France is the third publishing country in mathematics, behind China and the United States. France is strongly specialized in mathematics. Besides, French researchers in mathematics are internationally recognized with prestigious prizes.... more
France is the third publishing country in mathematics, behind China and the United States. France is strongly specialized in mathematics. Besides, French researchers in mathematics are internationally recognized with prestigious prizes. Between 1936 and 2014, French doctorate holders were awarded 14 such prizes (Fields medal, Abel, Gauss or Wolff prizes). France is second ex aequo with Russia on this measure, behind the United States (40). Yet, bibliometric impact indicators measure a less outstanding performance. For example the French share of the 1% most cited publications, at 5.5%, is lower than its share of publications in the discipline. This paper explores this uneven performance of France when different indicators are being used. In order to do so, it compares different corpora. It first shows that French performance in mathematics is driven by its stronger results in fundamental mathematics. It then compares results in two selective corpora. It finally discusses the profile...
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1. Frederique Sachwald Emerging Multinational: the Main Issues 2. Francoise Nicolas A Case of Government-led Integration into the World Economy 3. Serge Perrin Korean Direct Investment in North America and Europe: Patterns and... more
1. Frederique Sachwald Emerging Multinational: the Main Issues 2. Francoise Nicolas A Case of Government-led Integration into the World Economy 3. Serge Perrin Korean Direct Investment in North America and Europe: Patterns and Determinants 4. Luis Miotti and Frederique Sachwald Korean Multinationals' Strategies and International Learning 5. Serge Perrin The Internationalization of Korean Electronics Firms: Domestic Rivalry and Tariff-Jumping 6. Marc Lautier The International Development of the Korean Automobile Industry 7. Kong-Rae Lee Technological Catching-up through Overseas Direct Investment: Samsung's Camera Business 8. Alice Amsden, Rene Belderbos, John Cantwell, Byungki Ha, Pierre Jacquet, Randall Jones, Bruce Kogut and Lynn Mytelka Discussion 9. Frederique Sachwald Globalization and Korea's Development Trajectory: the Roles of Domestic and Foreign Multinationals
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This work analyses some important aspects of the structural adjustment in the automobile industry. This case study aims at illustrating the following thesis: the firm being a coordinated pool of ressources, adjustment entails their... more
This work analyses some important aspects of the structural adjustment in the automobile industry. This case study aims at illustrating the following thesis: the firm being a coordinated pool of ressources, adjustment entails their adaptation and or their reorganization. Therefore adjustment can not be thoroughly analysed by staying at the sector level.
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Au-delà de comparaisons faciles entre la fin du XIXe et celle du XXe siècle, cet article s'attache à montrer combien la mondialisation économique diffère de l'internationalisation du siècle précédent, par son intensité et par sa... more
Au-delà de comparaisons faciles entre la fin du XIXe et celle du XXe siècle, cet article s'attache à montrer combien la mondialisation économique diffère de l'internationalisation du siècle précédent, par son intensité et par sa complexité. Il analyse le choc qu'a représenté pour les économies de la fin du XIXe siècle la convergence des prix et des salaires, liée à l'internationalisation, et la réponse alors apportée par les gouvernements. Comparant les mouvements de rejet suscités par les deux phénomènes, il explique pourquoi l'opposition contemporaine à la mondialisation a mis plus longtemps à se manifester et souligne le rôle fondamental du contexte institutionnel, national et international. A cet égard, les oppositions actuelles à la mondialisation placent au cœur des préoccupations d'aujourd'hui les conditions mêmes de sa gouvernance.
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D'un point de vue plus directement politique, la mondialisation signifie une recomposition géopolitique qui comporte en particulier une redéfinition des alliances, où l'appartenance à une même région géographique joue un rôle... more
D'un point de vue plus directement politique, la mondialisation signifie une recomposition géopolitique qui comporte en particulier une redéfinition des alliances, où l'appartenance à une même région géographique joue un rôle important, mais non exclusif. La mondialisation s'inscrit dans ...
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Since the late 1980s, internationalisation of R&D has been driven both by the development of global value chains (GVCs) and by the dynamics of innovation processes themselves. As a result, an increasing number of multinational companies... more
Since the late 1980s, internationalisation of R&D has been driven both by the development of global value chains (GVCs) and by the dynamics of innovation processes themselves. As a result, an increasing number of multinational companies have developed and refined global innovation networks (GINs) including the set of their R&D centres and the related networks of cooperation. As their foreign R&D locations have developed, they have become more geographically and functionally diversified. Besides, within GINs, both foreign and home R&D centres are involved in open innovation practices. The paper uses empirical results from the literature to argue that GINs are effective channels for technology transfer across borders. It studies how the different types of R&D centers are located and how cooperation with various partners is organised in order to take advantage of knowledge resources from different countries. Studies based on data from various countries have showed that multinationals’ ...
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Depuis les annees 1990, les entreprises ont accelere l'internationalisation de leurs activites d'innovation et implantent des centres de R&D dans un nombre croissant de pays, y compris emergents. Cet article souligne la... more
Depuis les annees 1990, les entreprises ont accelere l'internationalisation de leurs activites d'innovation et implantent des centres de R&D dans un nombre croissant de pays, y compris emergents. Cet article souligne la pertinence d'une caracterisation fine des activites de R&D a l'etranger pour determiner les strategies de localisation des entreprises, et donc l'attractivite des territoires. La typologie developpee dans l'article presente trois types de centres qui obeissent aux trois grands types de motivations identifiees par les observations recentes: le marche local, les capacites scientifiques et technologiques et le rapport qualite-prix des activites de R&D. Nos tests empiriques confirment l'importance de tenir compte de la diversification des activites de R&D des entreprises a l'etranger pour comprendre les determinants de leur localisation.
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2009 2 This study is made available to the public as part of a programme of work aimed at improving knowledge of firms' innovation practices, which are evolving rapidly in response to technological and business dynamics and increasing... more
2009 2 This study is made available to the public as part of a programme of work aimed at improving knowledge of firms' innovation practices, which are evolving rapidly in response to technological and business dynamics and increasing global R&D capabilities. A good understanding of these phenomena is important for those in charge of public policies, for researchers themselves and for other actors in the French research and innovation system. The sequence of this study is described in an annex. Its publication implies no commitment by the French State to the detailed analyses. Comments will be welcomed by the author, Frédérique Sachwald, Head of Business R&D unit at the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, (frederique.sachwald@recherche.gouv.fr).
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Firms use R&D partnerships to access knowledge and build global R&D networks. This article develops an integrated framework to examine the determinants of the choice of partners with which firms co-operate on R&D. This... more
Firms use R&D partnerships to access knowledge and build global R&D networks. This article develops an integrated framework to examine the determinants of the choice of partners with which firms co-operate on R&D. This resource-based perspective underscores the interactions between three major questions: why co-operate, who does and with whom? It argues in particular that the choice of partners is dictated by the complementary resources which the latter command. The framework is then expanded to predict the relative efficiency of R&D co-operation with different partners, including suppliers, clients, rivals, academic institutions and foreign firms. The empirical analysis, which is based on responses to France’s version of the second European community innovation survey (CIS-2), strongly supports the overall framework of analysis.
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Putting Globalisation to Good Use, by Frédérique SACHWALD Globalisation is often perceived as an anonymous force imposing change from the outside on various countries. Yet growing openness to trade and capital flows stems from choices... more
Putting Globalisation to Good Use, by Frédérique SACHWALD Globalisation is often perceived as an anonymous force imposing change from the outside on various countries. Yet growing openness to trade and capital flows stems from choices made by governments, not only those of the rich countries, but also, and more recentïy, those of the poor ones, which have sought to take advantage of opportunities for integration into broader economie spheres. Globalisation forms part of the dynamics of modem economies, wnere innovation and the need for risk management have led governments to rely increasingly on market-based solutions. An analysis of two decades of globalisation shows that its impact is "filtered" by the national context, which itself reflects collective choices. National policies there-fore remain instrumental in leveraging the benéficial effects of globalisation and in anticipating and offsetting its negative effects. This is what emerges from the analysis of poverty red...
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Nicolas Françoise, Sachwald. Introduction. Le défi chinois. In: Politique étrangère, n°2 - 2004 - 69ᵉannée. pp. 249-252
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... Il prend acte d'une certaine résurgence d'attitudes protectionnistes que les négociations multilatérales organisées sous l'égide du GATT avaient paru éloigner. ... Evolution des échanges automobiles.... more
... Il prend acte d'une certaine résurgence d'attitudes protectionnistes que les négociations multilatérales organisées sous l'égide du GATT avaient paru éloigner. ... Evolution des échanges automobiles. L'industrie automobile est traditionnellement qualifiée de mûre. ...
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... of corporate R&D since the 1990s has resulted both from the continuation of previous tendencies related to the expansion of international production, including through transnational M&A, andfrom the more systematic building up... more
... of corporate R&D since the 1990s has resulted both from the continuation of previous tendencies related to the expansion of international production, including through transnational M&A, andfrom the more systematic building up of global innovation networks by multinational ...