Rivalry

Emotion impacts fans' information processing and evaluation of sport sponsors. This paper examines the emotion of schadenfreude (joy at others' misfortune) within rivalry contests under a cognition-emotion theoretical framework. Study 1 assesses the relationships between appraisals of 11 rivalry antecedents and schadenfreude using survey data from 5,459 fans across six sport leagues. Results show that unfairness and cultural difference have the strongest association with schadenfreude. Study 2 utilizes an experimental design involving 543 fans of professional teams in four US-based rivalries. Findings show positive effects of schadenfreude on fans' reactions to the sponsor, mediated by perceived sincerity of the sponsoring brand. Specifically, emotionally-engaged fans (based on heightened schadenfreude) see sponsor support as more sincere, which enhances fan interest, favorability, and intended consumption of the brand. Implications for sponsors include recognizing how activation tactics in affiliation with rivalry games may circumvent the drawbacks of sponsoring just one side of a rivalry.

Abstract
This article examines the longstanding rivalry of Rome and Parthia, which began as an unintended consequence of Crassus’ decisive defeat at Carrhae in 53 BCE. It synthesizes the accounts and opinions of numerous Graeco-Roman writers from the Augustan Age to late antiquity in order to help illustrate the new and interconnected post-Carrhae world and its legacy. The rivalry of the Romans and Parthians became a primary focus of their foreign policies and drastically expanded their perceptions of the world in which they interacted. Even after the fall of the Parthians to the rebellious Sassanid Persians in the 220s CE, the Romans continued to find their three-century-long rivalry with the Parthians of interest and relevant to the changing world of late antiquity.

Tulisan ini berupaya menggali makna isu rivalitas keamanan yang saat ini berlangsung antara negara adidaya Amerika Serikat dengan Cina di kawasan Asia Pasifik. Dengan kebangkitan Cina, hubungan Sino-AS telah menjadi semakin penting bagi stabilitas keamanan Asia Pasifik. Rivalitas keamanan yang terjadi antara kedua negara tersebut semacam 'ritual lama' yang kini diulang oleh 'jamaah baru'. Kontestasi politik dan keamanan yang sudah usai dengan berakhirnya Perang Dingin, secara langsung belum mampu menjadikan Amerika Serikat sebagai negara adidaya tunggal dan secara sepihak mampu terus menerus melakukan kontrol dinamika politik dunia. Hadirnya Cina memberikan alternatif dalam interaksi keamanan regional Asia Pasifik. Inisiasi strategi Cina dan respon aktif Amerika Serikat akan menentukan lanskap keamanan Asia Pasifik dalam beberapa dekade mendatang. Didorong oleh kebangkitan Cina tersebut, identitas Cina kini telah bergeser menjadi kekuatan besar yang intimidatif. Di satu sisi ia menjadi ancaman bagi kepentingan keamanan kawasan AS, di sisi lain Cina juga hadir sebagai kompetitor dalam kepentingan ekonomi AS.

Kata-kata kunci: Rivalitas keamanan, negara adidaya, Amerika Serikat dan Cina. kawasan Asia Pasifik.


This paper seeks to explore the meaning of security rivalry between US superpower and China's in the Asia Pacific region. With the rise of China, Sino-US relations have become increasingly important for Asia Pacific security stability. The security rivalry between the two countries is a kind of 'old ritual' that is now being repeated by the 'new congregation'. Political and security contestation that has ended with the end of the Cold War, has not been able to directly make the United States as a unipolar superpower and unilaterally able to continue in the dynamics of world politics controls. The presence of China provides an alternative to the Asia Pacific regional security architecture. The initiation of China's strategy and the active response of the United States will define the Asia Pacific security landscape in the coming decades. Encouraged by China's rise, Chinese identity has shifted into a massive, intimidating power. On the one hand, it poses a threat to the regional security interests of the US, on the other side China is also present as a competitor in the US economic interests.

Genesis ist ein Buch von Familiengeschichten, welche durchgehend von Konflikten geprägt sind. Insbesondere gilt dies für Rivalitäten zwischen Brüdern. Häufige Vertauschungsepisoden und weitere Katalysatoren entfachen Konflikte, die die familiäre Kontinuität stets gefährden. Die Geschwisterrivalitäten wurden in der Forschung ausgiebig behandelt, doch die Analyse verbindender und wiederkehrender literarischer Motive zwischen den Erzählungen wurde bisher nicht ausreichend erforscht. Daher untersucht die vorliegende Studie drei Hauptrivalitäten zwischen Brüdern in ihren literarischen Verbindungen: Kain und Abel, Jakob und Esau sowie Josef und seine Brüdern. Dabei werden besonders die Abschnitte analysiert, die den Ausgangspunkt, die Eskalation und die Auflösung dieser Konflikte behandeln. Als Ergebnis der Studie werden lexikalische und thematische Motive, sowie Motive im Handlungsverlauf zwischen den Erzählungen erarbeitet. Die beschriebenen Motive stellen ein dicht verwobenes literarisches Netzwerk zwischen den Erzählungen dar. Sie zeigen einen narrativen Spannungsbogen auf, der vom urgeschichtlichen Brudermord zur Bruder-Vergebung geht und sich im Verlauf stets am Rande eines Brudermords bewegt

Genesis is a book of family histories which are marked throughout by conflict. This applies in particular to rivalry between brothers. Frequent episodes of reversals and other catalysts ignite conflicts which continually endanger family continuity. Although sibling rivalry has been extensively addressed by the academic research, the analysis of interconnected and recurrent literary motifs among the stories has not yet been sufficiently explored. Therefore, the present study investigates the literary connections among three principal rivalries: Cain and Abel, Jacob and Esau and Joseph and his brothers. This includes, in particular, the analysis of those texts which deal with the origin, escalation and resolution of these conflicts. As a result of this study, lexical and thematic motifs, as well as motifs of plot development among the stories are worked out. These motifs present a tightly interwoven narrative network among the stories. They reveal a narrative arc of suspense which ranges from the primeval fratricide to fraternal forgiveness, teetering continually on the brink of fratricide

"Central Asia is one of the regions of the highest priority in Russian foreign policy. It is also relatively important in other countries’ approach. Factors contributing to its position today include vital resources deposits, like oil and natural gas, unstable situation in the nearby Afghanistan, strategic transit routes, as well as historical and cultural ties of Central Asian countries with Russia, Iran, and Turkey. European Union, United States, and India are also among the actors involved in the region. The new rivalry (after the cold war raised uncertainties in Russia about its ability to sustain the influence in the region and initiated activities focused on reducing the third parties engagement in Central Asia. To this end Russia activates all its means and methods. Since 2004 Russia has intensified the use of soft power instruments. Besides it concentrates on integration projects with limited membership.
The aim of this article is to analyze the determinants of Russian foreign policy towards Central Asia and the extend to which it achieves its objectives in political and military, economic along with social, and finally cultural spheres. It may help answer the question about the most effective sphere of Russian activity in Central Asia."

This study stages an analysis of religious politics in Dar es Salaam and Tanzania from below. At its heart is an original account of Muslim political mobilisation in Tanzania that foregrounds the everyday lives of urban actors in Kariakoo, a super-dense market district at the centre of Dar es Salaam.

Under British colonial rule, Kariakoo was Dar es Salaam‟s principal African residential neighbourhood; the beating heart of the city's lively cultural scene and the cradle of Tanganyika‟s African nationalist movement. Today, Kariakoo has grown into one of the most important commercial districts in the East African region. In 2012 and 2013, it was also the site of episodes of Muslim mobilisation which led to clashes with state police and armed forces.

Drawing on rich data derived from fifteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in the neighbourhood, I ask what the everyday life of Kariakoo reveals about religious politics in Tanzania. More specifically, I use it to investigate the intersections between Muslim mobilisation, informal livelihood practices developed by urban users in response to escalating conditions of economic precarity, and popular discontent concerning entrenched inequalities and uneven development along religious lines.

By drawing together several innovative research trajectories in the fields of religious and urban studies, I am able to hold together the notions of the religious and the urban in a manner that spotlights just how integral religion is to Kariakoo as an urban ecology. The subsequent discussion reveals the remarkable dynamism of Muslim social practices and modes of affiliation when considered as numbering among the everyday livelihood practices that are employed by urban users in Kariakoo.

This study brings a more nuanced explanatory frame to bear on the contemporary realities of Muslim activism and religious politics in Tanzania and beyond than those that prevail in much academic and media commentary.

In this study, a detailed analysis of Porter five forces of oil and gas industry has been conducted. Porter five force analysis of oil and gas industry revealed many key aspects for a new entrant to make its competitive strategy and for the other firms which are already operating in the industry. The basic purpose of this study was to understand the relation between the external forces, external environment, profitability and the competitive strategy of the industry. The study also presented a detailed analysis of the current situation of the industry and the factors which are causing its profitability and those which are likely to change its profitability in near future.

On March 2018, the ambitious Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammad bin Salman (MBS), declared that a “triangle of evil” was affecting the stability of the Middle East, namely Iran, Turkey and Islamist groups. Even though Saudi embassy in Ankara later denied that affirmation, it raised the question: why Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey are proactively engaging in the regional turmoil, such as Syria, and, more recently, Qatar? This article supports that the three countries aspire the same goal, regional leadership, explained by their growing status-seeking behaviour. Iran has been a revisionist country since the Revolution; however, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, especially under the assertive and vigorous rule of Erdogan and MBS respectively, are showing dissatisfaction with their ascribed status in the regional system. This article’s goal is to understand their status-seeking behaviour as three peer competitors in the same status community. They try to project images of leadership that are antagonistic or mutually exclusive. The fact that Turkey’s foreign policy fluctuates and does not choose a side in the open rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia further support this logic. I apply Neoclassical Realism as a comprehensive theoretical framework and process tracing as the main method to detect and describe the status-seeking behaviours. In conclusion, I intend to show that these countries had for a long time aimed for some regional leadership and that they saw the Arab Uprisings and the ambiguous US’ conduct in the region since 2011 as an opportunity to seek for more leadership status.

Article presented at IMEIS Annual Conference 2018 on "Identity, Legitimacy and Power in the Muslim World", pages 90-105

In this paper we present a framework, the rivalry matrix, outlining a range of viable approaches which businessmen, modelers, and consultants can use to frame problems and issues in competitive rivalry. We then discuss the rationale of each of the main modeling approaches contained in the matrix. We follow this discussion with case examples, which illustrate the processes involved in modeling competitive dynamics within each of the four cells of the rivalry matrix. We conclude with the description of a practical process for analyzing competitive dynamics.

Purpose - This paper examines how reference to a rival or favorite sports team within cause-related sports marketing (CRSM) campaigns affects fans' intentions to support the cause. The purpose of the studies is to assess the perils of featuring a specific team in league-wide activations of cause-related marketing.
Design/methodology/approach - The research comprises three experiments. Study 1 employs CRSM advertising to test fans' responses when rival or hometown team imagery is featured by Major League Baseball (MLB). Studies 2 and 3 utilize a press release to activate a cause partnership in MLB and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and assess the potential influence of team involvement and schadenfreude toward the rival team.
Findings - Contrary to previous research, results demonstrate that rival team presence in league-wide activation can reduce intentions to support the cause effort across both leagues, but not in all circumstances. The influence of rival team exposure on perceived sincerity is moderated by team involvement with the cause in MLB, but not the NBA. However, sincerity consistently enhances cause support across all studies. While conditional effects of schadenfreude are noted, it is not a significant moderator of cause support.
Research limitations/implications - This research exposes the nuance of league-wide CRSM activations. Specifically, the rival team effect on perceived sincerity seems to be league dependent, and subject to team involvement with the cause. Moreover, these results are limited to the leagues studied.
Practical implications - League administrators and their cause-related partners should exercise due diligence when promoting their affiliation using specific teams and levels of involvement with the cause.
Originality/value - These studies produce results that differ from the limited prior research within the domain of league-wide CRSM, and therefore advance the conversation regarding how best to activate such campaigns.

Rifflessione sulla scultura del Cinquecento romano nell'edizione torrentiniana delle Vite. La presenza di Michelangelo - in quanto scultore  - è defilata, dominano le figure di Andrea Sansovino - oggetto di una Vita autonoma - nonché di Raffaello da Montelupo e Simone Mosca, amici del biografo. Indizi mostrano però che l'astro esordiente era Guglielmo Della Porta, annunciando un piano storiografico che Vasari ribalterà completamente nell'edizione giuntina.

This research explores the relationship between some fans from two English football clubs, Everton FC and Liverpool FC. This will be framed within an examination of the meaning of rivalry, underpinned by a review of key literature on social deconstruction, the meanings gauged from football fan experiences, and how these have been portrayed in the media. In examining the relationship between supporters, this paper reflects on interview and focus group data, pertaining to definitional issues, the perceived significance of the history of the two clubs and the key experiences that have shaped their rivalry. This investigation also explores views on the extent to which enmity or friendship exists between the clubs, the validity of media representation and the nature and legitimacy of related popular opinion. Respondents were also questioned about the wider implications of this rivalry and how this could inform an understanding of English football culture. This case study as presented could be judged to be representative of an undercurrent of tension in English football between supporters of different clubs and tension between several key components of the increasingly financially-driven football industry. The findings of this paper reject simplistic explanations and rationales for the nature of football rivalry, but argue that this complex phenomenon serves to shape identity and encourages collective attachment to particular views and modes of expression. Fans engage in symbolic gestures which demonstrate a connection to locality and the ethos of “their club”. The nature of such actions is often also informed by the values, attitudes and behaviour represented by those who support rival teams.

The role and place of the Russian Federation in the global geopolitical cyber-rivalry are defined, the characterization of Russia’s priorities in the field of international information security is given in the article. It’s noted in the article that the Russian Federation built “informatively closed” society pattern and continues aggressive actions in the cyberspace. The conclusion is drawn that Russia’s efforts to arrange “the international information security” issues at the international level are aimed at the legitimation of its restrictive policy.

Even though for several reasons the term ‘Naturvolk’ is out of date, the overview of the various theories of the origin of sport and about the impressive variety of human actions turned into sport, as is observable all over the world, is worth reading. Moreover, the paper deals with ethological aspects of human sport, forms of its organization and some social aspects, like professionalism, spectators and gender. It concludes with some considerations of the connection between sport and culture(s).

The South Caucasus is the region where interests of EU, Russia, Turkey and Iran are crossing. Some of these actors have been involved in the rivalry over this region for the centuries. The competition concerns mainly on economic dimension (natural gas and oil resources), but relates as well to political, military and security issues. However this text concentrates on the rivalry in the field of culture and ideology. Each of the actors involved in that competition has traditional interest located there and connected with the historical and cultural bounds with one or more of the Caucasian states. Even though we can observe similarities between countries like Turkey and Iran (Muslim states) their rivalry seems more intensive then competition between Ankara and EU. Partly it is a consequence of close links between them (and the US) and the cooperation which is motivated by fear of the Iran’s radical Islam influence in the region. Despite the rivalry, which takes place in the South Caucasus and decreasing Russian role in this region, Moscow is still the important player. It is worth to note that Iran quite often cooperates with Russia in the South Caucasus, mainly to balance Turkish and Western influence in the region.

Contestation remains a significant factor in the EU neighbourhood. The aim of this article is to elaborate on the role of external actors-namely the European Union and the Russian Federation-in managing local and regional contestation. The latter is defined as incompatibilities between two or more competing views about how political, economic, social, and territorial order should be established and/or sustained. Competing interests between the EU and Russia concern many issues; the model of political system in the neighbourhood (democracy vs. authoritarianism), the model and direction of the economic integration of these countries (European or Eurasia integration), and the infrastructure and availability of gas and oil (energy disputes). The common neighbourhood, which concerns EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine), has become an area of rivalry rather than cooperation between the EU and Russia. The first seeks to stabilise the post-Soviet area, while Russia exploits local destabilisations and conflicts to maintain its influence there.

Friends, collaborators, and childhood rivals, Briton Hadden and Henry R. Luce were not yet twenty-five when they started Time, the first newsmagazine, at the outset of the Roaring Twenties. By age thirty they were both millionaires, having laid the foundation for a media empire. But their partnership was explosive and their competition ferocious, fueled by envy as well as love. When Hadden died at the age of thirty-one, Luce began to meticulously bury the legacy of the giant he was never able to best.

The special focus of the articles in the current volume is so-called honor-based violence, particularly focusing on violence against women.
However, this paper calls attention at first to the fact that, at least before the 1980’s, anthropologists researching the relationship between violence and honor in the Arab world focused heavily on cases of violence between males, referred to as “blood feuds.” This paper connects arguments on blood feuds before the 1980’s with our contemporary concern with honor killing, so as to lead to a more integrated and inclusive understanding of honor-based violence. To do so, it illustrates how blood feuds and honor killings are narrated consistently using the same notion of honor (sharaf) and shame (ayb), while also showing how those two kinds of violence are narrated in a different manner in relation to those notions.

This intervention contributes to recent work in urban geography that integrates the conceptual frameworks of assemblages and actor-network theory by highlighting two additional directions that require a more rigorous and detailed theorization. The first direction concerns the relationship between contingency and necessity in urban assemblages and actor-networks and this paper delineates four specific propositions as a starting point for further reflection. The second direction suggests that urban assemblages and actor-networks require a more explicit vocabulary for thinking about competition and cooperation within and between cities. To this end, the paper introduces a new concept – delayed asymmetric counterforces – that can foster a better understanding of competition-induced urban change and destabilization. The novel concept is developed in conjunction with a typology of delays in competitive urban dynamics, which helps illuminate how delayed asymmetric counterforces are both a cause and an effect of the complexity inherent in the urban realm.

Od setek lat rywalizacja jest nieodłączną cechą stosunków międzynarodowych . Trudno je sobie wyobrazić bez elementu współzawodnictwa. Większość analiz nie traktuje rywalizacji jako odrębnego zagadnienia wartego pogłębionych badań, a jedynie jako część rozważań nad wojną i pokojem oraz bezpieczeństwem. Rzadko podejmowany jest trud definicji samego pojęcia oraz zbadania go w ujęciu teoretycznym. Celem artykułu jest wypełnienie tej luki.

Using qualitative methods, this article focuses on the relationship between the COVID-19 health crisis and China’s foreign policy and foreign relations. My main argument is that since its outbreak in late 2019, the COVID-19 health crisis has deepened the tensions already existing between China and the United States, as well as China and the West in general. Other factors that appeared before the pandemic have also contributed to intensifying the Sino-US rivalry as well as Sino-European frictions. Nonetheless, Beijing’s proactive mask and vaccine diplomacy, its strict lockdown policy as well as its more aggressive nationalist and anti-western narrative have fed rather than alleviated these tensions. While China’s image in the Global South has remained largely positive, in the Global North, it has rapidly deteriorated. All in all, this paper demonstrates that the pandemic has been an aggravating factor contributing to the downward spiral of China’s relations with the outside world as ...

New “cold” winds seem to be back in the IR. Because of the events of Ukraine, a new American containment policy against Moscow, based on economic sanctions, affects the relations between the West and Russia. A situation that resembles the Cold War period to the extent that it involves Washington and its NATO allies and the Kremlin at the two opposite sides of the conflict. Right in the middle of their divergent interests, the future of an ex-soviet republic:  Ukraine. The reasons for the unexpected resurgence of this old fashion confrontation has led to a new rationalists-vs-constructivists revival. On the one side, rationalists root the conflict in logic of power. According to them, Moscow’s military response is due to defend one of its own vital interests threatened by the effects of the EU strategic interests and to prevent a dangerous NATO’s enlargement. On the other side, constructivists’ claim that the logic of power relies on several false assumptions over Western strategic interests, actual impact of NATO’s military threat, and Putin’s belief system. However, neither the constructivists’ focus on the cultural, religious and historical bounds between Russia and Ukraine ultimately answer why the Ukrainian resulted in a cold war fashion military escalation. According to this paper, the increase of Ukraine’s symbolic value as unexpected as rapidly worsening of US-Russia preferences and perceptions cannot be explained regardless of the particular historical-psychological dynamics that always charges the context between two rivals. Therefore, according to this paper, what explains the actual US-Russia state of affairs as well as the particular development of certain dynamics of then Ukrainian conflict is the resurgence of a never-ended latent rivalry. Thus, the first chapter provides the theoretical background for a new definition of rivalry, based on a mimetic approach, useful to grasp the origins of an international rivalry. The second chapter proposes the operational codes of a new model of analysis able to track back empirically the emergence and the development of a mimetic rivalry in the IR. The last paragraph empirically shows how the US-Russia rivalry can be better defined as the emergence of a mimetic rivalry between superpowers. The goal is to understand to what extent the emergence of US-Russia rivalry can help to grasp the rise of the Cold War confrontation as well as the situation at stake today.

Співпраця та конкуренція є широко поширеними формами  людської поведінки як у групі та поза нею. Здавалoсь би, співпраця може бути проблемою, оскільки індивідуальні вигоди і зусилля членів групи, не завжди співпадають і призводять до її уникання. Аналіз теоретичних та емпіричних досліджень показав, що тим не менш, затрати на співпрацю можуть бути зменшені або подолані, коли конкуренція проявляється не в середині групи, а на вищому рівні організаційної ієрархії, між групами. Саме ця конкуренція може вирішувати соціальну дилему і підвищує співпрацю всередині групи, призводить до зростання загальної продуктивності. Міжгрупова конкуренція розпружує моральні емоції гніву і провини, призводить до упорядкування внутрішньогрупових норм. Виділено відмінності між поняттями конкуренції та суперництва.
Cooperation and competition are widespread forms of human behavior, both in and outside the group. Cooperation might seem a problem, as individual benefits and efforts of group members do not always coincide and it leads to disruption of the collaboration. However, the analysis of theoretical and empirical research emphasized that, cooperation costs may be diminished or overcome in case if competition is shown not inside the group, but on a higher level of the organizational hierarchy: between groups. Is it this type of competition, which may solve the social dilemma and increase collaboration inside the group and which leads to general performance of the group social benefit. Moreover, inter-group cooperation relieves moral emotions of anger and guilt, connected with violations of the cooperative norm. The differences between the concepts of competition and rivalry are highlighted.

Football’s ‘everyday fans’ and inter-club fan rivalry have come into academic focus in recent years. The tensions between ‘imagined communities’ of fans are based on unique and complex socio-cultural and historical factors, and therefore each rivalry is unique and complex. This paper is based on a broader ethnographic study exploring those factors underpinning an important 130-year rivalry in the heart of England’s second largest city between fans of Aston Villa and Birmingham City, which has not yet received any academic attention. It looks specifically at one of the key emerging themes, territory, finding that the struggle for control of space in the city represents a struggle for power and (perceived) superiority between the imagined communities, which creates tension and conflict and further reinforces fan rivalry. This informs our sociological understanding of this case study and further provides an in-depth analysis of the role territory plays in rivalry and conflict between groups.

Actors in competitive environments are bound to decide and act under conditions of uncertainty because they rarely have accurate foreknowledge of how their opponents will respond and when they will respond. Just as a competitor makes a move to improve their standing on a given variable relative to a target competitor, she should expect the latter to counteract with an iterative lagged asymmetric response, that is, with a sequence of countermoves (iteration) that is very different in kind from its trigger (asymmetry) and that will be launched at some unknown point in the future (time lag). The paper explicates the broad relevance of the newly proposed concept of " iterative lagged asymmetric responses " to the social study of temporality and to fields as diverse as intelligence and counterintelligence studies, strategic management, futures studies, military theory, and long-range planning. By bringing out in the foreground and substantiating the observation that competitive environments place a strategic premium on surprise, the concept of iterative lagged asymmetric responses makes a contribution to the never-ending and many-pronged debate about the extent to which the future can be predicted.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X17752652

Explores Melanie Klein's ideas re the child's acquisition of emotional knowledge, and how we get to know other people. Thomas Hardy's "The Woodlanders"  is used to illustrate the different ways that we gain emotional knowledge of others, or destroy opportunities to do so.
Hardy's term: "watchful lovingkindness" - although hardly a technical phrase - is equated with a state of mind primed to take in new knowledge of others, at the deepest level. Therefore, Wilfred Bion's separation of Curiosity (K) from Love (L) is disputed.
William Blake discovered that the two must go hand in hand if we are to be truly receptive to new knowledge of the "other".