gaston (Siratan), seneschal and bailli of Armenia, the most powerful vassal of King Lewon and the regent for King's daughter, Queen Zapēl. In particular, it answers a question, to what did Adam owed his position and the degree of kingly trust he accrued. The study reveals evidences and arguments pointing to his close kinship with the Royal House.
Research Interests: Armenian Studies, Crusades, Mediterranean Studies, Mediterranean, History of Crusades, and 17 moreHistory of the Mediterranean, Isauria and Cilcia, History of Armenia, Medieval Armenian History, Cilician Kingdom of Armenia, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Coronation List of the Chronicle Attributed to Smbat the Constable, Levon I, Crusaders and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Isauria, Armenian Cilicia, Armenian Castles, Cilician Armenia, The Historiography of the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia, Chalcedonian Armenians, Armenian fortresses, and Armenian Genealogy
Our study revealed that there were two fortresses named after two Lewons in the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. The first one was built in 1272 and was named after the king Lewon II. It is mentioned as Lewonklay, Lewonberd, berd Lēōni and... more
Our study revealed that there were two fortresses named after two Lewons in the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. The first one was built in 1272 and was named after the king Lewon II. It is mentioned as Lewonklay, Lewonberd, berd Lēōni and Lamberd in primary sources. Its modern name is Maran kalesi.
The second fortress, now called Yilankale, was constructed most likely between June 19, 1320 and January 26, 1329 and was named after the king Lewon IV. The medieval authors called it Tłay Lewonin (with Klay Tłay Lewonin / the Castle of [king] Lewon the Young in mind), apparently also Tʽagaworašen.
In addition to these names, I propose to designate the fortresses by the conditional names Lewonklay I and Lewonklay II respectively, in chronological sequence.
The second fortress, now called Yilankale, was constructed most likely between June 19, 1320 and January 26, 1329 and was named after the king Lewon IV. The medieval authors called it Tłay Lewonin (with Klay Tłay Lewonin / the Castle of [king] Lewon the Young in mind), apparently also Tʽagaworašen.
In addition to these names, I propose to designate the fortresses by the conditional names Lewonklay I and Lewonklay II respectively, in chronological sequence.
Research Interests: Armenian Studies, Mamluk Studies, Mediterranean Studies, Mediterranean, Armenian History, and 21 moreHistory of the Mediterranean, Mamluk History, Cilicia, Mediterranean archaeology, History of Armenia, Cilician Kingdom of Armenia, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Yilankale, Bertrandon De La Broquière, Levon I, Crusaders and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Castellology, Castellologie, Armenian Historiograpy, Cilicie, Levonkla, Armenian Castles, Cilician Armenia, Mediterranean Armenia, Klay Lewoni, and Levon IV
It became known a few years ago that the fragment of an Armenian inscription dated 1235 or 1245 had preserved on the ruins of so called Dağli kalesi located in Western Cilicia, about 18 km north of the town of Erdemli. A certain Siramaṙ... more
It became known a few years ago that the fragment of an Armenian inscription dated 1235 or 1245 had preserved on the ruins of so called Dağli kalesi located in Western Cilicia, about 18 km north of the town of Erdemli. A certain Siramaṙ (Սիրամառ) is mentioned in the text. His name was formed by merging the Frankish title “sire” (սիր) and the original name “Amaṙi” (Armenian form of Frankish “Amaury”). The article contains also the brief overview of the toponyms of Western Cilicia mentioned in so called Coronation list of the vassals of Lewon I (1187/98 - 1219): Papeṙōn, Askuṙōs, Manaš, Berdak, Pṙakana, Siwil.
The identification of Manaš with Manaz village (present-day Beylice, about 40 km north-east of the castle of) is generally accepted by the researchers. We think that it contradicts the geographical order of the Coronation list. We identify Manaš with the ruins of Manavşa kalesi near Degirmençay village which is situated about 35 km south-west of Papeṙōn. We also give arguments in support of identification of Dağli kalesi with Berdak Castle which follows Manaš in the list.
The identification of Manaš with Manaz village (present-day Beylice, about 40 km north-east of the castle of) is generally accepted by the researchers. We think that it contradicts the geographical order of the Coronation list. We identify Manaš with the ruins of Manavşa kalesi near Degirmençay village which is situated about 35 km south-west of Papeṙōn. We also give arguments in support of identification of Dağli kalesi with Berdak Castle which follows Manaš in the list.
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The list of the vassals in attendance at the coronation ceremony of Levon I (January 6, 1198), the founder of Armenian kingdom of Cilicia, is preserved in the Chronicle attributed to Smbat the Constable. “Siruhi, prince of Simanakla” is... more
The list of the vassals in attendance at the coronation ceremony of Levon I (January 6, 1198), the founder of Armenian kingdom of Cilicia, is preserved in the Chronicle attributed to Smbat the Constable. “Siruhi, prince of Simanakla” is the only female name in the list. Based on the evidence of the Anonymous Syrian Chronicle to 1234, the author advances the opinion that Siruhi of Simanakla and the widow of Mleh Rubenian (lord of Armenian Cilicia in 1170 – 1175) is the same person.
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The list of the vassals in attendance at the coronation ceremony of Levon I (January 6, 1198), the founder of Armenian kingdom (of Cilicia), is preserved in the Chronicle attributed to Smbat the Constable. “Azharos, prince of Molovon” is... more
The list of the vassals in attendance at the coronation ceremony of Levon I (January 6, 1198), the founder of Armenian kingdom (of Cilicia), is preserved in the Chronicle attributed to Smbat the Constable. “Azharos, prince of Molovon” is one of yet unidentified persons of the list. Some researchers (Gh. Alishan, R. W. Edwards, G. Dédéyan, M. Hovhannesian, H. Hellenkemper) supposed that he was of Greek or Armenian-Chalcedonian origin. Having examined some charters of Armenian kingdom and the Principality of Antioch (of XII – XIII centuries) the author comes to different conclusion. In author’s opinion, Azaros of Molovon and Acharias de Sarmenia, Frankish baron and hereditary seneschal of Antioch, is the same person.