Cappadocia

Please see the translation's home pages in English, Japanese and Turkish in the links. The .pdf file contains preview of the first pages by Can Yayınları.
Kapadokya’da Catra Patralar is the Turkish translation of the Japanese fantastic novel Tsukiyo no Chatora Patora (月夜のチャトラパトラ). It is a children’s book on Cappadocia by Etsuko Shindō, the writer of many other Japanese books on Turkey.The Turkish translation by Turkish Japanologist Esin Esen has been published from Can Cocuk Publications in 2012.
Shindō, Etsuko, Kapadokya’da Çatra Patralar, Trans. Esin Esen, Can Çocuk Publishing, Contemporary World Literature Series, 2012 (Japanese children’s book translated from Japanese,original title: Tsukiyo no Çatora Patora) ISBN 978-975-07-1553-2
Preview of first pages: https://canyayinlari.com/book_data/9789750715532.2_preview.pdf

Стамбул и Каппадокия - наиболее интересные и значимые историко-культурные туристские дестинации Турции Начать путешествие необходимо с исторической части Стамбула, которая включена в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. Шедеврами Стамбула являются храм Святой Софии, Цистерна Базилика, Голубая мечеть, дворец Топкапы и многие другие памятники истории и культуры. Надо отметить, что в Стамбуле находится один из лучших археологических музеев в мире, содержащий не только коллекции древних государств сформировавшихся на территории Турции, но и их соседей. После остановки в Стамбуле на 2-3 дня можно продолжить путешествие до Каппадокии. Туристы получат истинное наслаждение, побывав в Национальном парке Гёреме. Каппадокия находится находится в центральной части Турции, которая издавна привлекала человека. Здесь повсюду встречаются древние поселения и пещерные храмы первых христиан, а археологи находят следы присутствия людей, датируемые VIII тысячелетием до новой эры. Из земли здесь поднимаются огромные каменные «грибы», дома вырублены в гигантских каменных пирамидах. Каппадокия получила свое название в эпоху античности и переводится как «страна прекрасных лошадей». Миллионы лет назад Среднее Анатолийское плато было дном внутреннего моря покрытого ровным слоем ракушечника. 5-7 миллионов лет назад район стал местом бурной вулканической активности. Из недр извергалась магма, которая застывая, образовывала легкое пористое вещество-пемзу кислого состава или пемзовый туф. На протяжении столетий пемзовая масса заполняла все углубления рельефа на многие километры вокруг. Каждый новый слой туфа немного отличался от предыдущего как по плотности, так и по составу вулканического материала. Именно этим и объясняются четкие чередующиеся слои пород в каньонах Каппадокии. Со временем вулканическая деятельность в этом районе спала, и через несколько лет здесь стали расти крупные изолированные вулканы Эрджияс и Хасан. Эти вулканы выбрасывали уже лаву базальтового состава, она потоками стекала в долину, покрывая туфовые поля прочной коркой базальта. Окончательное формирование причудливого облика нынешей Каппадокии завершили реки и ветра, прорезав за миллионы лет многочисленные каньоны и отшлифовав гигантские слоистые туфовые конусы. Там, где пемзовый туф был пркрыт сверху базальтовой коркой, образовались каменные грибы. Ежедневно при наличии хорошей погоды, в Каппадокии в небо поднимаются десятки воздушных шаров с туристами. Полет на воздушном шаре предлагается многими туристическими компаниями, а место выбрано именно из-за невероятного ландшафта.

Cataonia which was satrap in Anatolia during the Persian sovereignty, kingdom in Hellenistic Period, an administration region of Cappadocia province in Roman and Late Roman Empire period was an important region for a long time due to the fact that It was located on trade and military routes and on a point where various administrative units are crossed. Anti-Taurus Mountains and valleys and plains in these mountains have been decisive factor for shaping the region. Primary event that increased importance of Cataonia was the fact that Ariarathes III., which is considered as founder of Kingdom of Cappadocia, annexed the region and gained title of king. Although we can find piecewise information about the region that consists of Tufanbeyli, Göksun, Afşin and Elbistan, in narrow terms ranging west to east respectively, antique authors did not mention detailed informations. However, there are lots of milestones in the region that give us information about roads in the Roman Period. Considered as the capital of Cataonia, Comana where settlements are not usually big and common had been an important religious center.

Aretaeus of Cappadocia is considered as one of the greatest medical scholars of Greco-Roman antiquity after Hippocrates. He presumably was a native or at least a citizen of Cappadocia, a Roman province in Asia Minor (Turkey), and most likely lived around the middle of the second century (AD) His eight volume treatise, written in Ionic Greek, entitled On the Causes, Symptoms and Cure of Acute and Chronic Diseases remained unknown until the middle of the 16th century when, in 1552, the first Latin edition was published. In this work, Aretaeus offered clinical descriptions of a number of diseases among which he gave classic accounts of asthma, epilepsy, pneumonia, tetanus, uterus cancer and different kinds of insanity. He differentiated nervous diseases and mental disorders and described hysteria, headaches, mania and melancholia. He also rendered the earliest clear accounts on coeliac disease, diphtheria and heart murmur, and gave diabetes its name.

The main subject of the thesis is “interpretation” and “presentation” of cultural and natural heritage sites which is an important phenomenon providing sustainability and protection of the heritage sites. Interpretation and conservation are tightly associated to each other. Individuals will learn more about the heritage site by the help of interpretation and as a result of understanding; they will have an intention to protect the historic site more; and protection will ensure continuity of the site. Interpretation and presentation of heritage sites is put into the words in Turkish Legislation by the definition of “Environmental Design Project” in `Amendment Act No. 5226 Concerning to Revision of Legislation Called as Law Concerning to Conservation of Natural and Cultural Entities` in 2004. In the legislation, it is stated that Environmental Design Projects which propose strategies for effective presentation, control visitor use, provide promotion and advertisement, solve problems emerged as a result of current use and circulation and answer the needs of historic sites by contemporary tools and methods must be prepared for each heritage site in Turkey. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to define principles for effective interpretation and presentation on the selected case according to analysis and evaluations and then propose brand new comprehensive and complementary Environmental Design Project. The case selected in the thesis for the proposition of Environmental Design Project is Göreme Open Air Museum – GOAM in Cappadocia which is Turkey’s third most visited open air museum after Ephesus in İzmir and Hierapolis in Denizli. The two main reasons for the selection of GOAM are absence of comprehensive and complementary Environmental Design Project in GOAM and insufficiency of current interpretive facilities and visitor services presented in the museum as indicated in the decisions of Nevşehir Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Entities. Focusing on the aim, thesis is structured in three parts which are interconnected to each other as the theoretical background of the interpretation and presentation in the world and in Turkish legislations, analysis and evaluation of the selected case and finally preliminary decisions and project proposal. To conclude, “Environmental Design Project” is an important tool for understanding the significance of the museum and providing easygoing and enjoyable visit for the museum visitors according to the values, problems and potentials of GOAM. In that respect, proposing environmental design project is critical in order to satisfy visitor needs during their museum visit and provide safeguarding of GOAM.

St. Gregory of Nyssa is considered one of the fundamental Cappadocian fathers, whose spirituality, philosophy and theology influenced the history of Christianity and Christian spirituality. This paper aims to understand the historical background of the "Second Theophany" of St. Gregory of Nyssa's "The Life of Moses" and its spirituality. Eventually, it will conclude with practical suggestions to show how St. Gregory's mystical approach can help one into their relationship with God or overall in their spiritual life.

Il paesaggio rupestre della Cappadocia offre una visione incredibile di un ambiente geologico ricco e unico, che ricorda, nelle forme della sua erosione, prospettive evocative e visioni architettoniche fantastiche. Un patrimonio fatto di rocce, gole, valli e promontori, arricchiti dalle passate popolazioni con un’intensa opera dedicata alla creazione di cavità atte a ospitare residenze, spazi religiosi, ambienti comuni, sistemi difensivi e anche depositi o spazi per gli scopi dell’agricoltura e dell’allevamento4. Questo vasto patrimonio rupestre è però soggetto a un lento e progressivo degrado: la natura, a poco a poco, erode la pietra. A volte questo processo è accelerato dalla presenza degli stessi vuoti creati dagli insediamenti rupestri: il crollo di una parte di roccia può portare alla luce intere sezioni di città sotterranee, il muro interno di una chiesa diventa la sua facciata, il nucleo di un picco può rivelare portali o absidi. In questa situazione complessa può risultare difficile, e non sicuro, visitare e anche solo accedere ad alcune architetture. La ricerca architettonica deve quindi occuparsi di produrre una documentazione efficace, e al tempo stesso di creare basi appropriate per permettere interventi progettuali che portino alla preservazione e, possibilmente, a un accesso adeguato alle strutture rupestri.

Acemhöyük, situated at the southern half of Anatolia, where four main roads intersect, easily communicated with the surrounding regions and beyond, through its easily accessible position.  Especially, the Acemhöyük settlers, who had established a strong trading network during the Old Assyrian Age, effectively made use of this suitable position. As a result, the increased wealth was reflected in its pottery along with many other items. In the excavations of Acemhöyük, being conducted for more than 40 years, many pottery finds have been unearthed attesting this situation, which is being discussed in this thesis titled as “Acemhöyük Pottery in the Old Assyrian Trade Age”.
In the VIth and partially in the Vth levels of the settlement, the Transition Phase from the Early Bronze into the Old Assyrian Age is observed; and in the IVth level the Early phase of the Old Assyrian Age is observed. These levels have only been investigated in a limited area and for a short period. The most remarkable period of Acemhöyük is the Late Phase of the Old Assyrian Age at the IIIrd level of the settlement. In this level, which can also be named as “The Monumental Buildings Phase”, two palace buildings and one Service Building has been unearthed so far, and in the rooms of these buildings rare and precious finds of the era have been found. In the IInd and Ist levels, the characteristic of the pottery has not changed, eventhough the same can not be told for the monumental architecture. The Lower City/Karum Area of the settlement consists of four levels and has a parallel progress with the top part of the settlement.
In the Transition Phase and the Early Phase of the Old Assyrian Age of Acemhöyük, the pottery with painted decoration inherited from the Early Bronze Age, declines significantly and leaves its space to monochrome ceramic. In this phase, the production of the wheelmade painted pottery begins and for the first time, this pottery is observed besides the hand made painted pottery. In the Late Phase of the Old Assyrian Age the bands on painted pottery get narrower. In this phase, the painted vessels reduce in number, however, the variety of the painted decorations increase. Also the area where the painted decoration is applied gets constricted, especially the upper half of the vessels are preferred for applying the decorations. In the Ist level of the settlement, the pottery with painted decoration looses its charm. The predominant pottery group of Acemhöyük in the Old Assyrian Age is monochrome pottery. Among the slipped and slip-polished  vessels red (wine red) is the most, and brown is the second most preferred color. The other major group, the buff coloured pottery reflects the color of its dough and is wet-smoothed. The Acemhöyük vessels are metallic bright, due to being well polished. Likewise, the vessel types known to be having rounded body shapes from earlier periods, take a carinated body shape in the Late Old Assyrian Age, and this confirms that these pottery vessels are an imitation of metal examples. Also, many stone vessels found in Acemhöyük are imitated. Ivory vessels are imitated as well. These vessel types, utilized with great admiration, were also depicted in seal impressions. The known vessel types of Acemhöyük and their rich derivatives appear in the IIIrd level. The Acemhöyük vessels have a flat appearance and this the most characteristic feature of the Acemhöyük Late Old Assyrian Age vessels. These vessel types, appearing in the Late Old Assyrian Age levels will be inherited to the Hittite Age.       
The most important partner of Acemhöyük has been Kültepe-Kaniş. Most of the vessel types recorded in Acemhöyük is found in Kültepe as well. It is obvious that the Kültepe finds are more diverse. The vessel types of the different levels of Kültepe exhibit distinct differences, in Acemhöyük this difference is not as obvious. Acemhöyük also had close relations with the settlements within the Halys arc, its vessel types exhibit similarities especially with the vessel types of Alişar, Boğazköy and Alaca Höyük. The northwestern limit of the Acemhöyük Old Assyrian Age pottery is Polatlı-Karahöyük. There has been a long lasting relation between Acemhöyük and Beycesultan, a settlement in the interior Agean Region. Konya-Karahöyük, situated between these two settlements exhibit a parallel layering, however differ with its vessels having a dim appearance. The eastern frame of Acemhöyük consists of the Middle Euphrates settlements. The Acemhöyük pottery is native, however it is not restricted to Anatolia. Some vessel types in Acemhöyük indicate contacts with Syria through the Amuq Plain.  Many vessel types are common with Yumuktepe and Gözlükule, situated in Cilicia. Also many vessel types found in Cyprus, Crete, Agean Islands and Greece are known in Acemhöyük, mostly they are not used earlier than in Acemhöyük.

Antikçağ’da, Anadolu’nun ortasında İris (Yeşil Irmak) ve Halys Irmağı (Kızılırmak) arasındaki geniş bölgeye Kapadokya denmekteydi. Bölgenin geniş sınırlara ulaşması özelliği, birçok etnik grubu içerisinde bulundurmasını ve geniş siyasi bir tarihe sahip olmasını sağlamaktadır. Böylesine geniş bir coğrafyaya ve renkli bir etnik nüfus yapısına sahip olan Kapadokya’nın siyasi tarihini araştırırken, Hellenistik Dönem’i temel alarak Kapadokya’da Perslerden ve daha öncesi hakkında bilgi sahip olmak üzere Romalılara kadar geçen süreci bir bütün halinde kronolojik olarak vermek hedeflenmektedir.

Özet:  Bu çalışmanın ana konusu, “Avanos Kenti” olup,  bu kentin ve kent yöresinin sosyal-kültürel ve ekonomik özelliklerini betimlemektir. Avanos, Nevşehir iline bağlı bir ilçe olup, İç Anadolu bölgesinde yer almaktadır. Ülkemizin en uzun ırmağı olan Kızılırmak’ın her iki kıyısında yer alan taraça yüzeylerinde kurulmuştur. Kapadokya olarak bilinen sahanın önemli yerleşmelerinden biridir. Kapadokya kadar tarihi eski olan Avanos, tarih içinde önemini her zaman korumuştur. Günümüzde de Avanos’ta tarımsal faaliyetler yanında en az onun kadar gelişmiş sanayi ve turizm faaliyetleri 15-20 yıl içinde Kapadokya ile birlikte Avanos’un da potansiyel kaynakları olarak değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Kentinin kendine has bir takım fonksiyonları vardır.  İlçenin turizm değerleri doğa, tarih ve kültürel değerlerdir. Avanos’ta eğitime verilen önem de giderek artmaktadır. Kapadokya kapsamında, Avanos eko–turizmi için kaçınılmaz bir fırsattır. Yörenin kültürel zenginlikleri, doğal ayrıcalıkları ve bölge insanının donanımı, gecikmiş de olsa kültür turizminin boyutunun geliştirilmesi ve bunun için alt yapının hazırlanması gerekli görülmektedir.
"A general overview of social, cultural and economic  life in Avanos and its surroundings"
Abstract:  The main topic of this research is “city of Avanos” and its surroundings describes social, cultural and economic property of the city. Avanos is a district which is linked to city of Nevsehir and located in region of Central Anatolia. It is  built on terraces which are on both riversides of Kizilirmak, the longest river of our country. It is known as Cappadocia is one of the important settlements in the region. Avanos whose history is as old as that of Cappadocia has always maintained its importance. Industrial and tourism activities which are as advanced as agricultural activities have been started to be evaluated as potential sources of Avanos along with Cappadocia in the last 15-20 years. The district has some functions unique to itself. Touristic attractions of the district are natural, historic and cultural values. Importance attached to education is also increasing. Cappadocia is a good opportunity that shold not be lost for eco-tourism of Avanos. Developing cultural treasures, natural privileges, equipment of residents of the region; albeit belated; the size of cultural tourism and preparing infrastructure for these are thougt to be crucial.

Due to its geographical location, Nevsehir is located in the junction of important roads and has a feature of a crossroad. The region which was under the rule of Tabal Kingdom had an important role in the struggles between Tabal and Assyria.
Since it was in Tabal territory, political, cultural and socio-economic effects of the kingdom were seen in Nevsehir province and its vicinity.
Tabal which was organized as a confederate structure had a very effective influence among the Late Hittite States formed by 24 kingdoms. The borders and influence areas of these kingdoms probably changed by the time. A great number of the kings of Tabal became organized as city states politically.
Kings of the region who were mentioned in Late Hittite Period inscriptions found in Nevsehir are going to be examined in the paper.

This extensive book (2 volumes, 134 pages of sources and modern bibliography, 716 pages of main text, prosopographical lists and index, 4046 references) -based on the research of my PhD thesis- examines in depth the administrative and military organization of the Anatolian / Asiatic regions of the Byzantine Empire (i.e. Eastern border and Central Asia Minor) during the 11th century AD.

Moreover, it describes in detail the political and military developments by region.

Finally, it attempts to trace and evaluate the most important causes that led to the collapse of Byzantine sovereignty in the above geographical areas after the mid. 11th century: internal political instability; overexposure of the new established Byzantine border to vast and inhomogeneous regions (Armenia, northern Mesopotamia, Cilicia, northern Syria); hostility of some of the local populations and their leadership to the local Byzantine authorities and (in general) to the imperial sovereignty and rule; Turkish military pressure across the whole imperial eastern border and the interior; difficulty in dealing with the new enemy for a variety of reasons (agility, multidimension etc.); new administrative and military organization (δουκάτα / doukates, κατεπανάτα / katepanates etc.) that had not yet fully established and properly consolidated, when if faced the deadly external threat; insufficient local leadership and fragmentation of command; personal interests and actions that led to confusion, segregation and dissolution; lack of sufficient military and economic resources; inadequate or bad diplomatic choices from the central and regional administration; decline of the old thematic system and the military organization in the interior of Asia Minor; consequent lack of defense in depth, poor regular and tactical organization, discouragement of imperial local armies and troops.

Extensive prosopographical catalogues of the political and military imperial officers, who served in the above areas during the 11th century AD, are also listed (based on the information provided primary by the known sigillographic evidence and other epigraphic material and -of course- the written sources).

[Centre for Byzantine Research. Byzantine Texts and Studies 43A-B, Thessaloniki 2007, ISBN: 978-960-7856-22-7, text in Greek language]

The horse was the most important and the most valuable animal of Byzantine society for its extensive use in daily life and in battle. Although the warhorse has received considerable attention from historians, their interest has concentrated particularly on the military aspect of the horse, at the expense of non-military subjects such as horse breeds, stables and horse management. Despite the absence of scholarly works devoted to the history of horse breeding in Byzantium, archaeological studies along with historical documents from various contexts do in fact offer rich information. Intending to serve as a departure point, the present paper combines such textual and archaeological evidence in order to investigate the nature and the significance of horse breeding in the Middle Byzantine period. Focusing on the example of Cappadocian magnates of the tenth and eleventh centuries CE, who presumably bred horses in their monumental mansions, this study ultimately intends to demonstrate how the study of horses and horse breeding can contribute to the social and economic history of the Middle Byzantine period.

Herod's appointment as Rome’s client ruler of Judaea in 40 BCE marked a step change in that territory's political, economic and cultural development, being brought from the periphery into the mainstream of the Graeco-Roman world. Josephus presents Herod (the Great) as a loyal client of Rome, ever eager to please Augustus and his deputy, Marcus Agrippa, while adopting the trappings of hellenistic monarchy. This study delves into Herod's role as a member of Rome's client network, as it existed in the last decades of the 1st century BCE, comparing and contrasting his activities in relation to two other prominent client kings, Archelaus Philopatris of Cappadocia and Juba II of Mauretania.

Note to the reader

A full English translation is provided at the end of the article.

Cet article est consacré à une église rupestre (Bezirana kilise-si), dédiée à la Théotokos, récemment redécouverte dans la vallée d'Ihlara (Cappadoce). Les peintures de la fin du XIII e ou du début du XIV e siècle, d'une qualité exceptionnelle, suggèrent que le ktètôr, dont l'identité nous échappe, était de haut rang, riche et cultivé. Elles prouvent le maintien dans la région de liens étroits avec Byzance et la mobilité des artistes, et elles fournissent un nouveau témoignage sur la diversité culturelle de l'Anatolie seldjoukide. Mots-clés: Cappadoce, peinture paléologue, Melismos, saints militaires, motifs décoratifs, inscriptions, interactions artis-tiques en Anatolie seldjoukide This article deals with a rock-cut church (Bezirana kilisesi), dedicated to the Theotokos, recently rediscovered in the Ihlara valley (Cappadocia). The paintings from the very end of the 13 th century or the beginning of the 14 th , of exceptional quality, indicate that the patron of the church, whose identity is unknown , was a high-ranking, wealthy and literate individual. They bear witness to the maintenance of close links with Byz-antium in this region, as well as to the mobility of artists, and bring new testimony on the cultural diversity of Seljuk Ana-tolia.

GÖYMEN, Nazlı Ece. Representations of Anargyroi Physician Saints on Cappadocian (Byzantine) Wall Paintings, Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2019

Iconographic study of the representations of Anargyroi physician saints, on wall paintings of Cappadocian rock-cut churches, is the subject matter of this thesis which has not been the subject of any previous monographic research in particular. 15 Cappadocian churches that include 27 Anargyroi physician saints’ depictions were defined during the two different regional surveys in the area that were conducted in 2018 and 2019. The documental material of these surveys was cataloged. The local differences were pointed out through the iconographical comparison of the representations of physician saints’ in Cappadocia to the other monumental Byzantine paintings.

In order to follow the traces of the distinctive features of the physicians on Byzantine monumental art, the occupational identity of Anargyroi saints in the Byzantine society and  medical, social, religious, cultural and political paradigm shifts that were relevant to define the main themes of the notion of medicine and its practice were thoroughly scrutinized throughout the perspective of the history of medieval medicine in addition to the history of art. With the help of the medical catalogs of the medieval surgical tools, some of the physicians’ instruments were identified with their visual depictions on the Cappadocian wall paintings.

This thesis demonstrates that the emperor Augustus (31 BC to AD 14) did encourage and instigate marriage-alliances between Roman client kings, as suggested by the sources. Analysis of the marriage-alliances formed before Augustus’ reign reveals a number of characteristics that did not apply to many of the marriage-alliances formed during Augustus’ reign and beyond. New or modified characteristics have assisted in the determination of which marriage-alliances were arranged by the emperor. Furthermore, this thesis also assesses the possible aims that compelled Augustus to arrange or encourage these marriages, how this policy complied with the emperor’s other beliefs and policies regarding marriage in general, and whether his policy was continued by his successors. Finally the repercussions and problems that arose from binding the client kings together through intermarriage are examined and the policy assessed in terms of success or failure. The study of Augustus’ policy of intermarriage between client kings also illuminates the nature and role of client kings within the framework of the principate and shed further light on their relationship with the emperor.

The Red Apple Tree: the Tree of Life
Analysis and interpretation of Greek and Turkish legends relating to the Holy Tree and its Eschatological, Messianic Role and Importance (in Greek)
First published on 27th January 2018 here: https://profmegalommatistextsingreek.wordpress.com/2018/01/27/η-κόκκινη-μηλιά-δέντρο-μυστικό-του-παρ/

Architecture, decoration and inscriptions of an unpublished rock-hewn church near Matiane (nowadays Göreme) allow a datation in the 6th c., confirmed by a decorative sculpture close to that of a church in the area, Güllü dere 3, probably from the same workshop. There are two inscriptions in the porch and two, cryptographic, on the east side of the nave-on the whole, 3 invocations to saint Sergius, which is the first known attestation of his cult in Cappadocia; the church was probably his, one more proof of the links between Cappadocia and Syria in the Early Byzantine period.

The aim of this study is the synthesis of textual evidence about
the Tabal Kingdom emerged on the Central Anatolia after the collapse of Hittite Empire. Assyrian sources used for understanding the development of the Tabal Kingdom between 850-650 BC together with local textual evidence
providing significant information about the history of Tabal.
Assyrian and local textual evidence, indicate that Tabal was one of the key elements of Central Anatolian Iron Age culture. Textual sources indicate the political relations of other Iron Age political entities like Mushki, Urartu and Assyria with Tabal Land and they also provide opportunity to understand political and administrative changes in Tabal

The imposing ruins of a Byzantine church known as Üçayak, situated in the vicinity of the city of Kırşehir in central Anatolia, on the border between the historic Byzantine provinces of Galatia and Cappadocia, exhibit several conspicuous architectural features. The church presents a combination of an ambiguous twin-church plan, a distinctive building technique, and a remarkably sophisticated exterior design comparable with those of metropolitan buildings. Together these features leave doubts about the sources of the church’s design, its original function and its patronage. In order to ponder the relationship between Üçayak‘s architecture and metropolitan and regional architectural developments, this paper deals with the church’s design and structural type within the framework of the totality of eleventh-century building activities, and examines possible function of the twin-church by comparing it with other regional Byzantine-rite churches. This study brings to the fore the extraordinary place of this church within the context of the regional construction, and establishes its close ties with eleventh-century metropolitan architecture. It also reveals the engagement of a master builder closely familiar with metropolitan practice and suggests that the building activities in the region of Bithynia may have facilitated the transmission of metropolitan architectural concepts further inland. In all probability, Üçayak‘s patron was a member of the local elite, which was customarily connected to the capital. Regarding the possible function of the twin-church of Üçayak, this article argues for the burial and commemorative functions, which often motivated the double arrangement in Cappadocian rock-cut churches.

Kapadokya, tarihöncesi çağlardan beri Anadolu’nun en önemli bölgelerinden biri olmuştur: Hattiler döneminde bu bölgede önemli ticarî ve askerî faaliyetler olduğu gibi, Asur Ticaret Koloni Çağında ve Hattiler’in mirasın üzerinde yükselen Hitit İmparatorluğu döneminde de önemini her zaman korumuştur. Bu bölge coğrafî ve Stratejik olarak her zaman değer görmüştür. Bilhassa, at yetiştiriciliği ile merkezî bir bölge olmuştur. Hitit İmparatorluğu sonrası, yerli ve göçebe halklar tarafından kurulan devletlere; Persler, Helenizm, Roma tarafından bu bölgede kurulan satraplık ve eyaletlere dikkat ettiğimizde Kapadokya bölgesinin özel konumu hemen dikkati çekmektedir. Tarihî coğrafya açısından da, nehirleri, bitki örtüsü, iklimi, toprak yapısı her zaman için devletlerin ilgisini celp etmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kapadokya, Hattiler, Hititler, Tarihî coğrafya, Persler, Helenizm, Roma

Arius of Alexandria is known for his contention, condemned at the Council of Nicea in 325 A.D., that if the Son of God is begotten by God, then there was a time when the Son was not  (ēn pote ote ouk ēn).  Opponents of Arius object to his line of reasoning by charging that if the Son came into being, then the Son is a creature; he is mutable; he is corruptible; his goodness is non-essential; and he cannot give life to humanity. These charges consistently appear in the writings of Arius’ contemporaries, the councils to follow, and the Church fathers in the centuries after the dispute.  Such consequences of Arianism likely seem less than obvious to the modern reader. However, beneath these charges is a set of metaphysical assumptions that underwrites the pro-Nicene rationale. In what follows, I will flesh out the metaphysical foundation of Eastern anti-Arian polemics and what this foundation tells us about how the Eastern fathers understand the basic metaphysical differences between God and creatures.

NOTE: The attached PDF is of the author MS not the journal proofs. However, the author has formatted the MS to ensure that its pagination coincides with the published version. The published essay can be found in Philosophy & Theology, volume 28, number 1 (2016), pages 3-42.

Located in central Anatolia, Cappadocia pre- sents a spectacular landscape created by char- acteristic geology and architectural patterns. Throughout the region an indigenous settle- ment pattern has been generated by using rock carving and masonry techniques. This article aims to identify and characterize the building system specific to this region and to analyze it through a systematic study. For this analysis more than twenty representative examples of traditional houses from Ürgüp and the nearby villages of Mustafapaşa and İbrahimpaşa have been studied in detail. System sections and details of the buildings were drawn, and inter- views were conducted with local masons who are still working in the field. Therefore, every building part is evaluated in terms of material, technique, and relationship to each other.

Festivaller, kentlerin ekonomik, turistik, kültürel ve sosyal yaşamında büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Son yıllarda İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir ve Eskişehir gibi kentlerde çağdaş sanatların çeşitli alanlarında düzenlenmeye başlanan uluslararası katılımlı festivaller sanata değişik yaklaşımları bir araya getirmesinin yanında, yerele uluslararası değerleri taşıyarak kentlerin kültürel dönüşümlerine önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Nevşehir‟in Mustafapaşa yöresinde beş yıldır düzenlenen Uluslararası Fabrikartgrup Çağdaş Sanatlar Festivali incelenecektir. Festivalin katılımcılarına ve yöre halkına etkilerini ortaya çıkarmak için festivalin organizatörleri, festivale katılan sanatçılar ve yöre halkından kişilerle görüşmelere yapılmış, festivalin olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Çağdaş Sanat, Festival, Fabrikartgrup, Fabrikartgrup Uluslararası Çağdaş Sanatlar Festivali, Kapadokya

Festivals have an important role on the economic, touristic, cultural and social life of cities. International participated festivals which are held in various spheres of contemporary art in big cities such as İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, and Eskişehir gathers various approaches to art, beside this those festivals provide important additives on cultural transformations of cities by carrying international values to local people. In this study, The International Fabrikartgrup Contemporary Arts Festival, which was being held for five years in the Mustafapaşa region of Nevşehir, is examined. To expose the additives of the festival on participant artists and local people, interviews was made with artists and local people, and positive and negative sides of the festival is introduced.

Key Words: Contemporary Art, Festival, Fabrikartgrup, Fabrikartgrup International Contemporary Arts Festival, Cappadocia