Military Architecture

The works carried out at the site accompanied with study of historical publications and plans focused on the recognition of defensive structures and infrastructure of fortified groups Barbariga and Punta Barbariga of Austro-Hungarian naval fortress Pula together with subsequent developments. Exploration resulted in recognition of several works and structures. The works was held under the guidance of the Department for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Croatian Ministry of Culture.

The fortresses built in the Caribbean form a heritage of remarkable cultural values which are still not internationally known. All these buildings, whether they were finished or not and regardless of their state of conservation, are defined by two inseparable characteristics: their defensive function and their value as an element of an image of the governing power. The complexity of these proposals of strategy and propaganda, have led to propose as the main objective of this work to demonstrate that each European power raised a model of management. This was possible from some theoretical paradigms that were defined through the technical transference of the urban development of the cities and the geographical development of the regions, as well as the own defense of the populations under their government. The geographical scope chosen in this work includes both the ports of the Caribbean and those of the Gulf of Mexico, including not only the majority ports administered by the Spanish government but also those of other European powers such as France, England, Holland and Denmark. The chronological frame is developed between 1689 and 1748, which allows approaching the international war impact in the area, from the Nine Years War to the Jenkins' Ear or the Seat War. The results of the work are intended not only to increase knowledge but also to transfer it in order to respond to the interest raised among international tourism and local populations, or in academic circles, dedicated to this type of heritage.

El patrimonio militar construido en el Caribe cuenta con unos notables valores culturales, todavía poco conocidos internacionalmente. Todos estos proyectos, llegaran a construirse o no e independientemente de su estado de conservación, se definen con dos características inseparables: su función defensiva y su valor como elemento de una imagen del poder gobernante. La complejidad de estas propuestas de estrategia y propaganda, han llevado a plantear como objetivo principal de este trabajo demostrar que cada potencia europea planteó un modelo de gestión. Esto fue posible a partir de unos paradigmas teóricos que se definieron mediante la trasferencia técnica el desarrollo urbano de las ciudades y el geográfico de las regiones, así como la propia defensa de las poblaciones bajo su gobierno. El ámbito geográfico elegido engloba tanto los puertos del Caribe como los del Golfo de México, incluyendo no solo los mayoritarios administrados por el gobierno español sino también los de otras potencias europeas como Francia, Inglaterra, Holanda y Dinamarca. El marco cronológico se desarrolla entre 1689 y 1748, lo que permite abordar el impacto bélico internacional en la zona, desde la Guerra de los Nueve Años hasta la de la Oreja de Jenkins o del Asiento. Con los resultados del trabajo se pretende no solo un incremento de conocimiento, sino también su transferencia para, entre otras posibilidades, dar respuesta al interés suscitado entre el turismo internacional y las poblaciones locales, o en los círculos académicos, dedicados a este tipo de patrimonio.

Pedro Luengo Gutiérrez , Pedro Cruz Freire , Ignacio J. López Hernández , Manuel Gámez Casado , Alfredo J. Morales

Series: Bibliotheca Archaeologica, 66
ISBN: 9788891319531
Paperback
Pag.: 230, 1 ill. B/N, 172 ill. Col.
Format: 21,5 x 28 cm

The article collects the modest information on the use (and possible production) of ceramic building material by the Roman army in Colchis, using it as a backdrop for presenting the exceptional richness, in quantity as much as diversity, of finds from Gonio/Apsaros. They are made even more exceptional by the signatures found on these products. The article presents documented examples of stamps on bricks, roof tiles and ceramic pipes from the fort and links them with construction project of specific Roman army units in the Cappadocia province. The results of laboratory tests conducted on samples of ceramic products and raw clay from Gonio, presented in Part 2, are an important element of the presented analysis. Based on these results, it has been possible to distinguish two reference groups for the production of which clay from near the fort was used. However, it has not been possible to indicate the specific deposits of such raw material used by the Roman army.

Livorno, in Tuscany represent the main harbor in this part of the Mediterranean coast. With the establishment of the Free Port, in 1676, the arrival of merchants was favored and the demand for warehouses, capable of accumulating goods in the port of transit, increased considerably. For this reason, the system of fortifications was strengthened towards the sea and modernized by Cosimo III. Along with the modifications of the fortifications of the city, the project of a fort at the extremity of the “Molo di Cosimo” was also entrusted to the Grand-Ducal Architect Pier Maria Baldi in 1684. General Alessandro Dal Borro chose the design model and supervised the construction of the fort, which began in 1688 at the tip of the “Molo Cosimo”. The complex could control both the interior of the port and the open sea. The main function assigned by the authorities to this fortress was to bomb ships that intended to violate the neutrality declared in 1646, becoming, in fact, a peaceful observatory that, even in moments of tension, did not fire a shot to attack. Thus, it was equipped with an extended system of tunnels to allow the safe movement of people, ammunitions and cannons in case of a battle. This war machine is now in a quite complex state of abandon with a serious loss of architectural identity, mined by fragmented architectures growth all around the fortifications and with the galleries filled with the ruins remained around after the World War II bombings. In 2017-2018 for the first time after 70 years, the Port Authority of Livorno, operated the full removal of the ruins fitted in the galleries, allowing a complete digital survey of an architecture finally brought back to have a chance or revitalization. In this paper it will be presented the products of this research, showing the accurate and unedited representation of this long-lost fortress.

Starting in August 1917, a large submarine shelter was erected in the German-occupied port of Bruges. Its construction completed a transition from mixed steel-and-timber shelters to all-concrete bunkers in this area. The new 'Gruppenunterstände' prefigured many of the typological, technological and logistic key features of the iconic submarine pens from World War II, when lessons learnt from the Bruges prototype were to be pushed to extremes. The case of the Bruges submarine pens exemplifies the scientifically managed construction site and hints at the underexposure of experimental military concrete technology in architectural construction history. It is argued that the conflict period, rather than forming a gap in an otherwise continuous evolution of building practice, created certain opportunities for a modern and experimental attitude towards building typology and construction.